Liberalisme klasik

Bagian dari seri tentang
Liberalisme
Mazhab
Pemikiran
Jenis
Tokoh
Organisasi

Liberalisme klasik adalah ideologi politik, cabang liberalisme yang mendukung kebebasan sipil dan kebebasan politik dengan pemerintahan demokrasi perwakilan berdasarkan aturan hukum dan mengutamakan kebebasan ekonomi.[1][2]

Liberalisme klasik berkembang pada abad ke-19 di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Meski liberalisme klasik dibangun di atas pemikiran yang sudah berkembang pada akhir abad ke-19, liberalisme klasik mendukung terciptanya masyarakat, pemerintahan, dan kebijakan umum jenis lain sebagai tanggapan terhadap Revolusi Industri dan urbanisasi.[3] Tokoh ternama yang pemikirannya digunakan dalam liberalisme klasik meliputi John Locke,[4] Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, dan David Ricardo. Liberalisme klasik bergantung pada teori ekonomi Adam Smith, hukum kodrat,[5] utilitarianisme,[6] dan kemajuan.[7]

Pada akhir abad ke-19, liberalisme klasik berkembang menjadi liberalisme neoklasik. Liberalisme neoklasik percaya bahwa pemerintahan harus disusutkan sekecil-kecilnya agar kebebasan individu bisa berjalan. Dalam bentuk ekstremnya, liberalisme neoklasik mengusung konsep Darwinisme sosial. Libertarianisme adalah bentuk modern dari liberalisme neoklasik.[8]

Lihat Pula

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38
  2. ^ M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129
  3. ^ Hamowy, p. xxix
  4. ^ Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (1994)
  5. ^ Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (1992) p. 58
  6. ^ Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, Handbook of Political Theory (2004) p. 422
  7. ^ Hunt, p. 54
  8. ^ Mayne, p. 124

Referensi

  • Gray, John. Liberalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995 ISBN 0-8166-2800-9
  • Alan Bullock & Maurice Shock (editors). The Liberal Tradition: From Fox to Keynes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
  • Epstein, Richard A. (2014). The Classical Liberal Constitution: The Uncertain Quest for Limited Government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674724891.
  • Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024 http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC.
  • Henry, Katherine. Liberalism and the Culture of Security: The Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric of Reform University of Alabama Press, 2011. Draws on literary and other writings to study the debates over liberty and tyranny.
  • Hunt, E. K. Property and Prophets: the Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2003 ISBN 0-7656-0608-9
  • Ishiyama, John T. and Breuning, Marijke. 21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1. London, UK: SAGE, 2010 ISBN 1-4129-6901-8
  • Markwell, Donald. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4
  • Mayne, Alan James. From politics past to politics future: an integrated analysis of current and emergent paradigms. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 ISBN 0-275-96151-6
  • Mills, John. A critical history of economics. Basingstoke, Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 ISBN 0-333-97130-2
  • Richardson, James L. Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001 ISBN 1-55587-939-X
  • Turner, Michael J. British Politics in an Age of Reform. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-7190-5186-X, 9780719051869
  • Vincent, Andrew. Modern Political Ideologies (Third Edition). Chichester, W. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 ISBN 1-4051-5495-0, ISBN 978-1-4051-5495-6

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