Kekerasan struktural
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Kekerasan struktural adalah sebuah bentuk kekerasan kala beberapa struktur sosial atau institusi sosial mencederai masyarakat dengan menghalangi mereka untuk mendapatkan hak atau kebutuhan dasar mereka.
Istilah tersebut dicetuskan oleh sosiolog Norwegia Johan Galtung, yang memperkenalkannya dalam artikel tahun 1969 "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research".[1] Beberapa contoh kekerasan struktural sebagaimana yang dicetuskan oleh Galtung meliputi rasisme, seksisme dan klasisme terinstitusionalisasi, dan lainnya.[2][3] Kekeraan struktural dan kekerasan langsung sangat berkegantungan, yang meliputi kekerasan keluarga, kekerasan gender, kejahatan kebencian, kekerasan rasial, kekerasan polisi, kekerasan negara, terorisme, dan perang.[4] Ini sangat berhubungan dengan ketidakadilan sosial sejauh hal tersebut berdampak orang berbeda dalam berbagai struktur sosial.[5]
Catatan kaki
- ^ Galtung, Johan (1969). "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research". Journal of Peace Research. 6 (3): 167–191.
- ^ Johan Galtung
- ^ "Seeking Peace from Resolving Conflict between Buddhists and Muslims in Myanmar and Sri Lanka" by Prof. Dr. Johan Galtung
- ^ Gilligan, James (1997). Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. Vintage Books. hlm. 196. ISBN 978-0679779124.
Structural violence is ... the main cause of behavioral violence on a socially and epidemiologically significant scale (from homicide and suicide to war and genocide). The question as to which of the two forms of violence—structural or behavioral—is more important, dangerous, or lethal is moot, for they are inextricably related to each other, as cause to effect.
- ^ Farmer, Paul E.; Nizeye Bruce; Stulac Sara; Keshavjee Salmaan (October 24, 2006). "Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine". PLOS Medicine. 3 (10): 1686–1691. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449. PMC 1621099. PMID 17076568.
Bacaan tambahan
- Galtung, Johan. 1969. "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research." Journal of Peace Research 6(3):167–91.
- Gilman, Robert. 1983. "Structural violence: Can we find genuine peace in a world with inequitable distribution of wealth among nations?" In Context 4(Autumn 1983):8–8.
- Henderson, Sophie. 2019. "State-Sanctioned Structural Violence: Women Migrant Domestic Workers in the Philippines and Sri Lanka." Violence Against Women 26(12-13):1598–615. DOI:10.1177/1077801219880969.
- Ho, Kathleen. 2007. "Structural Violence as a Human Rights Violation." Essex Human Rights Review 4(2). ISSN 1756-1957.
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