Kryoryctes

Kryoryctes; Temporal range: Early Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Holotype right humerus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	?Monotremata
Genus:	†Kryoryctes
Species:	†K. cadburyi
Binomial name
	Kryoryctes cadburyi; Pridmore, Rich, Vickers-Rich & Gambaryan, 2005

Kryoryctes is a genus of prehistoric monotreme mammal from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) Eumeralla Formation^[1] of Victoria, Australia from the Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove. It is known only from a partial right humerus, estimated at 106 million years old, and contains one species, K. cadburyi. The holotype, NMV P208094, was described in 2005 and is currently housed in the Museums Victoria Palaeontological Collection.^[2]

Etymology

The genus name derives from Greek "kryo", meaning low temperature, in reference to the seasonal coldness common to the paleo-environment of Dinosaur Cove, and from the Greek "oryktes", meaning one who digs, referring to the robust humerus from which a fossorial lifestyle has been inferred. The species is named in honour of Cadbury chocolates, referring to the dark colour of the holotype, as well as for the "recognition and support provided" by Cadbury chocolates during the field work that resulted in discovery of the specimen.^[2]

Morphology

K. cadburyi is distinguished by the authors from all extant monotremes, as well as from fossil tachyglossids, by the presence of a broad, marginated, shallow bicipital sulcus on the proximal humerus, which extends distally onto the waist of the bone. It is also distinguished by the presence of a trochlear-form ulnar articulation and a distal olecranon fossa. Pridmore et al find these features sufficient to distinguish it from Steropodon as well as other non-tachyglossid but similar monotremes such as Obdurodon, Kollikodon, Teinolophos and Monotrematum. The bone itself measures a total length of 46 mm, though the authors point out that it is likely missing around an eighth of its true length and suffers from some amount of abrasion, and estimate the original length at around 50 mm in life.^[2]

Pridmore et al determined on the basis of the expanded distal and proximal ends of its humerus that the animal was likely adapted for a burrowing lifestyle.^[2] In an analysis of the burrows made by prehistoric animals in 2009, Martin concluded that Kryoryctes, though the largest mammal known from the Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, was probably too small for most of the burrows in this area. They do point out that on the basis of its assignment by the authors as a burrowing animal, K. cadburyi may be postulated as a tracemaker for other fossilised burrow-like structures.^[3]

Evolution

The authors note that the humerus appears to be similar in morphology to extant tachyglossids, but have not explicitly allied it with echidnas based on a number of important elements which differ between it and all known members of the family. They conclude that if K. cadburyi is in fact a monotreme, it is likely a stem-monotreme.^[2] This affinity was disputed in 2009 by Canens et al, which allied K. cadburyi more closely with echidnas.^[4] This analysis was rejected in turn by a further analysis by Phillips, Bennett and Lee in 2010, which found it again to be distinct from tachyglossids, though they do reiterate that there is some possibility that the humerus attributed to K. cadburyi could belong to the contemporaneous stem-monotreme Steropodon, which is similarly-sized.^[5]

References

^ Kear, Benjamin A.; Hamilton-Bruce, Robert J. (2011), Dinosaurs in Australia: Mesozoic Life from the Southern Continent, CSIRO Publishing, p. 134, ISBN 978-0643100459
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pridmore, Peter A.; et al. (December 2005), "A Tachyglossid-Like Humerus from the Early Cretaceous of South-Eastern Australia", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12 (3–4): 359–378, doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6959-9, S2CID 22931124
^ Martin, Anthony J. (June 2009), "Dinosaur burrows in the Otway Group (Albian) of Victoria, Australia, and their relation of Cretaceous polar environments", Cretaceous Research, 30 (5): 1223–1237, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.06.003
^ Camens, AB (2009), "Were early Tertiary monotremes really all aquatic? Inferring palaeobiology and phylogeny from a depauperate fossil record.", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107 (4): E12, doi:10.1073/pnas.0912404107, PMC 2824403, PMID 20133883
^ Phillips, Matthew J.; et al. (2010), "Reply to Camens: How recently did modern monotremes diversify?", Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107:E13 (4): E13, Bibcode:2010PNAS..107E..13P, doi:10.1073/pnas.0913152107, PMC 2824408