Delta Mississippi

Delta Mississippi, juga dikenal sebagai Delta Yazoo–Mississippi, atau cukup disebut Delta, adalah bagian barat laut negara bagian Mississippi (serta sebagian wilayah Arkansas dan Louisiana) yang terletak di antara Mississippi dan Yazoo. Kawasan ini pernah dijuluki "The Most Southern Place on Earth"[1] ("Southern" dalam arti mencerminkan karakter khas Amerika Serikat bagian Selatan) karena sejarah rasial, budaya, dan ekonominya.
Delta ini memiliki panjang sekitar 200 mil (320 km) dan lebar 87 mil (140 km) di titik terluas, mencakup kurang lebih 44 juta ekar (68.750 sq mi; 178.062 km2) dataran banjir aluvial.[2] Awalnya kawasan ini tertutup hutan kayu keras di dataran rendah, kemudian berkembang menjadi salah satu daerah penghasil kapas terkaya di Amerika sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika (1861–1865). Wilayah ini menarik banyak spekulan yang membuka lahan di tepi sungai untuk perkebunan kapas; mereka menjadi kaya sebagai pemilik perkebunan yang bergantung pada tenaga kerja orang-orang yang diperbudak, yang jumlahnya jauh lebih besar dibandingkan penduduk kulit putih di county tersebut bahkan sebelum Perang Saudara, sering kali dua kali lipat.
Karena daerah tepi sungai dikembangkan lebih dahulu dan jalur kereta api dibangun secara bertahap, sebagian besar dataran rendah Delta tetap belum digarap, bahkan setelah Perang Saudara. Baik kulit hitam maupun kulit putih bermigrasi ke Mississippi, menggunakan tenaga mereka untuk membuka lahan dan menjual kayu demi membeli tanah. Pada akhir abad ke-19, petani kulit hitam membentuk dua pertiga dari jumlah petani independen di Delta Mississippi.[3]
Pada 1890, legislatur negara bagian yang didominasi kulit putih mengesahkan konstitusi baru yang secara efektif menghapus hak pilih sebagian besar orang kulit hitam di negara bagian tersebut. Dalam tiga dekade berikutnya, sebagian besar orang kulit hitam kehilangan tanah mereka akibat kredit yang ketat dan penindasan politik.[3] Banyak orang Afrika-Amerika terpaksa bertahan hidup melalui sistem sharecropping dan pertanian sewa. Eksklusi politik ini dipertahankan oleh kalangan kulit putih hingga setelah keberhasilan gerakan hak-hak sipil pada 1960-an.
Beberapa county di kawasan ini masih berpenduduk mayoritas kulit hitam, meskipun lebih dari 400.000 orang Afrika-Amerika meninggalkan negara bagian tersebut selama Migrasi Besar pada paruh pertama abad ke-20, pindah ke kota-kota industri di Timur Laut, Midwest, dan Barat. Karena ekonomi pertanian tidak mampu menyediakan banyak pekerjaan atau usaha, kawasan ini berupaya melakukan diversifikasi. Industri kayu menjadi penting, dan tanaman baru seperti kedelai mulai dibudidayakan oleh petani industri besar. Dari waktu ke waktu, kawasan ini mengalami banjir besar dari Sungai Mississippi, terutama pada 1927 dan 2011.
Referensi
- ^ Cobb, James C. (1992). The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Mikko (29 Oktober 2017). "Bioregional Approach to Southern HistorySaikku". Southern Spaces. 2010. doi:10.18737/M7QK5T. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 15 Oktober 2017. Diakses tanggal 29 Oktober 2017.
- ^ a b Willis, John C. (2000). Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Brandenfon, Robert L. Cotton Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
- Cobb, Charles E. Jr., "Traveling the Blues Highway", National Geographic Magazine, v. 195, no. 4 (April 1999).
- Cobb, James C. The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
- Cosby, A.G. et al. A Social and Economic Portrait of the Mississippi Delta (1992) online (Alternate, Archive)
- Currie, James T. Enclave: Vicksburg and Her Plantations, 1863-1870. 1980.
- Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Town. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937.
- Eckes, Suzanne E. "The Perceived Barriers to Integration in the Mississippi Delta," Journal of Negro Education, vol. 74, no. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 159–173. in JSTOR
- Ferris, William. Give My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
- Ferris, William and Glenn Hinson. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
- Ferris, William; Blues From The Delta. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1988.
- Gioia, Ted. Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009.
- Gardner, Justin, and Nolan, Tom. "An Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, vol. 40, no. 2 (2009), 40#2 pp 80–89
- Giggie, John M. After redemption: Jim Crow and the transformation of African American religion in the Delta, 1875-1915 (2007). [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.001.0001 online]
- Greene, Alison Collis. No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Gussow, Adam. "Heaven and Hell Parties: Ministers, Bluesmen, and Black Youth in the Mississippi Delta, 1920–1942," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies,vol. 41, no. 3 (Dec. 2010), pp. 186–203.
- Hamlin, Francoise N. Crossroads at Clarksdale: The Black Freedom Struggle in the Mississippi Delta After World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
- Harris, Sheldon. Blues Who's Who. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1979.
- Helferich, Gerry. High Cotton: Four Seasons in the Mississippi Delta. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.
- Lindsey, Stella D., "Beyond Isolation: The Mississippi Delta in a Global World" (PhD dissertation U of Mississippi, 2017). 1431.https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1431 online
- McCoyer, Michael. "'Rough Men in "the Toughest Places I Ever Seen': The Construction and Ramifications of Black Masculine Identity in the Mississippi Delta's Levee Camps, 1900-1935," International Labor and Working-Class History, Issue 69 (Spring 2006), pp. 57–80.
- Morris, Christopher. Becoming Southern: The Evolution of a Way of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Nelson, Lawrence J. "Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression," Journal of Southern History, vol. 50 (May 1984), pp. 225–250. in JSTOR
- Nicholson, Robert. Mississippi Blues Today. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1999.
- Null, Elisabeth Higgins. "Fifty Years After Brown: The Fight for Equality in Mississippi's Delta Schools Continues," Rural Roots. Rural School and Community Trust, Feb. 2004.
- Owens, Harry P. Steamboats and the Cotton Economy: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. 1990.
- Palmer, Robert. Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
- Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
- Powdermaker, Hortense. After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. New York: Viking Press, 1939.
- Ramsey, Frederic. Been Here And Gone. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1960.
- Rubin, Richard. Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South. New York: Atria/Simon & Schuster, 2002.
- Saikku, Mikko. This Delta, This Land: An Environmental History of the Yazoo-Mississippi Floodplain. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2005.
- Saikku, Mikko. "Bioregional Approach to Southern History: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, Jan. 28, 2010.
- Scott Matthews, "Flatlands in the Outlands: Photographs from the Delta and Bayou," Southern Spaces, Dec. 12, 2011.
- Willis, John C. Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War (2000)
- Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta. 2003.
- Wilson, Charles Reagan. "Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, 4 April 2004. https://southernspaces.org/2004/mississippi-delta
- Charles Reagan Wilson, William Ferris, Ann J. Adadie; Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Second edition. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
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