Partikel interferen cacat

Perkiraan struktur sekunder dari elemen replikasi cis-aktif SL-III koronavirus, suatu struktur genomik yang diperlukan untuk replikasi RNA interferen cacat BCoV[1]

Partikel interferen cacat (DIP; bahasa Inggris: defective interfering particles), juga dikenal sebagai virus interferen cacat, merupakan mutan virus yang terbentuk secara spontan, di mana sebagian penting dari genom partikel tersebut hilang akibat replikasi yang tidak sempurna atau rekombinasi nonhomolog.[2][3] Mekanisme pembentukannya diduga terjadi akibat peralihan cetakan (template switching) selama proses replikasi genom virus, meskipun terdapat pula dugaan mekanisme nonreplikatif yang melibatkan penyambungan langsung fragmen RNA genomik.[4][5] DIP berasal dari, dan berasosiasi erat dengan, virus induknya. Suatu partikel digolongkan sebagai DIP apabila kehilangan atau mengalami kerusakan parah pada sedikitnya satu gen esensial yang menyebabkan partikel tersebut kehilangan daya infeksi.[4]

Biasanya, DIP masih mampu menembus sel inang, tetapi memerlukan keberadaan partikel virus yang berfungsi penuh (virus “pembantu”) untuk menginfeksi bersamaan sel yang sama, agar faktor-faktor yang hilang dapat disuplai.[6][7]

DIP pertama kali diamati pada tahun 1950-an oleh Von Magnus dan Schlesinger yang bekerja dengan virus influenza.[8] Bukti langsung keberadaan DIP baru ditemukan pada 1960-an oleh Hackett, yang menemukan partikel “pendek” dari virus stomatitis vesikular melalui mikrograf elektron,[9] dan istilah DIP secara formal diperkenalkan oleh Huang dan Baltimore pada tahun 1970.[10]

Partikel interferen cacat dapat muncul pada hampir semua kelas virus DNA maupun RNA, baik di lingkungan klinis maupun laboratorium, termasuk pada virus polio, koronavirus SARS, virus campak, alfavirus, Virus sinsitium saluran pernapasan, serta virus influenza.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Referensi

  1. ^ Raman S, Bouma P, Williams GD, Brian DA (June 2003). "Stem-loop III in the 5' untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication". Journal of Virology. 77 (12): 6720–6730. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.12.6720-6730.2003. PMC 156170. PMID 12767992.
  2. ^ White KA, Morris TJ (January 1994). "Nonhomologous RNA recombination in tombusviruses: generation and evolution of defective interfering RNAs by stepwise deletions". Journal of Virology. 68 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.1.14-24.1994. PMC 236259. PMID 8254723.
  3. ^ Marriott AC, Dimmock NJ (January 2010). "Defective interfering viruses and their potential as antiviral agents". Reviews in Medical Virology. 20 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1002/rmv.641. PMID 20041441. S2CID 26359078.
  4. ^ a b Pathak KB, Nagy PD (December 2009). "Defective Interfering RNAs: Foes of Viruses and Friends of Virologists". Viruses. 1 (3): 895–919. doi:10.3390/v1030895. PMC 3185524. PMID 21994575.
  5. ^ Gmyl AP, Belousov EV, Maslova SV, Khitrina EV, Chetverin AB, Agol VI (November 1999). "Nonreplicative RNA recombination in poliovirus". Journal of Virology. 73 (11): 8958–8965. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.11.8958-8965.1999. PMC 112927. PMID 10516001.
  6. ^ Makino S, Shieh CK, Soe LH, Baker SC, Lai MM (October 1988). "Primary structure and translation of a defective interfering RNA of murine coronavirus". Virology. 166 (2): 550–560. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90526-0. PMC 7131284. PMID 2845661.
  7. ^ Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgerson P, Brown DW, ed. (2011). Oxford Textbook of Zoonoses: Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. OUP Oxford. hlm. 399–400. doi:10.1093/med/9780198570028.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-857002-8.
  8. ^ Gard S, Von Magnus P, Svedmyr A, Birch-Andersen A (October 1952). "Studies on the sedimentation of influenza virus". Archiv für die Gesamte Virusforschung. 4 (5): 591–611. doi:10.1007/BF01242026. PMID 14953289. S2CID 21838623.
  9. ^ Hackett AJ (September 1964). "A possible morphologic basis for the autointerference phenomenon in vesicular stomatitis virus". Virology. 24 (1): 51–59. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(64)90147-3. PMID 14208902.
  10. ^ Huang AS, Baltimore D (April 1970). "Defective viral particles and viral disease processes". Nature. 226 (5243): 325–327. Bibcode:1970Natur.226..325H. doi:10.1038/226325a0. PMID 5439728. S2CID 4184206.
  11. ^ Sun Y, Jain D, Koziol-White CJ, Genoyer E, Gilbert M, Tapia K, et al. (September 2015). "Immunostimulatory Defective Viral Genomes from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Promote a Strong Innate Antiviral Response during Infection in Mice and Humans". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (9) e1005122. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005122. PMC 4559413. PMID 26336095.
  12. ^ Dimmock NJ, Dove BK, Scott PD, Meng B, Taylor I, Cheung L, et al. (2012). "Cloned defective interfering influenza virus protects ferrets from pandemic 2009 influenza A virus and allows protective immunity to be established". PLOS ONE. 7 (12) e49394. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749394D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049394. PMC 3521014. PMID 23251341.
  13. ^ Saira K, Lin X, DePasse JV, Halpin R, Twaddle A, Stockwell T, et al. (July 2013). "Sequence analysis of in vivo defective interfering-like RNA of influenza A H1N1 pandemic virus". Journal of Virology. 87 (14): 8064–8074. doi:10.1128/JVI.00240-13. PMC 3700204. PMID 23678180.
  14. ^ Petterson E, Guo TC, Evensen Ø, Mikalsen AB (November 2016). "Experimental piscine alphavirus RNA recombination in vivo yields both viable virus and defective viral RNA". Scientific Reports. 6 36317. Bibcode:2016NatSR...636317P. doi:10.1038/srep36317. PMC 5090867. PMID 27805034.
  15. ^ Cattaneo R, Schmid A, Eschle D, Baczko K, ter Meulen V, Billeter MA (October 1988). "Biased hypermutation and other genetic changes in defective measles viruses in human brain infections". Cell. 55 (2): 255–265. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90048-7. PMC 7126660. PMID 3167982.
  16. ^ Makino S, Yokomori K, Lai MM (December 1990). "Analysis of efficiently packaged defective interfering RNAs of murine coronavirus: localization of a possible RNA-packaging signal". Journal of Virology. 64 (12): 6045–6053. doi:10.1128/JVI.64.12.6045-6053.1990. PMC 248778. PMID 2243386.
  17. ^ Lundquist RE, Sullivan M, Maizel JV (November 1979). "Characterization of a new isolate of poliovirus defective interfering particles". Cell. 18 (3): 759–769. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90129-6. PMID 229964. S2CID 35964939.
  18. ^ Stauffer Thompson KA, Rempala GA, Yin J (April 2009). "Multiple-hit inhibition of infection by defective interfering particles". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 4): 888–899. doi:10.1099/vir.0.005249-0. PMC 2889439. PMID 19264636.


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