Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains oncotic pressure, among other functions.
Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin, which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi apparatus to produce the secreted albumin.
The reference range for albumin concentrations in serum is approximately 35–50 g/L (3.5–5.0 g/dL).[5] It has a serum half-life of approximately 21 days.[6] It has a molecular mass of 66.5 kDa.
The gene for albumin is located on chromosome 4 in locus 4q13.3 and mutations in this gene can result in anomalous proteins. The human albumin gene is 16,961 nucleotides long from the putative 'cap' site to the first poly(A) addition site. It is split into 15 exons that are symmetrically placed within the 3 domains thought to have arisen by triplication of a single primordial domain.
Human serum albumin (HSA) is a highly water-soluble globular monomeric plasma protein with a relative molecular weight of 67 KDa, consisting of 585 amino acid residues, one sulfhydryl group and 17 disulfide bridges. Among nanoparticulate carriers, HSA nanoparticles have long been the center of attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to bind to various drug molecules, great stability during storage and in vivo usage, no toxicity and antigenicity, biodegradability, reproducibility, scale up of the production process and a better control over release properties. In addition, significant amounts of drug can be incorporated into the particle matrix because of the large number of drug binding sites on the albumin molecule.[7]
Transports many drugs; serum albumin levels can affect the half-life of drugs. Competition between drugs for albumin binding sites may cause drug interaction by increasing the free fraction of one of the drugs, thereby affecting potency.
Serum albumin, as a negative acute-phase protein, is down-regulated in inflammatory states. As such, it is not a valid marker of nutritional status; rather, it is a marker of an inflammatory state
The normal range of human serum albumin in adults (> 3 y.o.) is 3.5–5.0 g/dL (35–50 g/L). For children less than three years of age, the normal range is broader, 2.9–5.5 g/dL.[10]
High albumin (hyperalbuminemia) is almost always caused by dehydration. In some cases of retinol (Vitamin A) deficiency, the albumin level can be elevated to high-normal values (e.g., 4.9 g/dL) because retinol causes cells to swell with water. (This is also the reason too much Vitamin A is toxic.)[11]
This swelling also likely occurs during treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin), a pharmaceutical for treating severe acne, amongst other conditions. In lab experiments it has been shown that all-trans retinoic acid down regulates human albumin production.[12]
In clinical medicine, hypoalbuminemia significantly correlates with a higher mortality rates in several conditions such as heart failure, post-surgery, COVID-19.[16][17][18]
Hyperalbuminemia
Hyperalbuminemia is an increased concentration of albumin in the blood.[19] Typically, this condition is due to dehydration.[19] Hyperalbuminemia has also been associated with high protein diets.[20]
Human albumin solution (HSA) is available for medical use, usually at concentrations of 5–25%.
Human albumin is often used to replace lost fluid and help restore blood volume in trauma, burns and surgery patients. There is no strong medical evidence that albumin administration (compared to saline) saves lives for people who have hypovolaemia or for those who are critically ill due to burns or hypoalbuminaemia.[21] It is also not known if there are people who are critically ill that may benefit from albumin.[21] Therefore, the Cochrane Collaboration recommends that it should not be used, except in clinical trials.[21][22]
Human serum albumin may be used to potentially reverse drug/chemical toxicity by binding to free drug/agent.[24]
Human albumin may also be used in treatment of decompensated cirrhosis.[25]
Human serum albumin has been used as a component of a frailty index.[15]
Glycation
It has been known for a long time that human blood proteins like hemoglobin[26] and serum albumin[27][28] may undergo a slow non-enzymatic glycation, mainly by formation of a Schiff base between ε-amino groups of lysine (and sometimes arginine) residues and glucose molecules in blood (Maillard reaction). This reaction can be inhibited in the presence of antioxidant agents.[29] Although this reaction may happen normally,[27] elevated glycoalbumin is observed in diabetes mellitus.[28]
Glycation has the potential to alter the biological structure and function of the serum albumin protein.[30][31][32][33]
Moreover, the glycation can result in the formation of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE), which result in abnormal biological effects. Accumulation of AGEs leads to tissue damage via alteration of the structures and functions of tissue proteins, stimulation of cellular responses, through receptors specific for AGE-proteins, and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. AGEs also react with DNA, thus causing mutations and DNA transposition. Thermal processing of proteins and carbohydrates brings major changes in allergenicity. AGEs are antigenic and represent many of the important neoantigens found in cooked or stored foods.[34] They also interfere with the normal product of nitric oxide in cells.[35]
Although there are several lysine and arginine residues in the serum albumin structure, very few of them can take part in the glycation reaction.[28][36]
Oxidation
The albumin is the predominant protein in most body fluids, its Cys34 represents the largest fraction of free thiols within the body. The albumin Cys34 thiol exists in both reduced and oxidized forms.[37] In plasma of healthy young adults, 70–80% of total HSA contains the free sulfhydryl group of Cys34 in a reduced form or mercaptoalbumin (HSA-SH).[38] However, in pathological states characterized by oxidative stress such as kidney disease, liver disease and diabetes the oxidized form, or non-mercaptoalbumin (HNA), could predominate.[39][40] The albumin thiol reacts with radical hydroxyl (.OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the reactive nitrogen species as peroxynitrite (ONOO.), and have been shown to oxidize Cys34 to sulfenic acid derivate (HSA-SOH), it can be recycled to mercapto-albumin; however at high concentrations of reactive species leads to the irreversible oxidation to sulfinic (HSA-SO2H) or sulfonic acid (HSA-SO3H) affecting its structure.[41] Presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), can induce irreversible structural damage and alter protein activities.[citation needed]
Loss via kidneys
In the healthy kidney, albumin's size and negative electric charge exclude it from excretion in the glomerulus. This is not always the case, as in some diseases including diabetic nephropathy, which can sometimes be a complication of uncontrolled or of longer term diabetes in which proteins can cross the glomerulus. The lost albumin can be detected by a simple urine test.[42] Depending on the amount of albumin lost, a patient may have normal renal function, microalbuminuria, or albuminuria.
^Kouchakzadeh H, Shojaosadati SA, Shokri F (September 2014). "Efficient loading and entrapment of tamoxifen in human serum albumin based nanoparticulate delivery system by a modified desolvation technique". Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 92 (9): 1681–1692. Bibcode:2014CERD...92.1681K. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2013.11.024.
^"Albumin: analyte monograph"(PDF). Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
^Pasantes-Morales H, Wright CE, Gaull GE (December 1984). "Protective effect of taurine, zinc and tocopherol on retinol-induced damage in human lymphoblastoid cells". The Journal of Nutrition. 114 (12): 2256–2261. doi:10.1093/jn/114.12.2256. PMID6502269.
^Uthamalingam S, Kandala J, Daley M, Patvardhan E, Capodilupo R, Moore SA, Januzzi JL (December 2010). "Serum albumin and mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure". American Heart Journal. 160 (6): 1149–1155. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.09.004. PMID21146671.
^Xu R, Hao M, Zhou W, Liu M, Wei Y, Xu J, Zhang W (August 2022). "Preoperative hypoalbuminemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis". Surgery Today. 53 (8): 861–872. doi:10.1007/s00595-022-02566-9. PMID35933630. S2CID251369303.
^Lo AH, Kripfgans OD, Carson PL, Rothman ED, Fowlkes JB (May 2007). "Acoustic droplet vaporization threshold: effects of pulse duration and contrast agent". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 54 (5): 933–946. doi:10.1109/tuffc.2007.339. PMID17523558. S2CID11983041.
^Ascenzi P, Leboffe L, Toti D, Polticelli F, Trezza V (August 2018). "Fipronil recognition by the FA1 site of human serum albumin". Journal of Molecular Recognition. 31 (8): e2713. doi:10.1002/jmr.2713. PMID29656610. S2CID4894574.
^Caraceni P, Riggio O, Angeli P, Alessandria C, Neri S, Foschi FG, et al. (June 2018). "Long-term albumin administration in decompensated cirrhosis (ANSWER): an open-label randomised trial". Lancet. 391 (10138): 2417–2429. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30840-7. hdl:2108/208667. PMID29861076. S2CID44120418.
^Rahbar S (October 1968). "An abnormal hemoglobin in red cells of diabetics". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 22 (2): 296–298. doi:10.1016/0009-8981(68)90372-0. PMID5687098.
^Jakus V, Hrnciarová M, Cársky J, Krahulec B, Rietbrock N (1999). "Inhibition of nonenzymatic protein glycation and lipid peroxidation by drugs with antioxidant activity". Life Sciences. 65 (18–19): 1991–1993. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00462-2. PMID10576452.
^Mohamadi-Nejad A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Hakimelahi GH, Sheibani N (September 2002). "Thermodynamic analysis of human serum albumin interactions with glucose: insights into the diabetic range of glucose concentration". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 34 (9): 1115–1124. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00031-6. PMID12009306.
^Mendez DL, Jensen RA, McElroy LA, Pena JM, Esquerra RM (December 2005). "The effect of non-enzymatic glycation on the unfolding of human serum albumin". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 444 (2): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.019. PMID16309624.
^Mohamadi-Nejada A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Safariana S, Naderi-Maneshc MH, Ranjbarc B, Farzamid B, Mostafavie H, Larijanif MB, Hakimelahi GH (July 2002). "The thermal analysis of nonezymatic glycosylation of human serum albumin: differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism studies". Thermochimica Acta. 389 (1–2): 141–151. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00006-0.
^Kańska U, Boratyński J (2002). "Thermal glycation of proteins by D-glucose and D-fructose". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 50 (1): 61–66. PMID11916310.
^Rosas-Díaz M, Camarillo-Cadena M, Hernández-Arana A, Ramón-Gallegos E, Medina-Navarro R (June 2015). "Antioxidant capacity and structural changes of human serum albumin from patients in advanced stages of diabetic nephropathy and the effect of the dialysis". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 404 (1–2): 193–201. doi:10.1007/s11010-015-2378-2. PMID25758354. S2CID6718332.
^Matsuyama Y, Terawaki H, Terada T, Era S (August 2009). "Albumin thiol oxidation and serum protein carbonyl formation are progressively enhanced with advancing stages of chronic kidney disease". Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 13 (4): 308–315. doi:10.1007/s10157-009-0161-y. PMID19363646. S2CID20886185.
Komatsu T, Nakagawa A, Curry S, Tsuchida E, Murata K, Nakamura N, Ohno H (September 2009). "The role of an amino acid triad at the entrance of the heme pocket in human serum albumin for O(2) and CO binding to iron protoporphyrin IX". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 7 (18): 3836–3841. doi:10.1039/b909794e. PMID19707690.
Silva AM, Hider RC (October 2009). "Influence of non-enzymatic post-translation modifications on the ability of human serum albumin to bind iron. Implications for non-transferrin-bound iron speciation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1794 (10): 1449–1458. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.003. PMID19505594.
Otosu T, Nishimoto E, Yamashita S (February 2010). "Multiple conformational state of human serum albumin around single tryptophan residue at various pH revealed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy". Journal of Biochemistry. 147 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1093/jb/mvp175. PMID19884191.
Juárez J, López SG, Cambón A, Taboada P, Mosquera V (July 2009). "Influence of electrostatic interactions on the fibrillation process of human serum albumin". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 113 (30): 10521–10529. doi:10.1021/jp902224d. PMID19572666.
Fu BL, Guo ZJ, Tian JW, Liu ZQ, Cao W (August 2009). "[Advanced glycation end products induce expression of PAI-1 in cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells through NADPH oxidase dependent pathway]". Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 25 (8): 674–677. PMID19664386.
Guo S, Shi X, Yang F, Chen L, Meehan EJ, Bian C, Huang M (September 2009). "Structural basis of transport of lysophospholipids by human serum albumin". The Biochemical Journal. 423 (1): 23–30. doi:10.1042/BJ20090913. PMID19601929.
Page TA, Kraut ND, Page PM, Baker GA, Bright FV (September 2009). "Dynamics of loop 1 of domain I in human serum albumin when dissolved in ionic liquids". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 113 (38): 12825–12830. doi:10.1021/jp904475v. PMID19711930.
Cui FL, Yan YH, Zhang QZ, Qu GR, Du J, Yao XJ (February 2010). "A study on the interaction between 5-Methyluridine and human serum albumin using fluorescence quenching method and molecular modeling". Journal of Molecular Modeling. 16 (2): 255–262. doi:10.1007/s00894-009-0548-4. PMID19588173. S2CID9042021.
Caridi G, Dagnino M, Simundic AM, Miler M, Stancic V, Campagnoli M, et al. (March 2010). "Albumin Benkovac (c.1175 A > G; p.Glu392Gly): a novel genetic variant of human serum albumin". Translational Research. 155 (3): 118–119. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2009.10.001. PMID20171595.
Deeb O, Rosales-Hernández MC, Gómez-Castro C, Garduño-Juárez R, Correa-Basurto J (February 2010). "Exploration of human serum albumin binding sites by docking and molecular dynamics flexible ligand-protein interactions". Biopolymers. 93 (2): 161–170. doi:10.1002/bip.21314. PMID19785033.
Karahan SC, Koramaz I, Altun G, Uçar U, Topbaş M, Menteşe A, Kopuz M (2010). "Ischemia-modified albumin reduction after coronary bypass surgery is associated with the cardioprotective efficacy of cold-blood cardioplegia enriched with N-acetylcysteine: a preliminary study". European Surgical Research. 44 (1): 30–36. doi:10.1159/000262324. PMID19955769. S2CID26699371.
Jin C, Lu L, Zhang RY, Zhang Q, Ding FH, Chen QJ, Shen WF (October 2009). "Association of serum glycated albumin, C-reactive protein and ICAM-1 levels with diffuse coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 408 (1–2): 45–49. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.07.003. PMID19615354.
1bj5: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTIC ACID
1bke: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN IN A COMPLEX WITH MYRISTIC ACID AND TRI-IODOBENZOIC ACID
1bm0: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
1e78: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
1e7a: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH THE GENERAL ANESTHETIC PROPOFOL
1e7b: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH THE GENERAL ANESTHETIC HALOTHANE
1e7c: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTIC ACID AND THE GENERAL ANESTHETIC HALOTHANE
1e7e: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH DECANOIC ACID (CAPRIC ACID)
1e7f: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH DODECANOIC ACID (LAURIC ACID)
1e7g: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH TETRADECANOIC ACID (MYRISTIC ACID) HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTIC ACID
1e7h: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH HEXADECANOIC ACID (PALMITIC ACID)
1e7i: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH OCTADECANOIC ACID (STEARIC ACID)
1gni: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH CIS-9-OCTADECENOIC ACID (OLEIC ACID)
1gnj: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH CIS-5,8,11,14-EICOSATETRAENOIC ACID (ARACHIDONIC ACID)
1h9z: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTIC ACID AND THE R-(+) ENANTIOMER OF WARFARIN
1ha2: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTIC ACID AND THE S-(-) ENANTIOMER OF WARFARIN
1hk1: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH THYROXINE (3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE)
1hk2: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN MUTANT R218H COMPLEXED WITH THYROXINE (3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE)
1hk3: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN MUTANT R218P COMPLEXED WITH THYROXINE (3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE)
1hk4: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH THYROXINE (3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE) AND MYRISTIC ACID (TETRADECANOIC ACID)
1hk5: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN MUTANT R218H COMPLEXED WITH THYROXINE (3,3',5,5'-TETRAIODO-L-THYRONINE) AND MYRISTIC ACID (TETRADECANOIC ACID)
1n5u: X-RAY STUDY OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH HEME
1o9x: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH TETRADECANOIC ACID (MYRISTIC ACID) AND HEMIN
1tf0: Crystal structure of the GA module complexed with human serum albumin
1uor: X-RAY STUDY OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN. PHASES DETERMINED BY MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT METHOD, USING LOW RESOLUTION STRUCTURE MODEL OF TETRAGONAL FORM OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
1ysx: Solution structure of domain 3 from human serum albumin complexed to an anti-apoptotic ligand directed against Bcl-xL and Bcl-2
2bx8: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH AZAPROPAZONE
2bxa: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH 3-CARBOXY-4-METHYL-5-PROPYL-2-FURANPROPANOIC ACID (CMPF)
2bxb: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH OXYPHENBUTAZONE
2bxc: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH PHENYLBUTAZONE
2bxd: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH WARFARIN
2bxe: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH DIFLUNISAL
2bxf: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH DIAZEPAM
2bxg: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH IBUPROFEN
2bxh: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH INDOXYL SULFATE
2bxi: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND AZAPROPAZONE
2bxk: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE, AZAPROPAZONE AND INDOMETHACIN
2bxl: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND 3,5-DIIODOSALICYLIC ACID
2bxm: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND INDOMETHACIN
2bxn: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND IODIPAMIDE
2bxo: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND OXYPHENBUTAZONE
2bxp: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE AND PHENYLBUTAZONE
2bxq: HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN COMPLEXED WITH MYRISTATE, PHENYLBUTAZONE AND INDOMETHACIN
2i2z: Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and aspirin
2i30: Human serum albumin complexed with myristate and salicylic acid
English contract law case Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v CaldwellCourtCourt of AppealCitation(s)[1965] 1 QB 525 Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525 is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation. It holds that an unequivocal act communicating the wish to rescind a contract can override third party rights. The communication does not need to go to the misrepresentor. Facts Mr Caldwell owned a Jaguar. A rogue named 'Mr Norris' convinced him to sell it for a…
Partai Komunis Malaya 马来亚共产党 Parti Komunis Malaya மலாயா கம்யூனிஸ்ட் கட்சி SingkatanMCP, CPM, PKMDibentuk30 April 1930Dibubarkan2 Desember 1989Didahului olehPartai Komunis Laut SelatanSurat kabarMin Sheng PauKeanggotaan (1939)40.000Ideologi Komunisme Marxisme-Leninisme Pemikiran Mao Zedong Anti-imperialisme Posisi politikKiri jauhWarnaMerahBenderaPolitik MalaysiaPartai politikPemilihan umum Partai Komunis Malaya (bahasa Melayu: Parti…
Bahan baku Karet Bahan baku atau barang mentah adalah bahan yang dibeli dan digunakan dalam membuat produk akhir barang jadi yang akan dijual kepada konsumen. Bahan baku belum mengalami proses pengolahan sama sekali. Contoh bahan baku dalam hal makanan adalah mentega, gula, telur, tepung, vanili, bubuk pemuai, soda kue dan coklat untuk pembuatan produk coklat. Sedangkan biaya bahan baku adalah seluruh biaya untuk memperoleh sampai dengan bahan siap untuk digunakan yang meliputi harga bahan, ongk…
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Дмитрий Донской (значения). Дмитрий Донской Служба Российская империя Класс и тип судна 50-пушечный винтовой фрегат типа Дмитрий Донской Тип парусного вооружения Трёхмачтовый корабль Порт приписки Кронштадт Организация…
For broader coverage of this topic, see Crimes against humanity under communist regimes. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article or section…
Dunay IslandsThe Dunay group and adjacent islandsGeographyLocationLaptev SeaCoordinates73°51′N 124°31′E / 73.850°N 124.517°E / 73.850; 124.517ArchipelagoDunay IslandsTotal islands15AdministrationRussiaRepublicSakha The Dunay Islands, or Duunay Aryta, (Russian: Острова Дунай) is a group of islands in the Laptev Sea. They are located close to the mouths of the Lena River, off the northwestern shores of the Lena Delta.[1] Geography The Dunay islan…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) كأس ألبانيا 1970–71 تفاصيل الموسم كأس ألبانيا البلد ألبانيا المنظم اتحاد ألبانيا لكرة القدم البطل …
قائمة الوجبات العربية هي قائمة تستعرض الوجبات والأكلات والأطعمة والطبخات والمشروبات المتضمنة في المطبخ العربي.[1] مقبلات الاسم الصورة النوع الأصل الوصف ورق عنب مقبلات عثماني طبق مقبلات يتكون من أوراق العنب الملفوفة المحشية بالأرز والخضروات والبهارات. لبنة مقبلات…
Saraf pudendalPercabangan saraf pudendal pada priaPenampang panggul wanita di mana saraf muncul dari S2, S3, dan S4 memanjang antara rahim dan anus dan ke labium minora, labium mayora, dan klitorisRincianCabang asalSaraf sacral S2, S3, S4Cabang tujuanSaraf rectal inferiorsaraf perinealsaraf dorsal penissaraf dorsal klistorisPengidentifikasiBahasa LatinNervus pudendusMeSHD060525TA98A14.2.07.037TA26554FMA19037Daftar istilah neuroanatomi[sunting di Wikidata] Saraf pudendal adalah saraf utama pe…
История Грузииსაქართველოს ისტორია Доисторическая Грузия Шулавери-шомутепинская культураКуро-араксская культураТриалетская культураКолхидская культураКобанская культураДиаухиМушки Древняя история КолхидаАриан-КартлиИберийское царство ФарнавазидыГрузия…
Russian singer and actor (born 1988) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Alexey Vorobyov – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this …
Serie ASport Calcio TipoClub Paese Svizzera OrganizzatoreASF/SFV Cadenzaannuale Formulatre gironi eliminatoripiù girone finale Retrocessione inSerie B StoriaFondazione1898 Soppressione1930 Numero edizioni32 Ultimo vincitore Servette Record vittorie Grasshoppers Servette Young Boys (6) Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Serie A è stata il massimo campionato svizzero di calcio tra il 1898 ed il 1930. Organizzata dall'Associazione Svizzera di Football, vide comp…
This template was considered for deletion on 2019 August 13. The result of the discussion was no consensus. Israel Template‑class Israel portalThis template is within the scope of WikiProject Israel, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Israel on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.IsraelWikipedia:WikiProject IsraelTemplate:WikiProject IsraelIsrael-related articlesTemplateThis te…
State Public Historical Library of RussiaГосударственная публичная историческая библиотека РоссииState Historic Public Library of Russia Main Hall of Historical building55°45′22″N 37°38′24″E / 55.7561°N 37.6401°E / 55.7561; 37.6401LocationMoscow, RussiaTypeHistorical libraryEstablished1938Other informationWebsitehttp://www.shpl.ru/ The State Public Historical Library of Russia was founded in 1938 under the So…
American TV series or program The Woodwright's ShopTitle screen for The Woodwright's ShopGenreHow-to woodworkingCreated byRoy UnderhillWritten byRoy UnderhillDirected byGary HawkinsGeary MortonPresented byRoy UnderhillTheme music composerRod AbernethyOpening themeKildare's FancyCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons38No. of episodes481 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersGalen BlackCaroline FrancisShannon VickeryProducersGeary MortonRoy UnderhillProductio…
American professional wrestler Vito LoGrassoLo Grasso, aka Big Vito, making his entrance at a show in March 2013Birth nameVito Joseph LoGrassoBorn (1964-06-18) June 18, 1964 (age 59)[citation needed]Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.Spouse(s) Noel Harlow (m. 2014)Professional wrestling careerRing name(s)Big Vito[1]Santa ClausSkull Von Krush[1]Von KrusVito Krus[1]Vito LoGrasso[1]VitoBilled height6 ft 2 in (188 c…
Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di pallacanestro statunitensi e cestisti statunitensi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Paul Westphal Paul Westphal nel 1975 Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 193 cm Peso 88 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo GuardiaAllenatore Termine carriera 1984 - giocatore2016 - allenatore Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (2019) CarrieraGiovanili Aviation High S…
Coupe de la confédération 2005 Généralités Sport Football Organisateur(s) CAF Éditions 2e Date Du 6 mars 2005au 9 janvier 2006 Participants 47 Palmarès Tenant du titre Hearts of Oak Vainqueur FAR de Rabat (1) Finaliste Dolphin FC Meilleur(s) buteur(s) Eric Gawu Khalid El Hirech Kelechi Osunwa(7 buts) Navigation Édition précédente Édition suivante modifier La Coupe de la confédération 2005 est la deuxième édition de la Coupe de la confédération. Les meilleures équipes non qualif…
Not to be confused with Alpha Delta Pi.North American collegiate fraternity Alpha Delta PhiΑΔΦFoundedOctober 29, 1832; 191 years ago (1832-10-29)Hamilton CollegeTypeSocialAffiliationNICScopeInternationalMottoManus Multæ Cor Unum (Many Hands, One Heart)Colors Emerald PearlSymbolStar, crescent, sword, spear, escutcheonFlagFlowerThe Lily of the ValleyPublicationXAIPEChapters33Colonies2Members1,521 collegiate53,000+ lifetimeHeadquarters60 S. 6th St., Suite 2800Minne…