Ed Parish SandersFBA (April 18, 1937 – November 21, 2022) was a liberal and secularized New Testament scholar and a principal proponent of the "New Perspective on Paul".[5] He was a major scholar in the scholarship on the historical Jesus and contributed to the view that Jesus was part of a renewal movement within Judaism.[6] Sanders identified himself as a "liberal, modern, secularized Protestant" in his book Jesus and Judaism; fellow scholar John P. Meier called him a postliberal Protestant. He was Arts and Sciences Professor of Religion at Duke University, North Carolina from 1990 until his retirement in 2005.
Sanders was born on April 18, 1937, in Grand Prairie, Texas. He attended Texas Wesleyan College (now Texas Wesleyan University) (1955–1959) and Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University (1959–1962). He spent a year (1962–1963) studying at Göttingen, the University of Oxford, and in Jerusalem.
Sanders taught at McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario) from 1966 to 1984. In 1968 he won a fellowship from the Canada Council and spent a year in Israel, studying Rabbinic Judaism.
Sanders was known for his New Testament scholarship.[8] His field of special interest was Judaism and Christianity in the Greco-Roman world. He was one of the leading scholars in contemporary historical Jesus research, the so-called "Third Quest," which places Jesus firmly in the context of Judaism.[6] In contemporary, secular scholarship, Jesus is seen as the founder of a "renewal movement within Judaism," to use Sanders' phrase.[6] He promoted the view that Jesus was an apocalyptic prophet.[6]
Sanders' first major book was Paul and Palestinian Judaism, which was published in 1977. He had written the book by 1975, but had difficulty in having it published.
Sanders argued that the traditional Christian interpretation that Paul was condemning Rabbiniclegalism was a misunderstanding of both Judaism and Paul's thought, especially since it assumed a level of individualism in these doctrines that was not present, and disregarded notions of group benefit or collective privilege. Rather, Sanders argued, the key difference between pre-Christian Judaism and Pauline teaching was to be found in ideas of how a person becomes one of the People of God. Sanders termed the Jewish belief "covenantal nomism": one was a member of the people by virtue of God's covenant with Abraham, and one stayed in it by keeping the Law.
Sanders claimed that Paul's belief was one of participationist eschatology: the only way to become one of the People of God was through faith in Christ ("dying with Christ") and the Old Covenant was no longer sufficient. But, once inside, appropriate behavior was required of the Christian, behavior based on the Jewish Scriptures, but not embracing all aspects of it. Both patterns required the grace of God for election (admission), and the behavior of the individual, supported by God's grace. The dividing line, therefore, was Paul's insistence on faith in Christ as the only way to election. However, Sanders stressed that Paul also "loved good deeds" [9] and that when his words are taken in context, it emerges that Paul advocates good works in addition to faith in Christ.[9]
Sanders' next major book was Jesus and Judaism, published in 1985.[8] In this work he argued that Jesus began as a follower of John the Baptist and was a prophet of the restoration of Israel. Sanders saw Jesus as creating an eschatological Jewish movement through his appointment of the Apostles and through his preaching and actions. After his execution (the trigger for which was Jesus overthrowing the tables in the temple court of Herod's Temple, thereby antagonizing the political authorities) his followers continued the movement, expecting his return to restore Israel. One consequence of this return would involve Gentiles worshiping the God of Israel. Sanders could find no substantial points of opposition between Jesus and the Pharisees, and he viewed Jesus as abiding by Jewish law and the disciples as continuing to keep it (cf. e.g., Acts 3:1; 21:23–26, for their worship in the Temple). Sanders also argued that Jesus' sayings did not entirely determine Early Christian behavior and attitudes, as is shown by Paul's discussion of divorce (1 Cor. 7:10–16) where the latter quotes Jesus' sayings and then gives his own independent ruling. In one interview, Sanders stated that Paul felt that "he was the model to his churches."[9]
Judaism: Practice and Belief was published in 1992 and tested Sanders' thesis in the light of concrete Jewish practices. Sanders argued that there was a "Common Judaism", that is, beliefs and practices common to all Jews, regardless of which religious party they belonged to. After the reign of Salome Alexandra, the Pharisees were a small but very respected party which had a varying amount of influence within Judaism. The main source of power, however, was with the rulers and especially the aristocratic priesthood (Sadducees). Sanders argued that the evidence indicates that the Pharisees did not dictate policy to any of these groups or individuals.
In general, Sanders stressed the importance of historical context for a proper understanding of first century religion. He attempted to approach Judaism on its own terms, not in the context of the Protestant–Catholic debates of the sixteenth century in order to redefine views on Judaism, Paul, and Christianity as a whole. As Sanders said, he read Paul in his context, which is "Palestine in the first century and especially first century Judaism."[9] In this spirit, one of Sanders' articles is titled "Jesus in Historical Context".[10] In a 2000 encyclopedia entry on Jesus, whom Sanders called an 'eschatological prophet', the subject avoids the word 'angel' although mention is made of the two men 'in dazzling clothes' at the empty tomb.[11]
Sanders argued that more comparative studies are needed, with wider examinations conducted between New Testament texts and the other available historical sources of the period. Speaking at a conference organized in his honor, he described the attractiveness of these types of comparative studies: "They are not all that easy, but they are an awful lot of fun."[12]
Sanders died on November 21, 2022, at the age of 85.[13]
Selected works
Books
Sanders, E. P. (1969). The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition (Ph.D.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-07318-9.
——— (1977). Paul and Palestinian Judaism. London: SCM Press. ISBN0-8006-1899-8.
——— (1990). The Question of Uniqueness in the Teaching of Jesus (The Ethel M. Wood Lecture, 15 February 1990). London: University of London. ISBN0-718-70961-6.
——— (1990). Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah. London: SCM Press. ISBN0-334-02102-2.
——— (2015). Paul: The Apostle's Life, Letters, and Thought. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. ISBN978-0-80-062956-4.
Articles and chapters
——— (1973). "Patterns of Religion in Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: A Holistic Method of Comparison". Harvard Theological Review. 66 (4): 455–478. doi:10.1017/S0017816000018125. S2CID170911418.
——— (2001). "Jesus' Galilee". In Dunderberg, Ismo; et al. (eds.). Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Heikki Räisänen. Novum Testamentum Supplements. Vol. 103. Leiden: Brill. pp. 3–41. ISBN978-9-0041-2359-5.
Udoh, Fabian E., ed. (2008). Redefining First-Century Jewish and Christian Identities: essays in honor of Ed Parish Sanders. Christianity and Judaism in Antiquity. Vol. 16. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN978-0-268-04453-4. OCLC227031660.
^Marshall, I. Howard; Travis, Stephen; Paul, Ian (2002). Exploring the New Testament: A Guide to the Letters & Revelation (2nd ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 52. ISBN978-0-8308-6940-4.
^ abcdTheissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition). Chapter 1. The quest of the historical Jesus. p. 1–15.
Hengel, Martin; Deines, Roland (April 1995). "E. P. Sanders' 'Common Judaism', Jesus, and the Pharisees". The Journal of Theological Studies. 46 (1). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1–70. doi:10.1093/jts/46.1.1.