Al-Ashraf Khalil

Khalil
Al-Malik al-Ashraf
Sultan Mesir dan Suriah
Berkuasa12 November 1290 – 14 Desember 1293
PendahuluAl-Mansur Qalawun
PenerusAn-Nasir Muhammad
Kelahirans. 1260an
Kairo, Kesultanan Mamluk
Kematian14 Desember 1293 (usia awal 30an tahun atau lebih muda)
Turuja, Buhayra
PermaisuriArdukin
KeturunanDua putri
Nama lengkap
Al-Malik al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din Khalil ibn Qalawun
WangsaQalawuni
DinastiBahri
AyahAl-Mansur Qalawun
IbuQutqutiya
AgamaIslam

Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (bahasa Arab: الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون; s. 1260an – 14 Desember 1293) adalah sultan Mamluk kedelapan antara November 1290 sampai pembunuhannya pada Desember 1293. Ia dikenal karena menaklukan negara-negara Salibis terakhir di Palestina usai pengepungan Acre pada 1291.

Catatan

Daftar pustaka

  • Asili, B. (1992). Al-Zahir Baibars and the End of the Old Crusades. Beirut: Dar Alnafaes.
  • Holt, Peter Malcolm (1986). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 151. Addison Wesley Longman Limited. ISBN 9781317871521.
  • Ludolphi, Rectoris Ecclesiæ Parochialis in suchem, de itinere Terræ Sanctæ,University of Michigan 1851
  • Mahdi, Shafik (2008). Mamalik Misr wa Alsham (Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant) (dalam bahasa Arabic). Beirut: Aldar Alarabiya. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  • Mannheim, Ivan (2001). Syria & Lebanon Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-900949-90-3. Diakses tanggal 17 March 2008.
  • Mazor, Amir (2015). The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Mansuriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate, 678/1279–741/1341. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress and Bonn University Press. ISBN 9783847004240.
  • Northrup, Linda (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H./1279-1290 A.D.). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515068611.
  • Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades, Volume 3. Penguin Books.
  • Stewart, Angus Donal (2001). The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Hetʻum II (1289-1307). Brill. ISBN 9789004122925.
  • Clifford, Winslow William (2013). Conermann, Stephan (ed.). State Formation and the Structure of Politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648-741 A.H./1250-1340 C.E. Bonn University Press. ISBN 9783847100911.

Sumber primer

  • Abu al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity.(The historian Abu al-Fida took part in the sieges of Tripoli and Acre.)
  • Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
  • Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
  • Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X
  • Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895
  • Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, Dar al-Kotob, Beirut 1992
  • History of Egypt, 1382–1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
  • Ludolph of Suchem, Description of the Holy Land and of the Way Thither, trans. Aubrey Stewart London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 1895. Reprinted in James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press 1962
  • The Templar of Tyre, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois), Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003. ISBN 1-84014-618-4

Pranala luar

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