Limited visits of individual foreign Catholics in Sweden were decriminalised through the Tolerance Act, imposed in 1781 by King Gustav III of Sweden. The conversion of Swedish citizens to the Catholic Church was decriminalized in 1860. In 1951, Swedish citizens were allowed to exit from the Lutheran Church of Sweden. In 1977, the last legislative ban on Catholic convents in Sweden was abolished. Still, however, according to the Act of Succession of the Swedish throne, only Lutheran legitimate descendants brought up in Sweden are presently entitled to succeed as monarch and the thus head of state of Sweden.
Since 1953, the Catholic Church in Sweden has been formally represented by the Diocese of Stockholm, covering the whole country, estimating some 106,873 registered members (2013), with unofficial estimates of about 150,000 Catholics in the country in total. Most of them have an immigrant background, while others are native Swede converts.
Sankta Maria i Rosengård, a Catholic church in Rosengård, Malmö
On 21 May 2017, Pope Francis named Bishop Anders Arborelius, the Ordinary of Stockholm, a Cardinal, a first for the Catholic Church in Sweden.[3]
When the Swedish state gave "registered denominations" legal status in 2000, and the associations that had until that point organised the Catholic Church in Sweden became defunct, the church lost the right to the ordinary name. The administration of the diocese took it for granted that the name was the Catholic Church, that they had never applied to legally patent the name. Several smaller denominations, among them the Liberal Catholic Church, and the Old Catholic Church, opposed it calling itself the "Catholic Church". The solution was similar to the United Kingdom, where "Roman Catholic" has long been used to disambiguate from the high church movement of the Anglican Church that refer to themselves as "Anglo-Catholics".[4] The church is therefore now registered under Swedish law as the "Roman Catholic Church" (Swedish: "Romersk-katolska kyrkan").
In 1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden caused much scandal when she abdicated her throne to convert to Catholicism. She is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto.
In the 1770s, the prominent Liberal Anders Chydenius - himself a Lutheran priest - prevailed upon King Gustav III to legalise the immigration of Catholics (as well as Jews) into Sweden. However, the Lutheran Church remained the only legal church in Sweden until the middle of the 19th century, when other churches were allowed.[dubious – discuss] The Lutheran Church remained a state church until 2000.
Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions (circa 829-1104)
When Emperor Louis the Pious was visited in 829 by two envoyés of the Swedish king, who messaged that several in their homeland were willing to convert to the Christian faith, he appointed Archbishop Ansgar for the mission. Ansgar and his assistant, the monk Witmar, followed with a convoy of merchants, but halfway they were attacked by vikings, and had to reach Birka on foot.
Archbishop Ansgar, sometimes called the "Apostle of the North", arrived in the town of Birka on an island in Lake Mälaren in 829 from the Archbishopric of Bremen, and founded ostensibly the first Christian parish in Sweden. Members included Herigar, evidently the first documented Christian Swede. However, findings from a Christian graveyard at Varnhem, dated to the 9th century, indicate that Christianity may have arrived before Ansgar.[5][6] In addition, it is not unlikely that Christian slaves and other foreigners inhabited Sweden before that time.
Thereafter, Christianity slowly grew in Sweden from the 9th century until the late 11th century by people who came in contact with Christianity in other countries, and through missionaries from the Holy Roman Empire and England.
According to Adam of Bremen, Olof Skötkonung was granted an ultimatum at the ting in Uppsala: if he respected the faith of the pagan Nordic mythology and the blót rituals at the Temple of Uppsala, he got to choose one county to have as Christian. He chose Västergötland, and in cooperation with the Archbishopric of Bremen, which was responsible for Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions, the Diocese of Skara was established, with first bishop appointed in 1014: Thurgot of Skara (dead circa 1030).
The most important figure of the church in Sweden during the 14th century was Bridget of Sweden. Her apparitions gained much renown both spiritually and politically throughout Europe. She managed to have the pope recognise the establishment of the Bridgettines order, and a convent was founded, Vadstena Abbey.
During the 16th century, King Gustav Vasa broke the relations with the pope, as did several northern European monarchies. The process had its background in the reformers' criticism of Catholicism, but it was also due to a larger societal context, including attempts to foster a centralised military state under more powerful royal control.
Thus, the break with the Catholic Church and parts of its teachings, was due part to political/economical reasons, part to the theological reformation. Regarding the first, the conflict stood primarily at the Riksdag of Västerås in 1527, and the break with the pope through the abolition of the Canon law in 1536 under King Gustav Vasa.
However, these changes didn't mean that there were no more Catholics in Sweden during the 16th century. Naturally, there were plenty who during and after the Protestant Reformation didn't swap their loyalties so easy, yet didn't wish to leave the country. Throughout the modern era, immigrants arrived from Catholic countries who only reluctantly made superficial professions of Lutheranism, although some might have been described as crypto-Catholics.
Catholic authorities sent representatives illegally into the country and educated Swedes to become Catholic prelates outside of Sweden, despite that they could not legally return.
King John III attempted to ease the breach. He invited a Norwegian Jesuit, Laurentius Nicolai, who was active in Sweden 1576–1580. Later, two more Jesuits arrived who were active at the Collegium regium Stockholmense college on Riddarholmen in Stockholm. John III participated in Catholic eucharist and had extensive dialogue with the Holy See in Rome of having the Swedes returning to Catholicism, but these attempts were stranded. Nonetheless, his daughter married as Catholic.
After the Reformation, it took a long time for the Catholic Church to return to Sweden. Catholic clergy was present at some Catholic embassies, but their influence remained limited for obvious reasons; Sweden had Catholicism criminalised.
After the death of King John III in 1592, Duke Charles was appointed acting regent (Swedish: riksföreståndare). At the same time, the ideas of the Reformation were recognised along with the establishment of a national church in Sweden during the Uppsala Synod in 1593. At this point, the breach with the papacy was finally ratified. At this time in Sweden, politics was religion, and religion was politics, why the decision could be perceived as a provocative stance by the throne pretendent Duke against future King Sigismund and his supporters, which would eventually result in the War against Sigismund.
King Sigismund and the Swedish–Polish Union 1592–1599
Due to the throne ascension of King Sigismund III and the establishment of the Swedish–Polish Union 1594-1599, the Protestant Reformation was halted, and religious freedom allowed. At this period, yet again Catholics were appointed to public offices and exiled Catholics were granted return or settlement.
After the death of King Charles IX in 1611, some legal suspensions were offered for ambassadors from Catholic countries and their relatives for them to live their faith, as for a few merchants and mercenaries. Now, immigrants from Catholic countries illegally partook in liturgies at the embassies. However, with the Riksdag of 1617, the rules were further restricted.
Yet, for Swedish Catholics, the death penalty was still imposed. For instance, in 1624, the Mayor Zackarias Anthelius and the royal secretary, Göran Bähr, both received the death penalty for converting to Roman Catholicism.
King Gustavus Adolphus' daughter and successor Queen Christina had Catholic clergy invited to her court. She abdicated from the throne and converted to the Catholic faith.
In the 1670s, Father Johannes Sterck, a Jesuit, was active in Sweden. He was originally a legation priest, but when the ambassador he served died, he stayed and initiated a mission instead. He was eventually sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted and he was exiled.
In the 1720s, Catholic textile workers arrived, primarily from the Holy Roman Empire; these were granted limited freedom of religion. Their visits to the legation chapels were accepted behind closed doors in order to celebrate mass, and in this way these chapels evolved into small parishes. From this time, Catholics were termed "foreign religious adherents".
In 1781, King Gustav III imposed the Tolerance Act in Sweden, which gave foreign Catholics that had moved to Sweden the right to build churches and educate their issue in the Catholic tradition. First, an Apostolic prefecture was created, and in 1783 Pope Pius VI appointed a French priest, Father Nicolaus Oster, as apostolic vicar in Sweden, through which abbé Oster was recognised episcopal mandate[clarification needed]. However, it would last some 100 years till before Swedish conversions became decriminalised.
In 1784, a Catholic parish was formally founded in Stockholm. The members lacked suitable premises, however. Therefore, until 1837, Stockholm's Catholics celebrated mass in the Freemasons hall inside the building of today's Stockholm City Museum, which they were offered to rent for the purposes.
After King Oscar I married a Catholic Princess, Josephine of Leuchtenberg, the restrictions against the Catholic Church in Sweden were further eased. The Queen brought with her a chaplain, Dr Jakobus Laurentius Studach. He was a consecrated bishop and became the new apostolic vicar for Sweden. At this time also the Chapel of Eugenia was erected at Norrmalm, which stood finished in 1837, but was demolished during the Redevelopment of Norrmalm in the 1960s.
Since 1873 it has been legal also for Sweden citizens to adhere to the Catholic Church without risking death penalty or exile. Civil rights were still restricted, however. Until 1951 it was forbidden for Catholics to become Members of Parliament, teachers, physicians, or nurses.[9]
Dr. Albert Bitter was appointed apostolic vicar in 1893. In 1899 only some 2,500 Catholics in Sweden were registered. Catholic church buildings existed in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö and Gävle. The psalm book Cecilia was published in 1902. In 1920, the first edition of the news and cultural magazine Credo was released, today known as Signum.
During and after World War II, the Catholic population increased due to refugees and immigrants. In 1946, the Catholic aid organisation Caritas Sweden was established to provide help for refugees both in Sweden and in the rest of Europe.[10]
In 1934, the official youth association of the diocese was founded, Sveriges Unga Katoliker.
The central administration of the diocese maintains offices in Södermalm, in the real estate that was acquired in 1857. Furthermore, a Catholic school was founded at Nytorget in Södermalm in 1795. In 1859, the school moved to the diocese offices. In 1967 it moved to Enskede.
Swedish saints and beatified
Saint Botvid, Swedish missionary, martyr of 12th century.
Servant of God Maria Caterina Flanagan (1892–1941), Professed Religious of the Bridgettine Sisters.
Servant of God Stanislaw Komar (1882–1942), Professed Religious of the Jesuits; Martyr
Servant of God Wilfried Stinissen of Christ the King (1927–2013), Professed Priest of the Discalced Carmelites
Worth mentioning is also Eric IX of Sweden (Locally referred to as "Saint Eric"), who was martyred and is venerated as a local saint,[13] though never officially canonized by The Holy See.
^"Hur kristnades Sverige?" [How was Sweden Christianized?] (in Swedish). Svenska kyrkan. 10 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
^"Om oss". caritas.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 14 July 2024.
^Werner, Yvonne Maria (1996). Världsvid men främmande - den katolska kyrkan i Sverige 1873-1929. Katolska bokförlaget. ISBN918553031X.
^Lindqvist, Barbro (1983). År för år: kyrkans väg i Sverige 1783-1983 / framgrävd av Barbro Lindquist. Stockholm: Katolsk kyrkotidning. ISBN91-7260-943-5.
Antonín DvořákBiografiKelahiran(cs) Antonín Leopold Dvořák 8 September 1841 Nelahozeves (en) Kematian1r Mei 1904 (62 tahun)New Town, Prague (en) Penyebab kematianStroke Tempat pemakamanVyšehrad cemetery (en) Member of the House of Lords (Austria) (en) 13 April 1901 – Data pribadiAgamaKatolik PendidikanPipe Organ School in Prague (en) KegiatanSpesialisasiSeni pertunjukan, pendidikan musik, music composing (en) dan Komposisi musik PekerjaanClassical composer (en), pe…
Ayam sumatraAyam sumatra jantanNama lainBlack Sumatra[1]Negara asalIndonesiaPenggunaanayam hiasKarakteristikBeratJantan: standar: 2.25–2.70 kgayam kate: 735 g[1] Betina: standar: 1.80 kgayam kate: 625 g[1]Warna kulithitamWarna telurputihKlasifikasiAyam kampungGallus gallus domesticus Ayam sumatra atau black sumatra (bahasa Minang: ayam taduang) adalah ras ayam kampung Indonesia yang berasal dari Pulau Sumatra, Indonesia.[2] Ayam ini awalnya diimpor dari Sum…
Catha Catha edulis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Subkelas: Rosidae Ordo: Celastrales Famili: Celastraceae Subfamili: Celastroideae Genus: CathaDon, 1832 Spesies[3] Catha abbottii (A.E.van Wyk & M.Prins)[1] Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. Catha transvaalensis (Codd)[2] Catha adalah genus dari tiga spesies tumbuhan dalam famili Celastraceae.[3] Genus ini dideskripsika oleh ahli botani asal Skotlandia, George…
Distorsi seberangan atau erotan silangan[1] (Inggris: crossover distortioncode: en is deprecated ) adalah sebuah distorsi yang disebabkan oleh pergantian antara perangkat yang menjalankan beban. Distorsi ini sering terdapat pada tingkat komplementer atau dorong-tarik dari penguat kelas-B dan beberapa rangkaian lainnya. Ciri-ciri Masukan-Keluaran tahap follower pengemisi komplementer Kelas-B. Istilah seberangan berarti pergantian penggerakan sinyal dari satu perangkat ke perangkat lain, j…
Université de Rennes 1Nom admin. : université Rennes-IHistoireFondation 1970[1],[a]Dissolution 1er janvier 2023StatutType Université en FranceForme juridique Établissement public national à caractère scientifique culturel et professionnel (d)Nom officiel Université de Rennes 1Fondateur François II de Bretagne (héritière de l’université de Bretagne fondée en 1460)Président David AlisDevise La volonté de progresser, d'innover, d'entreprendre.Membre de Association des universit…
County in Arkansas, United States County in ArkansasStone CountyCountyStone County courthouse in Mountain ViewLocation within the U.S. state of ArkansasArkansas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 35°52′46″N 92°08′50″W / 35.879444444444°N 92.147222222222°W / 35.879444444444; -92.147222222222Country United StatesState ArkansasFoundedApril 21, 1873Named forrock formations in the area[1]SeatMountain ViewLargest cityMountain ViewArea[2]…
العلاقات الصحراوية الفلسطينية فلسطين الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية تعديل مصدري - تعديل لا توجد علاقات رسمية بين البلدين، وهما دولة فلسطين والجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية. وبالرغم من ذلك، فإنهما يتمتعتان بالتعاطف النسبي بسبب النضالات …
Al WashliyahLogo Al WashliyahTanggal pendirian30 November 1930Didirikan diMedanTipeOrganisasi massa IslamTujuanPendidikan, dakwah, dan sosialKantor pusatJl. Ahmad Yani no. 41 Rawasari Selatan, Jakarta PusatKetua UmumMasyhuril KhamisSitus webSitus web resmi Al Jam'iyatul Washliyah (Arab: الجمعية الوصلية) adalah organisasi massa Islam dari Sumatera Utara. Organisasi ini memiliki cabang tersebar di Indonesia Dan Cabang Luar Negeri nya seperti : Mesir, Malaysia, Yaman, Britania Ra…
Manusia memanfaatkan mesin untuk proses produksi. Keduanya termasuk jenis faktor produksi. Dalam ilmu ekonomi, faktor produksi adalah sumber daya yang digunakan dalam sebuah proses produksi barang dan jasa. Pada awalnya, faktor produksi dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu tenaga kerja, Uang, sumber daya manusia, dan kewirausahaan. Namun pada perkembangannya, faktor sumber daya alam diperluas cakupannya menjadi seluruh benda berwujud, baik langsung dari alam maupun tidak, yang digunakan oleh per…
Diskografi LovelyzLovelyz pada 18 September 2016Album studio2Album rekaman langsung4Album kompilasi1Video musik15Extended play7Singel13Rilis ulang2Album singel1 Diskografi grup wanita Korea Selatan Lovelyz terdiri dari dua album studio, dua album live, satu album kompilasi dua rilis ulang , tujuh album mini, dan tiga belas singel. Lovelyz debut pada tahun 2014 dengan album studio Girls' Invasion, yang kemudian dirilis ulang sebagai Hi~ pada tahun 2015. Enam bulan kemudian, mereka merilis album m…
Quentin Tarantino Quentin Jerome Tarantino (lahir 27 Maret 1963) adalah seorang sutradara, aktor, dan penulis skenario terkenal asal Amerika Serikat. Karakter film-filmnya terkenal dengan cerita yang non-linear, unsur satir, adegan kekerasan dan berdarah yang artistik, banyaknya adegan yang fokus pada dialog tokoh-tokohnya, serta ensemble cast (film dengan banyak aktor/aktris sebagai tokoh utama) baik aktor yang sudah terkenal maupun yang kurang terkenal, memiliki referensi dengan kultur-populer…
The historical development of major church branches from their roots Ecclesiastical separatism is the withdrawal of people and churches from Christian denominations, usually to form new denominations. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the separating puritans advocated departure from the Church of England. These people became known as dissenters. Ecclesiastical separatism has also been associated with Christian fundamentalism (at times other forms of theological conservatism), and such withdrawals …
American writer (born 1976) Ada LimónLimón in 2022Born (1976-03-28) March 28, 1976 (age 48)Sonoma, CaliforniaOccupation24th United States Poet LaureateAlma materUniversity of Washington New York UniversityGenrePoetry Ada Limón (born March 28, 1976) is an American poet.[1] On July 12, 2022, she was named the 24th Poet Laureate of the United States by the Librarian of Congress.[2][3][4] This made her the first Latina to be Poet Laureate of the United St…
Chemical compound LazabemideClinical dataRoutes ofadministrationOralATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status Development terminated Identifiers IUPAC name N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-chloro-pyridine-2-carboxamide CAS Number103878-84-8PubChem CID71307IUPHAR/BPS6640ChemSpider64426UNII420HD787N9KEGGD04681CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID2048294 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC8H10ClN3OMolar mass199.64 g·mol−1 Lazabemide (proposed trade names Pakio, Tempium) is a reversible and selective inhibitor of monoa…
This is a list of Wadham College, Oxford people, including alumni, Fellows, Deans and Wardens of the College. An alphabetical list of alumni of Wadham college can be found here. Alumni Academics Robert Hooke Christopher Wren Martin Aitken, archaeometrist Amir Attaran, epidemiologist Charles Badham, classics scholar Owen Barfield, philosopher, author, poet, and critic William Bayliss, physiologist Edward Spencer Beesly, historian and positivist Henry de Beltgens Gibbins, economic historian Richar…
Railway station in New Zealand Beach railway station was also known as Petone Junction and Petone Beach. It should not be confused with this station. PetoneMetlink suburban railPlatform one and Ticket Office/Waiting RoomGeneral informationLocationHutt Road, Petone, Lower Hutt, New ZealandCoordinates41°13′19.91″S 174°52′9.89″E / 41.2221972°S 174.8694139°E / -41.2221972; 174.8694139Owned byGreater Wellington Regional CouncilLine(s)Wairarapa LineMelling BranchPla…
Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di pallacanestro statunitensi e cestisti statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Michael Cooper Cooper durante un tiro libero con la maglia de Il Messaggero Roma Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 196 cm Peso 77 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Guardia / ala piccolaAllenatore Termine carriera 1991 - giocatore2017 - allenatore Hall of fame Naismith …
.svg)
