Haijin

Haijin
Hanzi: 海禁
Makna harfiah: sea ban

Haijin atau larangan laut adalah serangkaian kebijakan Tiongkok terkait isolasionis yang membatasi perdagangan maritim swasta dan pemukiman pesisir pada sebagian besar zaman dinasti Ming dan beberapa masa dinasti Qing. Mula-mula diterapkan untuk menghadapi pembajakan Jepang yang timbul di kalangan partisan Yuan, larangan laut peneuhnya bersifat kontra-produktif: pada abad ke-16, pembajakan dan penyeludupan menjadi endemik dan kebanyakan dilakukan oleh orang Tionghoa yang melanggar aturan tersebut.

Referensi

Kutipan

Daftar pustaka

  • "Commercial Intercourse with China", Knight's Store of Knowledge for All Readers, Charles Knight & Co., 1841, hlm. 129–152.
  • Deng, Gang (1999), Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-30712-1 .
  • Fairbank, John K.; et al. (2006), China: A New History (Edisi 2nd), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01828-1.
  • Hayes, James W. (1974), "The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573" (PDF), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, Vol. 14, Hong Kong: 108–135, ISSN 1991-7295, diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-02-07, diakses tanggal 2018-08-30 ; .
  • Kang, David Chan-oong (2007), China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-14188-2.
  • Li, Kangying (2010), The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz .
  • Martin, Sean (2001), Black Death, Harpenden, hlm. 14.
  • McNeill, William Hardy (1998), Plagues and Peoples, Anchor, ISBN 978-0-385-12122-4.
  • Shi, Zhihong (2006), "China's Overseas Trade Policy and Its Historical Results: 1522–1840", Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market, Studies in the Modern History of Asia, Abingdon: Routledge, hlm. 4–23 .
  • Von Glahn, Richard (1996), Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20408-5.
  • Wang, Xiangrong (1980), "Periodizing the History of Sino-Japanese Relations" (PDF), Sino-Japanese Studies, vol. Vol. 2, diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-07-21, diakses tanggal 2018-08-30 ; ; .

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