HMS Pallas (1865)

History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Pallas
Builder	Woolwich Dockyard
Laid down	19 October 1863
Launched	14 March 1865
Completed	6 March 1866
Fate	Sold on 20 April 1886
General characteristics
Displacement	3,661 tons light,; 3,794 tons deep load;
Length	225 ft (69 m)
Beam	50 ft (15 m)
Draught	19 ft (5.8 m) light,; 24 ft 3 in (7.39 m) deep load;
Propulsion	Humphreys & Tennant compound horizontal I.H.P. = 3,580
Sail plan	Ship-rigged, sail area 16,716 sq ft (1,553.0 m2)
Speed	13 knots (24 km/h) under power,; 9.5 knots (18 km/h) under sail;
Complement	253
Armament	2 × 7-inch (180 mm) 110-pounder Armstrong breech-loaders; 4 × 7-inch (180 mm) muzzle-loading rifles;
Armour	Belt, battery & bulkheads 4.5 inches (110 mm)

HMS Pallas was a purpose-built wooden-hulled ironclad of the Royal Navy, designed as a private venture by Sir Edward Reed, and accepted by the Board of Admiralty because, as an economy measure, they wished to use up the stocks of seasoned timber held in the Woolwich Dockyard. The fact that Woolwich was not equipped to build iron ships was also relevant.

Background and design

She was built as a centre battery ship, with two of her big guns on either broadside and the others mounted in the extreme bow and stern as chase guns. It was possible to achieve axial fire from the battery guns by traversing them to fire fore or aft through recessed embrasures at the corners of the battery. As with similar arrangements in contemporary box-battery ironclads, moving the guns in anything other than calm water would have been extremely hazardous. The small number of guns, and the low weight of the broadside, was excused on the basis that the ship's primary weapon was the ram.

Pallas was the first warship in the Royal Navy to be fitted with compound expansion engines, and a high performance was expected from them; her specification claimed a speed under power of fourteen knots, which was necessary if she were to ram enemy ships who were themselves under way. On her trials, however, riding light, she achieved only 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h), while piling up an enormous bow wave. After her bow contour was hastily modified she was able to just reach 13 knots (24 km/h), which in the event of armed conflict would have been insufficient to allow her to fulfil her designed ramming function against any enemy ship with an operational power plant.

In spite of this assessment, the fact that the 12.54-knot Austro-Hungarian ironclad SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max (1865) was later able to successfully ram an enemy screw-propelled warship which was under way - and indeed sink it - suggests that Pallas' modest speed, while a hindrance to her employment as a ram, would not have entirely prevented an enterprising commander from taking advantage of her fixed underwater weaponry in battle, had a suitable tactical opportunity arisen. As with many tactical aspects of early ironclad warships, the practicability of ramming in a fleet action was poorly understood by naval planners at the time of Pallas' commissioning.

Service history

HMS Pallas was commissioned at Portsmouth.^{[citation needed]} On 31 October 1868, she caught fire at Gibraltar. Seventeen crew were injured. The fire was extinguished with assistance from a United States Navy warship.^[1] She served with the Channel Fleet until September 1870, when she was paid off for a long (and very early) refit. She served in the Mediterranean Fleet from 1872 to 1879, and was paid off. She was retained in fourth class reserve at Devonport until sold.

Citations

^ "Shipping Disasters". Liverpool Mercury. No. 6489. Liverpool. 12 November 1868.

References

Ballard, G. A., Admiral (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1957]. British Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
Roberts, John (1979). "Great Britain (including Empire Forces)". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 1–113. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.