Jin Shuren

1925	Yunnan–Guangxi War; May Thirtieth Movement
1925–1926	Anti-Fengtian War; Canton–Hong Kong strike
1926	Zhongshan Warship Incident
1926–1928	Northern Expedition; Nanjing–Wuhan Split; Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1927	Nanking incident of 1927
1927	Shanghai Commune of 1927
1927	Shanghai massacre
1927	July 15 Incident
1927–1930	Muslim conflict in Gansu
1928	Jinan incident; Huanggutun incident; Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum; Northeast Flag Replacement
1928–1929	Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1929	Chiang-Gui War; Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong (incl. Beijing Revolt); Sino-Soviet conflict
1930	Central Plains War
1930–1932	Sino-Tibetan War / Qinghai–Tibet War
1931–1935	Kumul Rebellion / Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1932	Han–Liu War
1932	Two-Liu war
1934	War in Ningxia

1911–1914	Bai Lang Rebellion
1913	Second Revolution
1915	Twenty-One Demands
1915–1916	Empire of China (Yuan Shikai); National Protection War
1916	Death of Yuan Shikai
1917	Manchu Restoration
1917–1922	Constitutional Protection Movement
1917–1929	Golok rebellions
1918–1920	Siberian intervention
1919	Paris Peace Conference; Shandong Problem; May Fourth Movement
1919–1921	Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1920	Zhili–Anhui War
1920–1921	Guangdong–Guangxi War
1920–1926	Spirit Soldier rebellions
1921	1st National CPC Congress
1921–1922	Washington Naval Conference
1922	First Zhili–Fengtian War
1923–1927	First United Front
1923	Lincheng Outrage
1924	Second Zhili–Fengtian War; Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising; Beijing Coup

Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren
金樹仁
Provincial Chairman of Xinjiang
	In office; 7 July 1928 – 14 April 1933
Preceded by	Yang Zengxin (as Provincial Governor)
Succeeded by	Liu Wenlong
Commander-in-Chief of Xinjiang
	In office; 7 July 1928 – 14 April 1933
Preceded by	Yang Zengxin (as Military Governor)
Succeeded by	Sheng Shicai (as Military Governor)
Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs of Xinjiang
	In office; 1927–1928
Personal details
Born	c. 1883; Tao-ho, Gansu, Qing Empire
Died	1941
Nationality	Han Chinese
Military service
Allegiance	China
Years of service	1928–1933
Rank	Provincial Commander-in-Chief

Jin Shuren (traditional Chinese: 金樹仁; simplified Chinese: 金树仁; pinyin: Jīn Shùrén; Wade–Giles: Chin Shu-jen; c. 1883–1941) was a Chinese Xinjiang clique warlord who served as Governor of Xinjiang between 1928 and 1933.

Biography

Jin Shuren was born in Yongjing, Hezhou, Gansu. He graduated at the Gansu provincial academy and then served as the Principal at the provincial normal school. He entered the Imperial Civil Service, where he got the attention of Yang Zengxin, at the time District Magistrate of Hezhou. When Yang was appointed Governor of Xinjiang in 1908, Jin followed him as a county/district magistrate. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Jin rose through the ranks during Yang's absolute rule over Xinjiang. In 1927 he was named Provincial Commissioner for Civil Affairs in Ürümqi, a post which he held until Yang's assassination in July 1928.^[1]

After taking Yang's post, Jin sent a telegram to Nanking asking for Kuomintang's recognition of his new post. Kuomintang had no other choice but to recognise Jin as a new governor, but under new terminology, he was recognised as Provincial Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, unlike his predecessor Yang who held the titles of Provincial Governor and Military Governor.^[1]

Immediately after taking power, Jin took steps to strengthen his power by increasing the secret police, doubling the salaries of the army and police and introducing new uniforms. The army was later expanded and new weapons were acquired. The administrative system remained almost unchanged, while Jin employed the practice of his predecessor of appointing relatives and fellow provincials. Subsequently, former Yunnan officials, both Han and Hui were replaced by Han from Gansu, especially from the region of Hezhou, the hometown of Jin. He appointed his brother Jin Shuhsin as Provincial Commissioner for Military Affairs. Another brother Jin Shuchih was given a senior military post in Kashgar.^[2]

Jin expanded Yang's system of internal surveillance and censorship. Besides increasing the strength of both secret and ordinary police, he introduced internal passports which gave him greater control over internal travels thus tightening internal security, as well as giving additional source of revenue for his administration. Traveling outside the province became almost impossible.^[3]

In 1932, the French Yellow Expedition passed through Xinjiang. Jin's provincial authorities hindered their advance. Jin's rule of Xinjiang for about a half-decade was characterized by strife caused by corruption, suppression and disruption. Conflicts intensified and resulted in numerous riots against his regime and his eventual downfall. Jin confiscated local lands for redistribution, but he gave these lands to his personal associates. In April 1933 Jin's White Russian troops (naturalized army, 归化军) changed allegiance, encouraged revolt in Xinjiang, ended his reign and forced him to flee to the USSR. He was succeeded by Sheng Shicai.^[4]

Jin incurred the wrath of the Kuomintang (KMT) when, without approval, he signed an arms treaty with the Soviet Union. The Tungan Hui General Ma Zhongying allied himself with the KMT and his troops became the 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Ma was ordered to overthrow Jin.^[5] Jin, however, was overthrown after the First Battle of Urumqi (1933) by White Russian troops under Colonel Pavel Pappengut. When he returned to China in October 1933 he was arrested by the KMT, brought to trial in March 1935 and sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment. However, the KMT pardoned him on 10 October 1935, and he was released from prison the next day.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Forbes 1986, p. 38.
^ Forbes 1986, p. 38–39.
^ Forbes 1986, p. 39.
^ Starr 2015, p. 71.
^ ^a ^b Forbes 1986, p. 106.
^ Aitchen Wu, Aichen Wu (1984). Turkistan Tumult. Oxford University Press. p. 278. ISBN 0-19-583839-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Who's Who in China; Biographies of Chinese leaders. Shanghai: THE CHINA WEEKLY REVIEW. 1936. p. 52.

References

Books

Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521255141.
Starr, S. Frederick (2015). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 9781317451372.