HTML5 was first released in a public-facing form on 22 January 2008,[2] with a major update and "W3C Recommendation" status in October 2014.[5][6] Its goals were to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia and other new features; to keep the language both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as web browsers, parsers, etc., without XHTML's rigidity; and to remain backward-compatible with older software. HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4 but also XHTML1 and even the DOM Level 2 HTML itself.[7]
HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves, and rationalizes the markup available for documents and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[8] For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind.
Many new syntactic features are included. To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content, the new <video>, <audio> and <canvas>elements were added; expandable sections are natively implemented through <summary>...</summary> and <details>...</details> rather than depending on CSS or JavaScript; and support for scalable vector graphics (SVG) content and MathML for mathematical formulas was also added. To enrich the semantic content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>, and <figure> are added. New attributes were introduced, some elements and attributes were removed, and others such as <a>, <cite>, and <menu> were changed, redefined, or standardized. The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification,[8] and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents.[9]
The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented a position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium workshop in June 2004,[12] focusing on developing technologies that are backward-compatible with existing browsers,[13] including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for, 14 against—for continuing work on HTML.[14] Immediately after the workshop, WHATWG was formed to start work based upon that position paper, and a second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced.[15] The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5.[16] The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007.
While some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics. However, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5 (see Comparison of HTML5 and Flash). HTML5's interactive capabilities became a topic of mainstream media attention around April 2010[17][18][19][20] after Apple Inc.'s then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" in which he concluded that "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win".[21] This sparked a debate in web development circles suggesting that, while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and Flash.[22] In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue the development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5.[23] On 25 July 2017, Adobe announced that both the distribution and support of Flash would cease by the end of 2020.[24] Adobe itself officially discontinued Flash on 31 December 2020 and all Flash content was blocked from running in Flash Player as of 12 January 2021.[25]
Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[26] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" specification HTML Living Standard. The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5.[27]
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization continues its work with HTML5 as a "living standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[28]
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[29] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".[30]
On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.[31] On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a W3C Recommendation,[32] bringing the specification process to completion.[5] On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[33] On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[34]
Retirement
The W3C retired HTML5 on 27 March 2018.[35] Additionally, the retirement included HTML 4.0,[36] HTML 4.01,[37] XHTML 1.0,[38] and XHTML 1.1.[39] HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3 were all retired on 28 January 2021, in favour of the HTML living standard.[40][41]
Timeline
The combined timelines for the W3C recommendations of HTML5, HTML 5.1, HTML 5.2 and HTML 5.3:
The W3C ceded authority over the HTML and DOM standards to WHATWG on 28 May 2019, as it considered that having two standards is harmful.[47][48][49][4] The HTML Living Standard is now authoritative. However, W3C will still participate in the development process of HTML.
Before the ceding of authority, W3C and WHATWG had been characterized as both working together on the development of HTML5,[11] and yet also at cross purposes[28][5] ever since the July 2012 split. The W3C "HTML5" standard was snapshot-based (HTML5, HTML 5.1, etc.) and static, while the WHATWG "HTML living standard" is continually updated. The relationship had been described as "fragile", even a "rift",[50] and characterized by "squabbling".[5]
In at least one case, namely the permissible content of the <cite> element, the two specifications directly contradicted each other (as of July 2018),[update] with the W3C definition allowing a broader range of uses than the WHATWG definition.[51][52]
The "Introduction" section in the WHATWG spec (edited by Ian "Hixie" Hickson) is critical of W3C, e.g. "Note: Although we have asked them to stop doing so, the W3C also republishes some parts of this specification as separate documents." In its "History" subsection it portrays W3C as resistant to Hickson's and WHATWG's original HTML5 plans, then jumping on the bandwagon belatedly (though Hickson was in control of the W3C HTML5 spec, too). Regardless, it indicates a major philosophical divide between the organizations:[53]
For a number of years, both groups then worked together. In 2011, however, the groups came to the conclusion that they had different goals: the W3C wanted to publish a "finished" version of "HTML5", while the WHATWG wanted to continue working on a Living Standard for HTML, continuously maintaining the specification rather than freezing it in a state with known problems, and adding new features as needed to evolve the platform.
Since then, the WHATWG has been working on this specification (amongst others), and the W3C has been copying fixes made by the WHATWG into their fork of the document (which also has other changes).
The two entities signed an agreement to work together on a single version of HTML on 28 May 2019.[54]
Differences between the two standards
In addition to the contradiction in the <cite> element mentioned above, other differences between the two standards include at least the following, as of September 2018[update]:
Content or Features Unique to W3C or WHATWG Standard
The following table provides data from the Mozilla Development Network on compatibility with major browsers, as of September 2018[update], of HTML elements unique to one of the standards:
The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML5 itself are now defined in separate specifications:
HTML Working Group — HTML Canvas 2D Context;
Immersive Web Working Group — WebXR Device API, WebXR Gamepads Module, WebXR Augmented Reality Module, and others;[90]
Some features that were removed from the original HTML5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as Microdata and Canvas. Technical specifications introduced as HTML5 extensions such as Polyglot markup have also been standardized as modules. Some W3C specifications that were originally separate specifications have been adapted as HTML5 extensions or features, such as SVG. Some features that might have slowed down the standardization of HTML5 were or will be standardized as upcoming specifications, instead.
Features
Markup
HTML5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block (<div>) and inline (<span>) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> and <video> instead of <object>.[92][93][94]
Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> and <center>, whose effects have long been superseded by the more capable Cascading Style Sheets.[95] There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of client-side JavaScript used to create dynamic web pages.[citation needed]
The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML[96][97] despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward-compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration, <!DOCTYPE html>, which triggers the standards-compliant rendering mode.[98]
Since 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0, a previously separate WHATWG specification.[99][100]
Web Storage – a key-value pair storage framework that provides behavior similar to cookies but with larger storage capacity and improved API.[113]
Not all of the above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification.[114] Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately:
HTML5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation is also possible using JavaScript and HTML 4[125][failed verification], and within SVG elements through SMIL, although browser support of the latter remains uneven as of 2011[update].
XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type (often called "MIME type") such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml,[102] and must conform to strict, well-formed syntax of XML. XHTML5 is simply XML-serialized HTML5 data (that is, HTML5 constrained to XHTML's strict requirements, e.g., not having any unclosed tags), sent with one of XML media types. HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML and XHTML specifications and therefore produces the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML is known as polyglot markup.[126]
HTML5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML5 constructs.[8] In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing and parsing, with the intent that compliant browsers will produce the same results when parsing incorrect syntax.[128] Although HTML5 now defines a consistent behavior for "tag soup" documents, those documents do not conform to the HTML5 standard.[128]
Popularity
According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks.[129] Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of the Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites.[130]
Since 2014, HTML5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines.
Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x
The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples.
New parsing rules: oriented towards flexible parsing and compatibility; not based on SGML
New types of form controls: dates and times, email, url, search, number, range, tel, color[131]
New attributes: charset (on meta), async (on script)
Global attributes (that can be applied for every element): id, tabindex, hidden, data-* (custom data attributes)
Deprecated elements will be dropped altogether: acronym, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, isindex, noframes, strike, tt
W3C Working Group publishes "HTML5 differences from HTML 4",[132] which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML5 and HTML4.
Logo
On 18 January 2011, the W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official.[133]
When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, and others".[134] Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project, criticized that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out the blurring of terminology and the potential for miscommunication.[134] Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback and changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies.[135] The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications".[133]
Digital rights management
Industry players including the BBC, Google, Microsoft, Apple Inc. have been lobbying for the inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME),[136][137][138][139][140] a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organizations[141] including the Free Software Foundation[142] have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML5 standard.[143][144] However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions, a form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard.[145][146]WHATWG's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals.[146]
Manu Sporny, a member of the W3C, said that EME would not solve the problem it was supposed to address.[147]
Opponents point out that EME itself is just an architecture for a DRM plug-in mechanism.[148]
The initial enablers for DRM in HTML5 were Google[149] and Microsoft.[150] Supporters also include Adobe.[151] On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox, the last major browser to avoid DRM.[152][153] Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe,[152] later it was replaced with Widevine module from Google which is much more widely adopted by content providers. While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that a refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers.[153] This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation.[154][155]
As of December 2023, the W3C has changed their opinion on EME, stating: "Encrypted Media Extensions (EME) brings greater interoperability, better privacy, security, accessibility and user experience in viewing movies and TV on the Web".[156]
^"HTML5 Differences from HTML4". W3.org. W3C. Introduction. Retrieved 2 March 2018. HTML4 became a W3C Recommendation in 1997. While it continues to serve as a rough guide to many of the core features of HTML, it does not provide enough information to build implementations that interoperate with each other and, more importantly, with Web content. The same goes for XHTML1, which defines an XML serialization for HTML4, and DOM Level 2 HTML, which defines JavaScript APIs for both HTML and XHTML. HTML replaces these documents.
^Hoffmann, Jay (2017). "A Tale of Two Standards". The History of the Web. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2018. (Original title: "When Standards Divide".)
^HTML 5 ReferenceArchived 26 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine: "Although it is inspired by its SGML origins, in practice, it really only shares minor syntactic similarities. ... As HTML5 is no longer formally based upon SGML, the DOCTYPE no longer serves this purpose, and thus no longer needs to refer to a DTD."
^Suetos, Shannon (26 April 2010). "HTML5: Worth the Hype?". instantshift.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
^"Web Forms 2.0". 5 January 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2014. obsolescence notice
^Sporny, Manu (26 January 2013). "DRM in HTML5". The Beautiful, Tormented Machine. Manu Sporny. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
Artikel ini memiliki beberapa masalah. Tolong bantu memperbaikinya atau diskusikan masalah-masalah ini di halaman pembicaraannya. (Pelajari bagaimana dan kapan saat yang tepat untuk menghapus templat pesan ini) Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki…
Guillaume III, Adipati AquitainePasanganAdèle dari Normandia (Wafat 962)Keluarga bangsawanWangsa PoitiersBapakEbles ManzerIbuAdèleLahir915PoitiersMeninggal3 April 963Saint-Maixent-l'École Guillaume III (915 – 3 April 963), disebut si Rambut Kuning (Prancis: Tête d'étoupecode: fr is deprecated , Latin: Caput Stupecode: la is deprecated ) dari warna rambutnya, merupakan seorang Comte Aquitaine dari tahun 959 dan Adipati Aquitaine dari tahun 962 sampai kematiannya. Ia juga merupakan Comte Po…
Perform This WaySingel oleh Weird Al Yankovicdari album AlpocalypseDirilis25 April, 2011[1]Direkam6 April, 2011[2]GenreKomedi, parodi, electropop, dance-popDurasi2:53LabelVolcanoPenciptaStefani Germanotta, Jeppe Laursen, Paul Blair, Fernando Garibay, Weird Al YankovicProduserWeird Al Yankovic Perform This Way adalah sebuah lagu parodi oleh musisi Amerika Weird Al Yankovic. Lagu merupakan parodi dari Born This Way oleh Lady Gaga. Lirik diceritakan dari sudut pandang Gaga dan menje…
Arshile GorkyArshile Gorky pada Desember 1936LahirVostanik Manoug Adoian(1904-04-15)15 April 1904Khorgom, Vilayet Van, Armenia, Kesultanan UtsmaniyahMeninggal21 Juli 1948(1948-07-21) (umur 44)Sherman, Connecticut, A.S.KebangsaanArmenia-AmerikaDikenal atasMelukis, MenggambarKarya terkenalLandscape in the Manner of Cézanne (1927)Nighttime, Enigma, Nostalgia (1930–1934)Gerakan politikEkspresionisme Abstrak Arshile Gorky (lahir Vostanik Manoug Adoian, Armenian: Ոստանիկ Մանուկ Ա…
Qualification rounds for the 1938 FIFA World Cup 1938 FIFA World Cup QualificationTournament detailsDates16 June 1937 – 1 May 1938Teams37 (from 3 confederations)Tournament statisticsMatches played22Goals scored96 (4.36 per match)Top scorer(s) Fricis Kaņeps Gyula Zsengellér(5 goals each)← 1934 1950 → International football competition A total of 37 teams entered the 1938 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds, competing for a total of 16 spots in the final tournament. …
Melatonin receptor agonistDrug classMelatonin, the prototypical melatonin receptor agonistClass identifiersUseSleep disorders, depression, ADHD, etc.ATC codeN05CHBiological targetMelatonin receptorClinical dataWebMDRxListExternal linksMeSHD008550Legal statusIn Wikidata Melatonin receptor agonists are analogues of melatonin that bind to and activate the melatonin receptor.[1] Agonists of the melatonin receptor have a number of therapeutic applications including treatment of sleep disorder…
Policy on permits required to enter Australia and its external territories This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofAustralia Constitution The Crown Monarch Charles III Governor-General David Hurley Executive Prime Minister Anthony Albanese (ALP) Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles (ALP) Federal Executive Council Ministry Albanese ministry Cabinet Legislature Australian Parliament Senate President Sue Lines (ALP) Leader Penny Wong (ALP) House of Representatives Speaker Milton Dick (ALP…
العلاقات المجرية الصربية المجر صربيا المجر صربيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات المجرية الصربية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المجر وصربيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة المجر صربيا المس…
Ne doit pas être confondu avec Thillot. Le Thillot L'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste. Blason Administration Pays France Région Grand Est Département Vosges Arrondissement Épinal Intercommunalité Communauté de communes des Ballons des Hautes-Vosges(siège) Maire Mandat Isabelle Canonaco 2023-2026 Code postal 88160 Code commune 88468 Démographie Gentilé Thillotins Populationmunicipale 3 257 hab. (2021 ) Densité 215 hab./km2 Population agglomération 14 694 hab. (2021)…
First Vice President of Afghanistan from 2020 to 2021 Amrullah Salehامرالله صالحSaleh in 2011First Vice President of AfghanistanIn office19 February 2020 – 15 August 2021PresidentAshraf GhaniPreceded byAbdul Rashid DostumSucceeded bySirajuddin Haqqani (as First Deputy Leader)Acting Interior Minister of AfghanistanIn office23 December 2018 – 19 January 2019PresidentAshraf GhaniPreceded byWais BarmakSucceeded byMasoud AndarabiHead of the National Directorate of Sec…
Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United StatesWar EagleUnincorporated communityWar EagleLocation within the state of West VirginiaCoordinates: 37°31′42″N 81°56′38″W / 37.52833°N 81.94389°W / 37.52833; -81.94389CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyMingoElevation863 ft (263 m)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code1555917[1] War Eagle is an unincorporated community located in Mingo County, …
Delta Volga di Laut Kaspia barat laut. Delta Volga adalah delta sungai terbesar di Eropa, dan muncul di mana sungai terbesar di Eropa, sungai Volga, mengalir ke Laut Kaspia di Oblast Astrakhan di Rusia. Kini Delta Volga meliputi wilayah seluas 27.224 km². Pranala luar Volga River Delta Diarsipkan 2007-08-02 di Wayback Machine. at NASA Earth Observatory Volga Delta Diarsipkan 2009-02-07 di Wayback Machine. at Natural Heritage Protection Fund Pengawasan otoritas Umum Integrated Authority Fil…
Templat:Infobox person/wikidata Kuburan dari Arthur Berriedale Keith, Pemakaman Grange, Edinburgh Prof Arthur Berriedale Keith DCL DLit LLD (5 April 1879, Aberdeen – 6 Oktober 1944) adalah seorang pengacara konstitusi, sarjana bahasa Sanskerta dan Indologis Skotlandia. Ia menjadi Profesor Regius bahasa Sanskerta dan Dosen Sejarah Konstitusi dalam Universitas Edinburgh. Karya Hukum dan sejarah konstitusi The Theory of State Succession (1907) Responsible Government in the Dominions 1st edit…
Tariq Al-Hashemiطارق الهاشمي Wakil Presiden IrakMasa jabatan31 Mei 2011 – SekarangPresidenJalal TalabaniPendahuluAdil Abdul-MahdiPenggantiSedang MenjabatWakil II Presiden IrakMasa jabatan22 April 2006 – 31 Mei 2011PresidenJalal TalabaniPendahuluGhazi Mashal Ajil al-YawerPenggantiKhodair al-Khozaei Informasi pribadiLahirBaghdad, IrakKebangsaanIraqiPartai politikDaftar Pembaruan-Gerakan Nasional IrakPekerjaanPolitikusSunting kotak info • L • B Tariq a…
Henry LémeryHenry Lémery in 1918Minister of JusticeIn office15 October 1934 – 8 November 1934Preceded byHenry ChéronSucceeded byGeorges PernotColonial SecretaryIn office12 July 1940 – 6 September 1940Preceded byAlbert RivièreSucceeded byCharles Platon Personal detailsBorn(1874-12-09)9 December 1874Saint-Pierre, MartiniqueDied26 April 1972(1972-04-26) (aged 97)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationLawyer Henry Lémery (9 December 1874 – 26 April 1972) was a poli…
1955 American animated film This article is about the 1955 Walt Disney animated film. For the live-action remake, see Lady and the Tramp (2019 film). For the 2019 film's soundtrack album, see Lady and the Tramp (soundtrack). Lady and the TrampTheatrical release posterDirected by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Joe Grant Based onHappy Dan, the Cynical Dogby Ward GreeneProduced byWalt DisneyStarring Barbara Luddy Larry Rober…
British Conservative politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Malcolm Rifkind – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this mess…
Symbole HSPA+ affiché dans la barre de notification d'un smartphone Android. L’HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access+), parfois nommée H+, 3G++[réf. souhaitée], HSPAP[réf. souhaitée] ou 3G Dual Carrier, est une norme de téléphonie mobile 3G de la famille UMTS ; c'est une évolution de la norme HSPA permettant d'atteindre des débits théoriques crêtes de 21 Mbit/s par cellule radio en téléchargement, soit 42 Mbit/s en « Dual Carrier » et théoriquement…