a tough, thrawn race for the most part, secretive, laborious, retentive of the memory of injuries (and of benefits), lovers of stone, of gems, of things that take shape under the hands of the craftsmen rather than things that live by their own life. But they are not evil by nature, and few ever served the Enemy of free will, whatever the tales of Men alleged. For Men of old lusted after their wealth and the work of their hands, and there has been enmity between the races.[T 1]
Dwarves were long-lived, with a lifespan of some 250 years.[T 1] They breed slowly, for no more than a third of them are female, and not all marry. Tolkien names only one female, Dís, Thorin's sister.[T 2] They are still considered children in their 20s, as Thorin was at age 24;[T 3] and as "striplings" in their 30s. Despite his young age, Dáin Ironfoot was 32 when he killed Azog, the orc chieftain of Moria.[T 1] They had children starting in their 90s.[T 1]
The Dwarves are described as "the most redoubtable warriors of all the Speaking Peoples"[T 4] – a warlike race who fought fiercely against their enemies, including other Dwarves.[T 5] Highly skilled in the making of weapons and armour, their main weapon was the battle axe, but they also used bows, swords, shields and mattocks, and wore armour.[T 6]
Sauron gave seven Rings of Power to Dwarf lords. The Rings caused them to be wrathful and greedy for gold, but they were not brought under Sauron's domination,[T 7] nor did they gain longer life.[T 1] Eventually all seven Rings were destroyed or reclaimed by Sauron.[T 7] One of the rings was given to Durin III, and passed down to Thrór, who gave it to his son Thráin II, father of Thorin Oakenshield. Sauron captured Thráin and took the ring from him in the dungeons of Dol Guldur.[T 1]
The Dwarves are portrayed in The Silmarillion as an ancient people who awoke during the Years of the Trees, after the Elves did so at the start of the First Age, but before Men when the Sun and Moon were created. The ValaAulë, impatient for the arising of the Children of Ilúvatar, created the seven Fathers of the Dwarves in secret, intending them to be his children to whom he could teach his crafts. He also taught them Khuzdul, a language he had devised for them. Ilúvatar, creator of Arda, was aware of the Dwarves' creation and sanctified them. Because they had been made by a Vala, Dwarves lacked souls until granted them by Ilúvatar.[3] Aulë sealed the seven Fathers of the Dwarves in stone chambers in far-flung regions of Middle-earth to await their awakening.[1][T 8]
Each of the Seven Fathers founded one of the seven Dwarf clans. Durin I was the eldest, and the first of his kind to awake in Middle-earth. He awoke in Mount Gundabad, in the northern Misty Mountains, and founded the clan of Longbeards (Durin's Folk); they founded the city of Khazad-dûm below the Misty Mountains, and later realms in the Grey Mountains and Erebor (the Lonely Mountain). Two others were laid in sleep in the north of the Ered Luin or Blue Mountains, and they founded the lines of the Broadbeams and the Firebeards. The remaining four clans, the Ironfists, Stiffbeards, Blacklocks, and Stonefoots came from the East.[T 4] After the end of the First Age, the Dwarves spoken of are almost exclusively of Durin's line.[T 9]
A further division, the even shorter Petty-dwarves, appears in The Silmarillion[T 10][4] and The Children of Húrin.[T 11] Mîm, the last known Petty-dwarf, has been said by Moseley to resemble the similarly named character Mime from the Nibelungenlied.[2]
As creations of Aulë, they were attracted to the substances of Arda. They mined and worked precious metals throughout the mountains of Middle-earth. They were unrivalled in smithing, crafting, metalworking, and masonry, even among the Elves. The Dwarf-smith Telchar was the greatest in renown.[T 12] They built immense halls under mountains where they built their cities. They built many famed halls including the Menegroth, Khazad-dûm, and Erebor.[T 5] Among the many treasures they forged were the named weaponsNarsil, the sword of Elendil, the Dragon-helm of Dor-lómin and the necklace Nauglamír, the most prized treasure in Nargothrond and the most famed Dwarven work of the Elder Days.[T 13] In The Hobbit, Thorin gives Bilbo a Mithril coat of linked rings of mail.[T 14]
Tolkien invented parts of Middle-earth to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.[5][T 15]
In Grey-elvish or Sindarin the Dwarves were called Naugrim ("Stunted People"), Gonnhirrim ("Stone-lords"), and Dornhoth ("Thrawn Folk"), and Hadhodrim. In Quenya they were the Casári. The Dwarves called themselves Khazâd in their own language, Khuzdul.[T 16]Khuzdul was created for them by Aulë, rather than being descended from an Elvish language, as most of the languages of Men were. They wrote it using Cirthrunes, a writing system originally created by Elves in Beleriand to write Sindarin, and was later more fully developed by Daeron, an Elf of Doriath. The Cirth runes were adapted by Dwarves for writing Khuzdul.[6] The Dwarves kept their language secret and did not normally teach it to others, so they learned both Quenya and Sindarin in order to communicate with the Elves, most notably the Noldor and Sindar. By the Third Age, however, the Dwarves were estranged from the Elves and no longer routinely learned their language. Instead, they usually used the Westron or Common Speech, a Mannish tongue, in communicating with other races.[T 5][T 17]
Each Dwarf had two personal names, a secret or "inner" name in Khuzdul, which was used only among other Dwarves and was never revealed to outsiders, and a public "outer" name for use with other races, which was taken from the language of the people amongst whom the Dwarf lived. For example, the Dwarves of Moria and the Lonely Mountain used outer names taken from the language of the Men of the north where they lived.[T 16]
In reality, Tolkien took the names of 12 of the 13 dwarves – excluding Balin – that he used in The Hobbit from the Old Norse Völuspá, long before the idea of Khuzdul arose.[1][7] When he came to write The Lord of the Rings, in order to explain why the Dwarves had Norse names, he created an elaborate fiction that many of the languages used in the book were "translated" into real-life languages for the benefit of the reader, roughly retaining the relationships of the languages among themselves. Thus, Westron was translated into English, the related but more archaic language of the Rohirrim was translated into Anglo-Saxon (Old English), and the even more distantly related language of Dale was translated into Norse. It is possible that the problem of explaining the Dwarves' Norse names was the origin of the entire structure of the Mannish languages in Middle-earth along with the fiction of "translation".[8]
Calendar
Tolkien's only mention of the Dwarves' calendar is in The Hobbit, regarding the "dwarves' New Year" or Durin's Day, which occurs on the day of the last new moon of autumn.[T 18] However, in his first drafts of the book, Durin's Day was the first new moon of autumn. After he had finished writing the book, Tolkien went back and changed all occurrences of the date to the last new moon, more in keeping with the real-world Celtic calendar, but overlooked one mention in Chapter IV, which still named the date as the first new moon.[T 19] Tolkien never noticed this inconsistency, and it was not corrected until the 1995 edition of the book.[9] The astronomer Bradley E. Schaefer has analysed the astronomical determinants of Durin's Day. He concluded that – as with many real-world lunar calendars – the date of Durin's Day is observational, dependent on the first visible crescent moon.[10]
In Tolkien's The Book of Lost Tales, the very few Dwarves who appear are portrayed as evil beings, employers of Orc mercenaries and in conflict with the Elves—who are the imagined "authors" of the myths, and are therefore biased against Dwarves.[1][T 20][T 21] Tolkien was inspired by the dwarves of Norse myths[11][12] and of Germanic folklore (such as that of the Brothers Grimm), from whom his Dwarves take their characteristic affinity with mining, metalworking, and crafting.[13][14]
Jewish history
In The Hobbit, Dwarves are portrayed as occasionally comedic and bumbling, but largely as honourable, serious-minded, and proud. Tolkien was influenced by his own selective reading of medieval texts regarding Jewish people and their history.[15] The dwarves' characteristics of being dispossessed of their homeland in Erebor, and living among other groups but retaining their own culture, are derived from the medieval image of Jews,[15] while, according to the Tolkien scholar John D. Rateliff, their warlike nature stems from accounts in the Hebrew Bible.[15] Medieval views of Jews also saw them as having a propensity for making well-crafted and beautiful things,[15] a trait shared with Norse dwarves.[12][16] The Dwarf calendar invented for The Hobbit reflects the Jewish calendar's Rosh Hashanah in beginning in late autumn.[15][17]
In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien continued the themes of The Hobbit. When giving Dwarves their own language, Khuzdul, Tolkien decided to create an analogue of a Semitic language influenced by Hebrewphonology. Like medieval Jewish groups, the Dwarves used their own language only among themselves, and adopted the languages of those they live amongst for the most part, for example taking public names from the cultures they lived within, whilst keeping their "true-names" and true language a secret.[15] Tolkien further underlined the diaspora of the Dwarves with the lost stronghold of the Mines of Moria. Tolkien elaborated on Jewish influence on his Dwarves in a letter: "I do think of the 'Dwarves' like Jews: at once native and alien in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue..."[T 22] In the last interview before his death, Tolkien said "The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say, that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic."[18] This raises the question, examined by Rebecca Brackmann in Mythlore, of whether there was an element of antisemitism, however deeply buried, in Tolkien's account of the Dwarves, inherited from English attitudes of his time. Brackman notes that Tolkien himself attempted to work through the issue in his Middle-earth writings.[19]
Tolkien's use of Jewish history for his Dwarves[15]
Dwarves spoke "Semitic"[18]Khuzdul amongst themselves, shared language (Westron) to others[T 22]
Spelling
The original editor of The Hobbit "corrected" Tolkien's plural "dwarves" to "dwarfs", as did the editor of the Puffin paperback edition.[T 23] According to Tolkien, the "real 'historical' plural" of "dwarf" is "dwarrows" or "dwerrows".[20] He described the word "dwarves" as "a piece of private bad grammar".[T 24] In Appendix F of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien explained that if people still spoke of "dwarves" regularly, English might have retained a special plural for the word "dwarf", as with the irregular plural of "goose", "geese".[T 16] Despite his fondness for it,[T 16] the form "dwarrow" only appears in his writing as "Dwarrowdelf" ("Dwarf-digging"), a name for Moria. He used "Dwarves", instead, corresponding to his "Elves" as a plural for "Elf". Tolkien used "dwarvish"[T 25] and "dwarf(-)" (e.g. "Dwarf-lords", "Old Dwarf Road") as adjectives for the people he created.[T 16]
In Iron Crown Enterprises' Middle-earth Role Playing (1986), Dwarf player-characters receive statistical bonuses to Strength and Constitution, and subtractions from Presence, Agility and Intelligence. Seven "Dwarven Kindreds", named after each of the founding fathers—Durin, Bávor, Dwálin, Thrár, Druin, Thelór and Bárin—are given in The Lords of Middle-earth—Volume III (1989).[27]
In the real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, and its expansion, both based on the Jackson films, Dwarves are heavily influenced by classical military practice, and use throwing axes, war hammers, spears, and circular or Roman-style shields. One dwarf unit is the "Phalanx", similar to its Greek counterpart.[29]
^Tolkien 1937, ch. 4 "Over Hill and Under Hill": "They had thought of coming to the secret door in the Lonely Mountain, perhaps that very next first moon of Autumn 'and perhaps it will be Durin's Day' they had said."
^Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 98. ISBN9781350374645.
^Noel, Ruth S. (1980). The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. Part 1, ch. 5, "The Languages of Rhovanion", pp. 30–34. ISBN978-0395291306.
^ abLebovic, Matt (11 December 2013). "Are Tolkien's dwarves an allegory for the Jews?". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2023. Tolkien spoke about the Jewish-dwarvish connection during a BBC interview. 'I didn't intend it, but when you've got these people on your hands, you've got to make them different, haven't you?' said Tolkien during the 1971 interview. 'The dwarves of course are quite obviously, wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews? Their words are Semitic, obviously, constructed to be Semitic.'
Cillian MurphyMurphy tahun 2014Lahir25 Mei 1976 (umur 47)Cork, IrlandiaPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1996–sekarangSuami/istriYvonne McGuinness (m. 2004)Anak2 Cillian Murphy (/ˈkɪliən/ kill-EE-ən;[1] lahir 25 Mei 1976) adalah aktor asal Irlandia. Dia melakukan debut profesionalnya dalam drama Disco Pigs karya Enda Walsh tahun 1996, peran yang kemudian dia ulangi dalam adaptasi film tahun 2001. Kredit film awalnya yang terkenal termasuk film horor …
CruzeiroNama lengkapCruzeiro Esporte ClubeJulukanA RaposaBerdiri1921 as Palestra ItáliaStadionMineirãoPampulhaBelo Horizonte(Kapasitas: 62,000)Ketua Sérgio Santos RodriguesManajer Paulo PezzolanoLigaCampeonato Brasileiro Série B2019Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, 17th Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Cruzeiro EC adalah sebuah tim sepak bola Brasil. Berbasis di Belo Horizonte. Tim ini didirikan tahun 1921. Klub ini bermain di kandangnya di stadion Mineirão Pampulha yang berkapasitas 62.000 peno…
Camilo Vargas 2010Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Camilo VargasTanggal lahir 9 Maret 1989 (umur 35)Tempat lahir Bogotá, KolombiaTinggi 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga GawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Atlético NacionalKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2015 – Atlético Nacional 18 (0)Tim nasional2014 – Kolombia 5 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Camilo Vargas (lahir 9 Maret 1989) adalah seorang pemain sepak bola berkewarg…
1985 film by Tsutomu Shibayama For the 2022 remake, see Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars 2021. Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star WarsTheatrical release posterJapanese nameKanjiドラえもん: のび太の宇宙小戦争(リトル スター ウォズ)TranscriptionsRevised HepburnDoraemon: Nobita no Ritoru Sutā Wōzu Directed byTsutomu ShibayamaWritten byFujiko F. FujioBased onDoraemon's Long Tales: Noby's Little Space Warby Fujiko F. FujioProduced byJunichi KimuraMasami HatanoSoichi BesshoYoshi…
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang singel JKT48. Untuk album Baron Soulmates, lihat Flying High. Untuk konser ulang tahun JKT48, lihat JKT48 11th Anniversary Concert Flying High. Flying HighSingel oleh JKT48BahasaInggrisSisi-AFlying HighDirilis17 Juni 2022FormatMedia penyiaranCDDirekam2022Studio Pineapple Associates Inc. (Tokyo, Jepang) (Video musik Flying High)GenreIndo Pop, EDMDurasi3:50LabelIndonesia Musik NusantaraKomponis musikMatt Rad [en] August Rigo [en]LirikusA…
Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGreenvaleMelbourne, VictoriaWoodlands Historic Park in Greenvale serves as a native animal sanctuary, Wurundjeri heritage site, and public walking space, dotted with historical early settlement ruins.GreenvaleLocation in metropolitan MelbourneCoordinates37°37′59″S 144°52′59″E / 37.633°S 144.883°E / -37.633; 144.883Population21,274 (2021 census)[1] • Density3,175/km2 (8,220/sq mi)Established1…
Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ранне…
Yes ScotlandFormation25 May 2012DissolvedLate 2014TypeCompany limited by guaranteeRegistration no.SC422720Headquarters136 Hope Street, Glasgow, G2 2TGKey peopleBlair Jenkins, Chief ExecutiveWebsiteyesscotland.net Yes Scotland was the organisation representing the parties, organisations, and individuals campaigning for a Yes vote in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. It was launched on 25 May 2012 and dissolved in late 2014 after Scotland voted against independence. Yes Scotland's ch…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le monde de la moto. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Un slider en position Un slider (traduit par le terme glisseur) est une protection aux genoux placée sur une combinaison ou un pantalon destinée à la conduite moto sur piste. Ces protections permettent au pilote de toucher le sol avec ses genoux à titre de repère d'angle. De plus, il apporte au pilote un…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Wairoa (homonymie). Fleuve Wairoaanglais : Wairoa River Système de la rivière Wairoa de la baie de Hawke Caractéristiques Longueur 65 km Bassin 3 660 km2 Cours Origine Chutes de « Te Reinga » Embouchure Hawke's Bay Géographie Pays traversés Nouvelle-Zélande Île Île du Nord Région Baie de Hawke modifier Le fleuve Wairoa (en anglais : Wairoa River) est un cours d’eau de la région de Hawke's Bay, dans l’île …
Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis Kreis Tempat Negara berdaulatJermanNegara bagian di JermanSaxonia NegaraJerman Ibu kotaNiesky GeografiLuas wilayah1.340,29 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]SejarahPembuatan1994 Pembubaran2008 Organisasi politik• Kepala pemerintahanBernd Lange Informasi tambahanKode NUTSDED26 Lain-lainSitus webLaman resmi Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis adalah sebuah Landkreis atau semacam kabupaten yang terletak di negara bagian Sachsen, Jerman. Landkreis in…
ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Ни…
Mauritz StillerMauritz Stiller pada 1927LahirMoshe Stiller(1883-07-17)17 Juli 1883Helsinki, Keharyapatihan Finlandia, Kekaisaran RusiaMeninggal18 November 1928(1928-11-18) (umur 45)Stockholm, SwediaPekerjaanSutradara, penulis naskah, pemeranTahun aktif1912–1928PenghargaanWalk of Fame - Motion Picture1713 Vine Street Mauritz Stiller (nama lahir Moshe Stiller, 17 Juli 1883 – 18 November 1928) adalah seorang sutradara Swedia berdarah Yahudi Finlandia, yang dikenal karena…
Context of a rhetorical event Part of a series onRhetoric History Ancient Greece Asianism Atticism Attic orators Calliope Sophists Ancient India Ancient Rome The age of Cicero Second Sophistic Middle Ages Byzantine rhetoric Trivium Renaissance Studia humanitatis Modern period Concepts Captatio benevolentiae Chironomia Decorum Delectare Docere Device Eloquence Eloquentia perfecta Eunoia Enthymeme Facilitas Fallacy Informal Figure of speech Scheme Trope Five canons Inventio Dispositio Elocutio Mem…
Pour l’article homonyme, voir Langage humain. Le langage est la capacité d'exprimer une pensée et de communiquer au moyen d'un système de signes (vocaux, gestuel, graphiques, tactiles, olfactifs, etc.) doté d'une sémantique, et le plus souvent d'une syntaxe — mais ce n'est pas systématique (la cartographie est un exemple de langage non syntaxique). Fruit d'une acquisition, la langue est une des nombreuses manifestations du langage. Le langage comme système de communication Les langage…
MedusaMedusa, disegni di Stjepan Šejić UniversoUniverso Marvel Lingua orig.Inglese AutoriStan Lee Jack Kirby EditoreMarvel Comics 1ª app.marzo 1965 1ª app. inThe Fantastic Four (vol. 1[1]) n. 36 Editore it.Editoriale Corno 1ª app. it.maggio 1972 1ª app. it. inI Fantastici Quattro n. 31 Interpretata daSerinda Swan Voce italianaFederica De Bortoli Caratteristiche immaginarieAlter egoMedusalith Amaquelin-Boltagon Specieinumana SessoFemmina Etniaattilana Luogo di n…
Census Town in West Bengal, IndiaChhota SuzapurCensus TownChhota SuzapurLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalChhota SuzapurChhota Suzapur (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 24°54′59″N 88°05′37″E / 24.916376°N 88.093665°E / 24.916376; 88.093665Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictMaldaArea • Total0.9052 km2 (0.3495 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total11,216 • Density12,000/km2 (32,000/sq&…