HD 176693

HD 176693
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Draco
Right ascension	18h 59m 08.684s
Declination	48° 25′ 23.60″
Apparent magnitude (V)	8.83
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage	Main sequence
Spectral type	F8V
B−V color index	0.51
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−54.76±0.18 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 4.704±0.013 mas/yr ; Dec.: 9.263±0.016 mas/yr
Parallax (π)	11.2176 ± 0.0126 mas
Distance	290.8 ± 0.3 ly ; (89.1 ± 0.1 pc)
Details
Mass	1.05±0.04 M☉
Radius	1.253±0.051 R☉
Luminosity	1.864 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.318+0.08; −0.089 cgs
Temperature	6,080±65 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	−0.138+0.043; −0.042 dex
Rotation	12.89±0.19 d
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	2.8±1.0 km/s
Age	7.15±1.61 Gyr
Other designations
	BD+48 2806, HD 176693, Kepler-408, KOI-1612, KIC 10963065, TYC 3545-1227-1, GSC 03545-01227, 2MASS J18590868+4825236, Gaia EDR3 2131593785132997632
Database references
SIMBAD	data

HD 176693, also known as Kepler-408, is a star with a close orbiting exoplanet in the northern constellation of Draco. It is located at a distance of 291 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but it is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −55 km/s.^[5] The star is predicted to come as close as 23.1 light-years in 1.6 million years.^[9] It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.83,^[2] which is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye.

The spectrum of HD 176693 matches an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F8V.^[3] The star is older than the Sun, at 7.15 billion years. It is slightly and uniformly^[10] depleted in heavy elements compared to the Sun, having about 75% of the solar abundance of iron and other heavy elements.^[6] HD 176693 is a chromospherically inactive star,^[4] although there is weak evidence for tidal spin-up due to star-planet interaction.^[11]

HD 176693 is 5% more massive than the Sun and has a 25% larger radius.^[6] It is radiating 1.9^[7] times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,080 K. The star is spinning with a rotation period of 12.89 days.^[6] As of 2016, multiplicity surveys have not detect any stellar companions to HD 176693.^[12]

Planetary system

In 2014, a transiting Sub-Earth planet b was detected on a tight 2.5 day orbit. Initially reported with a relatively low confidence of 97.9%,^[13] it was confirmed in 2016.^[14]

The planetary orbit is inclined to the equatorial plane of the star by 41.7^+5.1
_−3.5°. Such strong spin-orbit misalignment is unique for a sub-Earth transiting planet, and needs either additional giant planets in the system or a history of close stellar encounters to explain it.^[6] The planet may also be a captured body originating from elsewhere.^[15]

The Kepler-408 planetary system^[6]
Companion (in order from star)	Mass	Semimajor axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination	Radius
b	≥ 0.02^[13] $M$ _J	—	2.465024±0.000005	—	81.85±0.10°	0.86±0.04 $R$ _🜨

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ ^a ^b Høg, E.; et al. (March 2000), "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 355: L27–L30, Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H, doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862.
^ ^a ^b Molenda-Żakowicz, J.; et al. (2013), "Atmospheric parameters of 169 F-, G-, K- and M-type stars in the Kepler field", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 434 (2): 1422, arXiv:1306.6011, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.1422M, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1095, S2CID 59269553.
^ ^a ^b ^c Booth, R. S.; et al. (2020), "Chromospheric emission of solar-type stars with asteroseismic ages", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 491 (1): 455–467, arXiv:1910.12557, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.491..455B, doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3039.
^ ^a ^b Gaia Collaboration (May 2022), "Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source", VizieR Online Data Catalog, Bibcode:2022yCat.1355....0G, doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.1355.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kamiaka, Shoya; et al. (2019), "The Misaligned Orbit of the Earth-sized Planet Kepler-408b", The Astronomical Journal, 157 (4): 137, arXiv:1902.02057, Bibcode:2019AJ....157..137K, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a9, S2CID 118909208.
^ ^a ^b Brito, Ana; Lopes, Ilídio (2019), "The partial ionization zone of heavy elements in F-stars: A study on how it correlates with rotation", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 488 (2): 1558–1571, arXiv:1906.12308, Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.1558B, doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1804.
^ "Kepler-408", SIMBAD, Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 1 July 2021
^ Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; et al. (2018), "New stellar encounters discovered in the second Gaia data release", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 616: A37, arXiv:1805.07581, Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..37B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833456, S2CID 56269929.
^ Ramírez, I.; et al. (2020), "Detailed chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars – I. Exploration of possible planet signatures", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 495 (4): 3961–3973, arXiv:2005.09846, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.495.3961L, doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1420.
^ Metcalfe, Travis S.; Egeland, Ricky (2019), "Understanding the Limitations of Gyrochronology for Old Field Stars", The Astrophysical Journal, 871 (1): 39, arXiv:1811.11905, Bibcode:2019ApJ...871...39M, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf575, S2CID 119405127.
^ Kraus, Adam L.; et al. (2016), "The Impact of Stellar Multiplicity on Planetary Systems. I. The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (1): 8, arXiv:1604.05744, Bibcode:2016AJ....152....8K, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/1/8, S2CID 119110229.
^ ^a ^b Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (2014), "Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 210 (2): 20, arXiv:1401.4195, Bibcode:2014ApJS..210...20M, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20, S2CID 10760418.
^ Campante, T. L.; et al. (2016), "Spin–Orbit Alignment of Exoplanet Systems: Ensemble Analysis Using Asteroseismology", The Astrophysical Journal, 819 (1): 85, arXiv:1601.06052, Bibcode:2016ApJ...819...85C, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/85, S2CID 56307453.
^ Petrovich, Cristobal; et al. (2020), "A Disk-driven Resonance as the Origin of High Inclinations of Close-in Planets", The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 902 (1): L5, arXiv:2008.08587, Bibcode:2020ApJ...902L...5P, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb952, S2CID 221186597.

[GaiaDR3-1] Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[Høg_et_al_2000-2] Høg, E.; et al. (March 2000), "The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 355: L27–L30, Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H, doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862.

[Molenda-Żakowicz_et_al_2013-3] Molenda-Żakowicz, J.; et al. (2013), "Atmospheric parameters of 169 F-, G-, K- and M-type stars in the Kepler field", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 434 (2): 1422, arXiv:1306.6011, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434.1422M, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1095, S2CID 59269553.

[Booth2019-4] Booth, R. S.; et al. (2020), "Chromospheric emission of solar-type stars with asteroseismic ages", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 491 (1): 455–467, arXiv:1910.12557, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.491..455B, doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3039.

[Gaia_2022-5] Gaia Collaboration (May 2022), "Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source", VizieR Online Data Catalog, Bibcode:2022yCat.1355....0G, doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.1355.

[Kamiaka2019-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kamiaka, Shoya; et al. (2019), "The Misaligned Orbit of the Earth-sized Planet Kepler-408b", The Astronomical Journal, 157 (4): 137, arXiv:1902.02057, Bibcode:2019AJ....157..137K, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab04a9, S2CID 118909208.

[Brito_Lopes_2019-7] Brito, Ana; Lopes, Ilídio (2019), "The partial ionization zone of heavy elements in F-stars: A study on how it correlates with rotation", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 488 (2): 1558–1571, arXiv:1906.12308, Bibcode:2019MNRAS.488.1558B, doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1804.

[SIMBAD-8] "Kepler-408", SIMBAD, Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 1 July 2021

[Bailer-Jones_et_al_2018-9] Bailer-Jones, C.A.L.; et al. (2018), "New stellar encounters discovered in the second Gaia data release", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 616: A37, arXiv:1805.07581, Bibcode:2018A&A...616A..37B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833456, S2CID 56269929.

[Ramírez_et_al_2020-10] Ramírez, I.; et al. (2020), "Detailed chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars – I. Exploration of possible planet signatures", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 495 (4): 3961–3973, arXiv:2005.09846, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.495.3961L, doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1420.

[Metcalfe_Egeland_2019-11] Metcalfe, Travis S.; Egeland, Ricky (2019), "Understanding the Limitations of Gyrochronology for Old Field Stars", The Astrophysical Journal, 871 (1): 39, arXiv:1811.11905, Bibcode:2019ApJ...871...39M, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf575, S2CID 119405127.

[Kraus_et_al_2016-12] Kraus, Adam L.; et al. (2016), "The Impact of Stellar Multiplicity on Planetary Systems. I. The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions", The Astronomical Journal, 152 (1): 8, arXiv:1604.05744, Bibcode:2016AJ....152....8K, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/1/8, S2CID 119110229.

[Marcy_et_al_2014-13] Marcy, Geoffrey W.; et al. (2014), "Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets", The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 210 (2): 20, arXiv:1401.4195, Bibcode:2014ApJS..210...20M, doi:10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20, S2CID 10760418.

[Campante_et_al_2016-14] Campante, T. L.; et al. (2016), "Spin–Orbit Alignment of Exoplanet Systems: Ensemble Analysis Using Asteroseismology", The Astrophysical Journal, 819 (1): 85, arXiv:1601.06052, Bibcode:2016ApJ...819...85C, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/85, S2CID 56307453.

[Petrovich_et_al_2020-15] Petrovich, Cristobal; et al. (2020), "A Disk-driven Resonance as the Origin of High Inclinations of Close-in Planets", The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 902 (1): L5, arXiv:2008.08587, Bibcode:2020ApJ...902L...5P, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abb952, S2CID 221186597.

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HD 176693

Planetary system

References

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