Toko serba ada
Toko serba ada atau toserba (bahasa Inggris: department store) adalah suatu bentuk toko swalayan yang menjual barang dagangan eceran. Pada umumnya, toserba lebih besar dari supermarket. Suatu toserba terdiri dari supermarket, pujasera, serta sarana hiburan (game station) yang biasanya terdapat pada lantai terpisah.
Barang-barang yang tersedia di supermarket antara lain: aneka minuman, mie, susu, makanan ringan, sembako, daging, sayur, buah, serta juga untuk berbagai barangan bukan makanan seperti pembersih rumah, perawatan badan, produk farmasi, makanan hewan, barang pecah belah, elektronik dan lain sebagainya.
Untuk toserba menjual berbagai macam kebutuhan gaya yang terdiri pakaian anak, wanita, pria, serta sepatu dan tas, minyak wangi dan berbagai kebutuhan gaya lainnya.
Toserba biasanya menawarkan produk dengan harga rendah bahkan sampai mengurangkan margin untuk menarik konsumen datang. Produk-produk tertentu biasanya mie instan, susu, sabun, sampo sering dijual dengan mendekati harga beli. Untuk memastikan keuntungan, toserba atau pasar raya menutup margin rendah dengan jumlah hasil penjualan keseluruhan yang tinggi, dan jualan barang yang bermargin tinggi.
Pelanggan biasanya berbelanja dengan menempatkan barang yang dipilih sendiri oleh konsumen ke keranjang belanja (troli) atau keranjang dan membayar di kassa.
Toserba yang populer asli Indonesia antara lain: Macan Yauhan Supermarket (Sumatera Utara), Ramayana Lestari Sentosa (Jakarta), Yogya Group (Jawa Barat), Sri Ratu (Jawa Tengah), Bravo (Jawa Timur), Grand Toserba (Sulawesi Selatan).
Lihat juga
Referensi
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Abelson, Elaine S. When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
- Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1897). "The Department Store". Scribner's Magazine. XXI (1): 4–28. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-23.
- Barth, Gunther. "The Department Store," in City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
- Benson, Susan Porter. Counter Culture: Saleswomen, Managers and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988. ISBN 0-252-06013-X.
- Ershkowicz, Herbert. John Wanamaker, Philadelphia Merchant. New York: DaCapo Press, 1999.
- Gibbons, Herbert Adams. John Wanamaker. New York: Harper & Row, 1926.
- Hendrickson, Robert. The Grand Emporiums: The Illustrated History of America's Great Department Stores. New York: Stein and Day, 1979.
- Leach, William. Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture. New York: Pantheon, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75411-3.
- Parker, K. (2003). "Sign Consumption in the 19th-Century Department Store: An Examination of Visual Merchandising in the Grand Emporiums (1846-1900)." Journal of Sociology 39 (4): 353-371.
- Schlereth, Thomas J. Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
- Sobel, Robert. "John Wanamaker: The Triumph of Content Over Form," in The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition New York: Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
- Spang, Rebecca L. The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000. 325 p.
- Whitaker, Jan Service and Style: How the American Department Store Fashioned the Middle Class. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2006. ISBN 0-312-32635-1.
- Whitaker, Jan. The World of Department Stores New York: The Vedome Press, 2011.
Pranala luar
- The rise of the department store in Britain
- CNDirect Department Diarsipkan 2013-06-19 di Wayback Machine.
- A.T. Stewart's Diarsipkan 2008-02-22 di Wayback Machine.
- Tamilia, Robert D. (May 2002). "The Wonderful World of the Department Store in Historical Perspective: A Comprehensive International Bibliography Partially Annotated" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-02-29. Diakses tanggal 2008-09-13. ; (292 KiB)
- International Association of Department Stores
- New York Journal. Under One Roof The death and life of the New York department store. by Adam Gopnik
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