Krisis Samoa
| Krisis Samoa | |||||||
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| Bagian dari Perang Saudara Samoa Pertama | |||||||
Peta lokasi kapal Jerman dan Amerika yang karam | |||||||
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| Pihak terlibat | |||||||
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| Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
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| Kekuatan | |||||||
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1 sloop-of-war 1 kapal uap 1 gunboat 200 marinir | 3 gunboat 150 marinir | ||||||
| Korban | |||||||
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62 tewas 1 sloop-of-war tenggelam 1 steamer tenggelam 1 gunboat karam |
~73 tewas 1 gunboat tenggelam 2 gunboat karam | ||||||
Krisis Samoa adalah ketegangan yang terjadi antara Amerika Serikat, Kekaisaran Jerman dan Britania Raya dari tahun 1887 hingga 1889 akibat perebutan Kepulauan Samoa selama terjadinya Perang Saudara Samoa. Insiden ini melibatkan tiga kapal perang Amerika Serikat (USS Vandalia, USS Trenton, dan USS Nipsic) dan tiga kapal perang Kekaisaran Jerman (SMS Adler, SMS Eber, dan SMS Olga). Kapal-kapal ini saling menahan satu sama lain dan diawasi oleh kapal corvette Britania Raya, HMS Calliope .
Ketegangan ini berakhir setelah terjadinya siklon pada tanggal 15 dan 16 Maret yang mengakibatkan enam kapal perang ini karam di pelabuhan Apia. Calliope berhasil melarikan diri dari pelabuhan. Robert Louis Stevenson tidak menjadi saksi mata langsung perisstiwa badai, tetapi setelah tiba di Samoa (Desember 1889) mulai menulis tentang peristiwa ini.[1] Perang Saudara Samoa berlanjut dan melibatkan Jerman, Amerika Serikat, dan Britania. Pada akhirnya perang ini diakhiri oleh Konvensi Tiga Pihak pada tahun 1899 dan Kepulauan Samoa dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu Samoa Amerika dan Samoa Jerman.[2]
Catatan kaki
- ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 1-4264-0754-8.
- ^ Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975, hlm. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900
Daftar pustaka
- Conroy, Robert (2002). "Only luck kept the United States from being occupied by Kaiser Wilhelm II's army between 1899 and 1904". Military History. 18 (August).
- Gray, J.A.C. (1960). Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration. Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute. ISBN 0-405-13038-4.
- "Hurricane at Apia, Samoa, 15–16 March 1889". Events of the 1880s. Naval Historical Center. 2002. Diakses tanggal 1 February 2010.
- Kimberly, L.A. "Samoan Hurricane". Events of the 1880s. Naval Historical Center. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2010-04-07. Diakses tanggal 1 February 2010. ;
- LaFeber, Walter (1963). The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- Lind, L.J. "The Epic of HMS Calliope". Naval Historical Society of Australia. Diakses tanggal 1 February 2010.
- Rousmaniere, John (2002). After the Storm: True Stories of Disaster and Recovery at Sea. Camden, MN: International Marine/McGraw-Hill. hlm. 87–106. ISBN 0-07-137795-6.
- Sisung, Kelle S. (2002). "The Benjamin Harrison Administration". Presidential Administration Profiles for Students. Detroit: Gale Group.
- Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2009-10-03. Diakses tanggal 1 February 2010.
- Wilson, Graham (May–July 1996). "Glory for the Squadron: HMS Calliope in the Great Hurricane at Samoa 1889". Journal of the Australian Naval Institute. 22 (2): 51–54.
13°50′00″S 171°50′00″W / 13.8333°S 171.8333°W
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