Filsafat seks

Filsafat seks merupakan aspek filsafat terapan yang berkaitan dengan kajian mengenai seks dan cinta. Bidang ini mencakup etika fenomena seperti prostitusi, pemerkosaan, pelecehan seksual, identitas seksual, batas usia persetujuan, homoseksualitas, serta analisis konseptual atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang lebih universal seperti "apa itu seks?". Bidang ini juga mencakup persoalan seksualitas dan identitas seksual serta status ontologis dari gender. Filsuf seks kontemporer terkemuka antara lain adalah Alan Soble, Judith Butler, dan Raja Halwani.

Tinjauan umum

Filsafat seks kontemporer terkadang dipengaruhi oleh feminisme Barat. Isu-isu yang diangkat oleh kaum feminis mengenai perbedaan gender, politik seksual, dan hakikat identitas seksual merupakan pertanyaan penting dalam filsafat seks.

  • Apa fungsi dari seks?
  • Apa itu cinta romantis?
  • Adakah karakteristik esensial yang membuat suatu tindakan bersifat seksual?
  • Apakah sebagian tindakan seksual itu baik dan sebagian lainnya buruk? Berdasarkan kriteria apa? Secara alternatif, bisakah tindakan seksual suka sama suka bersifat amoral, ataukah tindakan tersebut berada di luar ranah etika?
  • Apa hubungan antara seks dan reproduksi biologis? Bisakah satu hal eksis tanpa yang lain?
  • Apakah identitas seksual berakar pada perbedaan ontologis yang mendasar (seperti biologi)?
  • Apakah seksualitas merupakan fungsi dari gender atau jenis kelamin biologis?

Sejarah filsafat seks

Sepanjang sebagian besar sejarah filsafat Barat, pertanyaan tentang seks dan seksualitas hanya ditinjau dalam kerangka umum etika. Namun, terdapat penyimpangan dari pola ini yang memunculkan tradisi diskursus mengenai masalah seksual sebagai topik yang berdiri sendiri.

Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love (Masyarakat untuk Filsafat Seks dan Cinta) adalah kelompok profesional dalam keanggotaan Asosiasi Filsafat Amerika.

Hasrat seksual

Evaluasi moral terhadap aktivitas seksual ditentukan oleh penilaian terhadap hakikat dorongan seksual. Dalam pandangan ini, filsafat terbagi menjadi dua kubu:[1]

Pemahaman negatif tentang seksualitas, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Immanuel Kant, meyakini bahwa seksualitas mendegradasi nilai-nilai, dan menggugat perlakuan moral kita terhadap orang lain. Seks, kata Kant, "menjadikan orang yang dicintai sebagai Objek nafsu".[2] Dalam pemahaman ini, seks sering kali disarankan hanya untuk tujuan prokreasi. Terkadang selibat seksual dianggap mengarah pada kehidupan terbaik, atau yang paling bermoral.[3]

Pemahaman positif tentang seksualitas – seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Russell Vannoy, Irving Singer, serta Bertrand Russell dalam karyanya Perkawinan dan Moral – memandang aktivitas seksual sebagai sesuatu yang menyenangkan diri sendiri dan orang lain pada saat yang sama.

Dugaan penyimpangan

Thomas Nagel mengusulkan bahwa hanya interaksi seksual dengan gairah seksual timbal balik yang alami bagi seksualitas manusia. Pertemuan atau peristiwa seksual yang menyimpang adalah kondisi di mana gairah timbal balik ini absen, dan di mana seseorang tetap sepenuhnya menjadi subjek pengalaman seksual atau sepenuhnya menjadi objek.[4]

Persetujuan

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Alan Soble. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy: Philosophy of Sexuality (Ensiklopedia Filsafat Internet: Filsafat Seksualitas)
  2. ^ Kant, Immanuel. Lectures on Ethics (Kuliah tentang Etika), hlm. 163.
  3. ^ Pujian Santo Paulus, dalam 1 Korintus 7, terhadap selibat seksual sebagai keadaan spiritual yang ideal.
  4. ^ T. Nagel, "Sexual Perversion" (Penyimpangan Seksual), hlm. 15–17.

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Cambridge, Eng.: Blackfriars, 1964–76.
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  • Baker, Robert, Kathleen Wininger, and Frederick Elliston, eds. Philosophy and Sex, 3rd edition. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1998.
  • Baumrin, Bernard. "Sexual Immorality Delineated," in Robert Baker and Frederick Elliston, eds., Philosophy and Sex, 2nd edition. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1984, pp. 300–11.
  • Bloom, Allan. Love and Friendship. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
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  • Butler, Judith (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90043-3.
  • Butler, Judith (1993). Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90365-3.
  • Christensen, F. M., "A Defense of Pornography," in Sterling Harwood, ed., Business as Ethical and Business as Usual (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996).
  • Christina, Greta. "Are We Having Sex Now or What?" in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 3–8.
  • Finnis, John. "Law, Morality, and 'Sexual Orientation'," Notre Dame Law Review 69:5 (1994), pp. 1049–76.
  • Finnis, John and Martha Nussbaum. "Is Homosexual Conduct Wrong? A Philosophical Exchange," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 89–94.
  • Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vols. 1-3. New York: Vintage, 1990. (Original French publications of the three volumes in 1978, 1984, and 1984, respectively)
  • Gray, Robert. "Sex and Sexual Perversion," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 57–66.
  • Grisez, Germain. The Way of the Lord Jesus. Quincy, Ill.: Franciscan Press, 1993.
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  • Kant, Immanuel. The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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  • C. S. Lewis The Four Loves. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1960.
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  • Mayo, David. "An Obligation to Warn of HIV Infection?" in Alan Soble, ed., Sex, Love and Friendship. Amsterdam. Hol.: Editions Rodopi, 1997, pp. 447–53.
  • McEvoy, Adrianne Leigh, Ed. Sex, Love, and Friendship. Studies of the Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love: 1993–2003. Amsterdam/New York, NY, Rodopi, 2011.
  • Muehlenhard, Charlene, and Jennifer Schrag. "Nonviolent Sexual Coercion," in A. Parrot and L. Bechhofer, eds, Acquaintance Rape. The Hidden Crime. New York: John Wiley, 1991, pp. 115–28.
  • Murphy, Jeffrie. "Some Ruminations on Women, Violence, and the Criminal Law," in Jules Coleman and Allen Buchanan, eds., In Harm's Way: Essays in Honor of Joel Feinberg. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 209–30.
  • Nagel, Thomas. "Sexual Perversion," in Alan Soble, ed., The Philosophy of Sex, 3rd edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997, pp. 9–20.
  • Nielson-Jones, Oliver. "Sex, Escaping The Rat Race" In G.Bennett and A.Robinson, eds., Sexual Philosophy, 2006, pp. 7–29
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  • Mario Perniola. The Sex Appeal of the Inorganic, Continuum, New York-London (2004), ISBN 0-8264-6245-6.
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  • Posner, Richard. Sex and Reason. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992.
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  • Soble, Alan. "Antioch's 'Sexual Offense Policy': A Philosophical Exploration," Journal of Social Philosophy 28:1 (1997), pp. 22–36.
  • Soble, Alan. The Philosophy of Sex and Love: An Introduction. St. Paul, Minn.: Paragon House, 1998. Second revised, expanded edition, 2008.
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  • Soble, Alan, ed. The Philosophy of Sex, 4th edition. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002; revised 5th edition, 2008 (excellent bibliography covering the whole area phil sex).
  • Soble, Alan, ed. Sex, Love, and Friendship. Amsterdam, Hol.: Editions Rodopi, 1996.
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  • Vannoy, Russell. Sex Without Love: A Philosophical Exploration. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1980.
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