List of geological features on Titan
This is a list of named geological features on Saturn 's moon Titan . Official names for these features have only been announced since the 2000s, as Titan's surface was virtually unknown before the arrival of the Cassini–Huygens probe.[1] [2] Some features were known by informal nicknames beforehand; these names are noted where appropriate. Note that some features with a physical size given by "diameter" may not be circular; then the number refers to the length.[note 1]
Global map of Titan – with
IAU labels (August 2016).
Titan − the surface under the haze (December 2018)
Albedo features
Titan – infrared views (2004–2017)
Albedo features on Titan are named after sacred or enchanted places in world mythologies and literature.[3]
Bright albedo features
Dark albedo features
Arcūs
Titanean arcūs (arc-shaped features) are named after deities of happiness.[5]
Colles
Colles are small hills or knobs which are named after characters in J. R. R. Tolkien 's Middle-earth .[6]
Craters
Craters on Titan are named after deities of wisdom.[7]
Name
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval Date
Named After
Informal Name
Ref
Afekan
25°48′N 200°18′W / 25.8°N 200.3°W / 25.8; -200.3 (Afekan )
115.0
4 August 2008
Afekan , New Guinean creator goddess
WGPSN
Beag
34°42′S 169°36′W / 34.7°S 169.6°W / -34.7; -169.6 (Beag )
145.0
15 April 2015
Beag , Irish/Celtic goddess
WGPSN
Forseti
25°30′N 10°24′W / 25.5°N 10.4°W / 25.5; -10.4 (Forseti )
115.0
15 April 2015
Forseti , Norse god
WGPSN
Hano
40°18′N 14°54′E / 40.3°N 14.9°E / 40.3; 14.9 (Hano )
100.0
23 December 2011
Hano , Bella Coola (northwestern USA and western Canada) goddess of education knowledge and magic. She manifested as a shaman so she could teach the people
WGPSN
Ksa
14°00′N 65°24′W / 14.0°N 65.4°W / 14.0; -65.4 (Ksa )
29.0
11 October 2006
Ksa , Lakota /Oglala spirit
WGPSN
Menrva
20°06′N 87°12′W / 20.1°N 87.2°W / 20.1; -87.2 (Menrva )
392.0
2006
Menrva , Etruscan goddess
'Circus Maximus'
WGPSN
Momoy
11°36′N 44°36′W / 11.6°N 44.6°W / 11.6; -44.6 (Momoy )
40.0
23 December 2011
Momoy, Chumash ancestor shaman and goddess of magic
WGPSN
Mystis
0°06′N 194°54′W / 0.1°N 194.9°W / 0.1; -194.9 (Mystis )
20.0
20 July 2015
Mystis , Greek nymph
WGPSN
Selk
7°00′N 199°00′W / 7.0°N 199.0°W / 7.0; -199.0 (Selk )
80.0
15 February 2008
Selk, Egyptian goddess
WGPSN
Sinlap
11°18′N 16°00′W / 11.3°N 16.0°W / 11.3; -16.0 (Sinlap )
80.0
2006
Sinlap , Kachin spirit
WGPSN
Soi
24°18′N 140°54′W / 24.3°N 140.9°W / 24.3; -140.9 (Soi )
75.0
3 February 2012
Soi , Melanesian (New Ireland Island Papua New Guinea) god of wisdom
WGPSN
Faculae
Faculae (bright spots) are named after islands on Earth that are not politically independent.[8] Groups of faculae are named after archipelagos on Earth.
Facula
Coordinates
Diameter (km)
Approval Date
Named after
Informal name
Ref
Antilia Faculae
11°00′S 187°00′W / 11.0°S 187.0°W / -11.0; -187.0 (Antilia Faculae )
260
2006
Antillia , mythical Atlantic archipelago
WGPSN
Bazaruto Facula
11°36′N 16°06′W / 11.6°N 16.1°W / 11.6; -16.1 (Bazaruto Facula )
215
2006
Bazaruto , Mozambique island
WGPSN
Coats Facula
11°06′S 29°12′W / 11.1°S 29.2°W / -11.1; -29.2 (Coats Facula )
80
2006
Coats Island , Canada
WGPSN
Crete Facula
9°24′N 150°06′W / 9.4°N 150.1°W / 9.4; -150.1 (Crete Facula )
680
2006
Crete , Greek island
WGPSN
Elba Facula
10°48′S 1°12′W / 10.8°S 1.2°W / -10.8; -1.2 (Elba Facula )
250
2006
Elba , Italian island
WGPSN
Kerguelen Facula
5°24′S 151°00′W / 5.4°S 151.0°W / -5.4; -151.0 (Kerguelen Facula )
135
2006
Kerguelen Islands , French subantarctic island
WGPSN
Mindanao Facula
6°36′S 174°12′W / 6.6°S 174.2°W / -6.6; -174.2 (Mindanao Facula )
210
2006
Mindanao , Philippine island
'Ireland'
WGPSN
Nicobar Faculae
2°00′N 159°00′W / 2.0°N 159.0°W / 2.0; -159.0 (Nicobar Faculae )
575
2006
Nicobar Islands , Indian archipelago
WGPSN
Oahu Facula
5°00′N 166°42′W / 5.0°N 166.7°W / 5.0; -166.7 (Oahu Facula )
465
2006
Oahu , Hawaiian island
WGPSN
Santorini Facula
2°24′N 145°36′W / 2.4°N 145.6°W / 2.4; -145.6 (Santorini Facula )
140
2006
Santorini , Greek island
WGPSN
Shikoku Facula
10°24′S 164°06′W / 10.4°S 164.1°W / -10.4; -164.1 (Shikoku Facula )
285
2006
Shikoku , Japanese island
'Great Britain'
WGPSN
Tasmania Facula
10°25′N 167°22′W / 10.41°N 167.37°W / 10.41; -167.37 (Tasmania Facula )
26
14 April 2022
Tasmania
WGPSN
Texel Facula
11°30′S 182°36′W / 11.5°S 182.6°W / -11.5; -182.6 (Texel Facula )
190
2006
Texel , Dutch island
'Manhattan'
WGPSN
Tortola Facula
8°48′N 143°06′W / 8.8°N 143.1°W / 8.8; -143.1 (Tortola Facula )
65
2006
Tortola , British Virgin Islands
'The Snail'
WGPSN
Vis Facula
7°00′N 138°24′W / 7.0°N 138.4°W / 7.0; -138.4 (Vis Facula )
215
2006
Vis , Croatian island
WGPSN
Fluctūs
The term "fluctus " refers to flow terrain. Fluctūs on Titan are named after mythological figures associated with beauty .[9]
Flumina
A flumen is a feature that looks like a channel carved by liquid. Flumina refers to a network of rivers. Some flumina are not found near liquid bodies, which are labelled as "dry valley". They are named after mythical or imaginary rivers.[10]
Freta
A fretum (plural freta ) is a strait of liquid connecting two larger liquid bodies. They are named after characters from the Foundation series of science fiction novels by Isaac Asimov .[12]
Insulae
Insulae are islands within Titan's seas. They are named after legendary islands.[14]
Insula
Coordinates
Liquid body
Diameter (km)
Approval Date
Named after
Ref
Bermoothes Insula
67°06′N 317°06′W / 67.1°N 317.1°W / 67.1; -317.1 (Bermoothes Insula )
Kraken Mare
124
19 January 2015
Bermoothes , an enchanted island in Shakespeare 's Tempest
WGPSN
Bimini Insula
73°18′N 305°24′W / 73.3°N 305.4°W / 73.3; -305.4 (Bimini Insula )
Kraken Mare
39
19 January 2015
Bimini , island in Arawak legend said to contain the fountain of youth.
WGPSN
Bralgu Insula
76°12′N 251°30′W / 76.2°N 251.5°W / 76.2; -251.5 (Bralgu Insula )
Ligeia Mare
55
19 January 2015
Baralku , in Yolngu culture, the island of the dead and the place where the Djanggawul , the three creator siblings, originated.
WGPSN
Buyan Insula
77°18′N 245°06′W / 77.3°N 245.1°W / 77.3; -245.1 (Buyan Insula )
Ligeia Mare
48
19 January 2015
Buyan , a rocky island in Russian folk tales located on the south shore of Baltic Sea
WGPSN
Hawaiki Insulae
84°19′N 327°04′W / 84.32°N 327.07°W / 84.32; -327.07 (Hawaiki Insulae )
Punga Mare
35
14 December 2020
Hawaiki , original home island of the Polynesian people in local mythology
WGPSN
Hufaidh Insulae
67°00′N 320°18′W / 67°N 320.3°W / 67; -320.3 (Hufaidh Insulae )
Kraken Mare
152
19 January 2015
Hufaidh , legendary island in the marshes of southern Iraq
WGPSN
Krocylea Insulae
69°06′N 302°24′W / 69.1°N 302.4°W / 69.1; -302.4 (Kocylea Insulae )
Kraken Mare
74
19 January 2015
Crocylea , mythological Greek island in the Ionian Sea , near Ithaca
WGPSN
Mayda Insula
79°06′N 312°12′W / 79.1°N 312.2°W / 79.1; -312.2 (Mayda Insula )
Kraken Mare
168
11 April 2008
Mayda , legendary island in the northeast Atlantic
WGPSN
Meropis Insula
83°51′N 313°41′W / 83.85°N 313.68°W / 83.85; -313.68 (Meropis Insula )
Punga Mare
30
14 December 2020
Meropis , fictional island mentioned by ancient Greek writer Theopompus in his work Philippica
WGPSN
Onogoro Insula
83°17′N 311°42′W / 83.28°N 311.7°W / 83.28; -311.7 (Onogoro Insula )
Punga Mare
15
14 December 2020
Onogoro Island , Japanese mythological island
WGPSN
Penglai Insula
72°12′N 308°42′W / 72.2°N 308.7°W / 72.2; -308.7 (Penglai Insula )
Kraken Mare
94
19 January 2015
Penglai , mythological Chinese mountain island where immortals and gods lived.
WGPSN
Planctae Insulae
77°30′N 251°18′W / 77.5°N 251.3°W / 77.5; -251.3 (Planctae Insulae )
Ligeia Mare
64
19 January 2015
Symplegades , the "clashing rocks" in Bosphorus which only Argo was said to have successfully passed.
WGPSN
Royllo Insula
68°18′N 297°12′W / 68.3°N 297.2°W / 68.3; -297.2 (Royllo Insula )
Kraken Mare
103
19 January 2015
Royllo , legendary island in the Atlantic , on verge of unknown, near Antilla and Saint Brandan .
WGPSN
Labyrinthi
Artist's concept of Sikun Labyrinthus
Labyrinthi (complexes of intersecting valleys or ridges)[15] on Titan are named after planets from the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert .[16] [17]
Lacunae
Lacunae are dark areas with the appearance of dry lake beds, which are named after intermittent lakes on Earth.[18]
Lacunae
Coordinates
Length (km)
Approval Date
Named after
Ref
Atacama Lacuna
68°12′N 227°36′W / 68.2°N 227.6°W / 68.2; -227.6 (Atacama Lacuna )
35.9
21 December 2010
Salar de Atacama , intermittent lake in Chile
WGPSN
Cerknica Lacuna
71°07′N 175°34′W / 71.12°N 175.56°W / 71.12; -175.56 (Cerknica Lacuna )
96
13 April 2022
Intermittent lake in Slovenia
WGPSN
Eyre Lacuna
72°36′N 225°06′W / 72.6°N 225.1°W / 72.6; -225.1 (Eyre Lacuna )
25.4
21 December 2010
Lake Eyre , an intermittent lake in Australia
WGPSN
Jerid Lacuna
66°42′N 221°00′W / 66.7°N 221°W / 66.7; -221 (Jerid Lacuna )
42.6
21 December 2010
Chott el Djerid , intermittent lake in Tunisia
WGPSN
Kutch Lacuna
88°24′N 217°00′W / 88.4°N 217°W / 88.4; -217 (Kutch Lacuna )
175
3 December 2013
Great Rann of Kutch , intermittent lake on Pakistani-Indian border
WGPSN
Melrhir Lacuna
64°54′N 212°36′W / 64.9°N 212.6°W / 64.9; -212.6 (Melrhir Lacuna )
23
21 December 2010
Chott Melrhir , intermittent lake in Algeria
WGPSN
Nakuru Lacuna
65°49′N 94°00′W / 65.81°N 94°W / 65.81; -94 (Nakuru Lacuna )
188
3 December 2013
Lake Nakuru , intermittent lake in Kenya
WGPSN
Ngami Lacuna
66°42′N 213°54′W / 66.7°N 213.9°W / 66.7; -213.9 (Ngami Lacuna )
37.2
21 December 2010
Lake Ngami , in Botswana , and like its terrestrial namesake is considered to be endorheic .
WGPSN
Orog Lacuna
70°51′N 172°04′W / 70.85°N 172.06°W / 70.85; -172.06 (Orog Lacuna )
42
13 April 2022
Intermittent lake in Mongolia
WGPSN
Racetrack Lacuna
66°06′N 224°54′W / 66.1°N 224.9°W / 66.1; -224.9 (Racetrack Lacuna )
9.9
21 December 2010
Racetrack Playa , intermittent lake in California , USA
WGPSN
Uyuni Lacuna
66°18′N 228°24′W / 66.3°N 228.4°W / 66.3; -228.4 (Uyuni Lacuna )
27
21 December 2010
Salar de Uyuni , intermittent lake and world's largest salt flat in Bolivia
WGPSN
Veliko Lacuna
76°48′S 33°06′W / 76.8°S 33.1°W / -76.8; -33.1 (Veliko Lacuna )
93
20 July 2015
Veliko Lake , intermittent lake in Bosnia-Herzegovina
WGPSN
Woytchugga Lacuna
68°53′N 109°00′W / 68.88°N 109.0°W / 68.88; -109.0 (Woytchugga Lacuna )
449
3 December 2013
Indications are that it is an intermittent lake and so was named in 2013 after Lake Woytchugga near Wilcannia , Australia .
WGPSN
Lacūs
Lakes of liquid methane on Titan. View from Bolsena Lacus (lower right) to Mackay Lacus (upper left).
Lacūs (plural form of lacus used in Titan geological nomenclature) are hydrocarbon lakes.[19]
Large ringed features
Large ring features are named after deities of wisdom in world mythology.[20]
Maculae
Titanean maculae (dark spots) are named after deities of happiness, peace, and harmony in world mythology.[21]
Maria
Maria (plural of mare) are hydrocarbon seas.[22]
Montes
Mountains are named after mountains from the fictional Middle-Earth created by J.R.R. Tolkien .[23]
Paterae
Paterae are caldera or deep-wall craters with a possible volcanic origin. Sotra Patera was formerly named Sotra Facula, which followed the naming theme for Faculae .[24] No nomenclature currently exists for this class of features on Titan.
Planitiae
Planitiae (low plains) on Titan are named after planets from the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert .[16] [25]
Regiones
Regiones (regions distinctly different from their surroundings) are named after deities of peace and happiness.[26]
Sinūs
Sinus (bays) within seas or lakes are named after terrestrial bays, coves, fjords or inlets.[27]
Name
Coordinates
Liquid body
Length (km)[note 1]
Approval Date
Source of name
Ref
Arnar Sinus
72°36′N 322°00′W / 72.6°N 322°W / 72.6; -322 (Arnar Sinus )
Kraken Mare
101
19 January 2015
Arnar , fjord in Iceland
WGPSN
Avacha Sinus
82°52′N 335°26′W / 82.87°N 335.43°W / 82.87; -335.43 (Avacha Sinus )
Punga Mare
51
12 March 2020
Avacha Bay in Kamchatka , Russia
WGPSN
Baffin Sinus
80°21′N 344°37′W / 80.35°N 344.62°W / 80.35; -344.62 (Baffin Sinus )
Kraken Mare
110
9 January 2018
Baffin Bay between Canada and Greenland
WGPSN
Boni Sinus
78°41′N 345°23′W / 78.69°N 345.38°W / 78.69; -345.38 (Boni Sinus )
Kraken Mare
54
9 January 2018
Gulf of Boni in Indonesia
WGPSN
Dingle Sinus
81°22′N 336°26′W / 81.36°N 336.44°W / 81.36; -336.44 (Dingle Sinus )
Kraken Mare
80
9 January 2018
Dingle Bay in Ireland
WGPSN
Fagaloa Sinus
82°54′N 320°30′W / 82.9°N 320.5°W / 82.9; -320.5 (Fagaloa Sinus )
Punga Mare
33
14 December 2020
Fagaloa Bay in Upolu Island , Samoa
WGPSN
Flensborg Sinus
64°54′N 295°18′W / 64.9°N 295.3°W / 64.9; -295.3 (Flensborg Sinus )
Kraken Mare
115
19 January 2015
Flensburg Firth , fjord between Denmark and Germany
WGPSN
Fundy Sinus
83°16′N 315°38′W / 83.26°N 315.64°W / 83.26; -315.64 (Fundy Sinus )
Punga Mare
91
12 March 2020
Bay of Fundy in Canada that hosts the world's largest tides[28]
WGPSN
Gabes Sinus
67°36′N 289°36′W / 67.6°N 289.6°W / 67.6; -289.6 (Gabes Sinus )
Kraken Mare
147
19 January 2015
Gabes , or Syrtis minor, a bay in Tunisia
WGPSN
Genova Sinus
80°07′N 326°37′W / 80.11°N 326.61°W / 80.11; -326.61 (Genova Sinus )
Kraken Mare
125
9 January 2018
Gulf of Genoa in Italy
WGPSN
Kumbaru Sinus
56°48′N 303°48′W / 56.8°N 303.8°W / 56.8; -303.8 (Kumbaru Sinus )
Kraken Mare
122
19 January 2015
Bay in India
WGPSN
Lulworth Sinus
67°11′N 316°53′W / 67.19°N 316.88°W / 67.19; -316.88 (Lulworth Sinus )
Kraken Mare
24
12 March 2020
Lulworth Cove in southern England
WGPSN
Maizuru Sinus
78°54′N 352°32′W / 78.9°N 352.53°W / 78.9; -352.53 (Maizuru Sinus )
Kraken Mare
92
9 January 2018
Maizuru Bay in Japan
WGPSN
Manza Sinus
79°17′N 346°06′W / 79.29°N 346.1°W / 79.29; -346.1 (Manza Sinus )
Kraken Mare
37
9 January 2018
Manza Bay in Tanzania
WGPSN
Montego Sinus
80°46′N 130°55′W / 80.76°N 130.92°W / 80.76; -130.92 (Montego Sinus )
83
13 April 2022
Montego Bay in Jamaica
WGPSN
Moray Sinus
76°36′N 281°24′W / 76.6°N 281.4°W / 76.6; -281.4 (Moray Sinus )
Kraken Mare
204
19 January 2015
Moray Firth in Scotland
WGPSN
Nicoya Sinus
74°48′N 251°12′W / 74.8°N 251.2°W / 74.8; -251.2 (Nicoya Sinus )
Ligeia Mare
130
19 January 2015
Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica
WGPSN
Okahu Sinus
73°42′N 282°00′W / 73.7°N 282°W / 73.7; -282 (Okahu Sinus )
Kraken Mare
141
19 January 2015
Okahu Bay near Auckland , New Zealand
WGPSN
Patos Sinus
77°12′N 224°48′W / 77.2°N 224.8°W / 77.2; -224.8 (Patos Sinus )
Ligeia Mare
103
19 January 2015
Patos , fjord in Chile
WGPSN
Puget Sinus
82°24′N 241°06′W / 82.4°N 241.1°W / 82.4; -241.1 (Puget Sinus )
Ligeia Mare
93
19 January 2015
Puget Sound in Washington , United States
WGPSN
Rombaken Sinus
75°18′N 232°54′W / 75.3°N 232.9°W / 75.3; -232.9 (Rombaken Sinus )
Ligeia Mare
92.5
19 January 2015
Rombaken , fjord in Norway
WGPSN
Saldanha Sinus
82°25′N 322°30′W / 82.42°N 322.5°W / 82.42; -322.5 (Saldanha Sinus )
Punga Mare
18
14 December 2020
Saldanha Bay in South Africa
WGPSN
Skelton Sinus
76°48′N 314°54′W / 76.8°N 314.9°W / 76.8; -314.9 (Skelton Sinus )
Kraken Mare
73
19 January 2015
Skelton Glacier near Ross Sea , Antarctica
WGPSN
Trold Sinus
71°18′N 292°42′W / 71.3°N 292.7°W / 71.3; -292.7 (Trold Sinus )
Kraken Mare
118
19 January 2015
Trold Fiord Formation in Nunavut , Canada
WGPSN
Tumaco Sinus
82°33′N 315°13′W / 82.55°N 315.22°W / 82.55; -315.22 (Puget Sinus )
Punga Mare
31
14 December 2020
Tumaco , port city and bay in Colombia
WGPSN
Tunu Sinus
79°12′N 299°48′W / 79.2°N 299.8°W / 79.2; -299.8 (Tunu Sinus )
Kraken Mare
134
19 January 2015
Tunu , fjord in Greenland
WGPSN
Wakasa Sinus
80°42′N 270°00′W / 80.7°N 270°W / 80.7; -270 (Wakasa Sinus )
Ligeia Mare
146
19 January 2015
Wakasa Bay in Japan
WGPSN
Walvis Sinus
58°12′N 324°06′W / 58.2°N 324.1°W / 58.2; -324.1 (Walvis Sinus )
Kraken Mare
253
19 January 2015
Walvis Bay in Namibia
WGPSN
Terrae
Terrae are extensive landmasses. As with the albedo features, they are named after sacred and enchanted locations from cultures across the world.[29]
Undae
Undae are dune fields. On Titan they are named after Greek deities of wind.[30]
Virgae
Virgae (streaks of colour) are named after rain gods in world mythologies.[31]
Because the exact nature of many surface features remain mysterious, a number of features took time to receive formal names and are known by nicknames. In most cases, indications of brightness and darkness refer not to visible light, but to the infrared images used to look through Titan's obscuring haze.[32]
'The Sickle ': a large, dark, sickle-shaped region identified by the Hubble Space Telescope.
'Throat of Kraken ': unofficial name for the strait that separates the north and south basins of Kraken Mare , before officially being named Seldon Fretum. It was used in early publications that hypothesized about its role with tidal dissipation and surface currents between the two basins of Kraken Mare.[13] [33]
See also
Notes
^ a b c d The USGS web site gives size as a "diameter", but it is actually the length in the longest dimension.
^ "Dry valleys" apply to rivers that are not directly connected to a known liquid body (Mare or lacus).
References
^ "Titan Features" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved September 8, 2010 .
^ Overbye, Dennis (3 December 2019). "Go Ahead, Take a Spin on Titan - Saturn's biggest moon has gasoline for rain, soot for snow and a subsurface ocean of ammonia. Now there's a map to help guide the search for possible life there" . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2019 .
^ "Titan albedo features" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Melanesian Mythology | Encyclopedia.com" . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2020-03-15 .
^ "Titan arcus" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan Colles" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved June 26, 2015 .
^ "Titan craters" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan facula, faculae" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan fluctus" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan river, rivers" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Mythological Journey to the Aztec Underworld | WilderUtopia.com" . wilderutopia.com . 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2020-03-15 .
^ "Titan fretum" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ a b Lorenz, Ralph D.; Kirk, Randolph L.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Anderson, Yanhua Z.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Tokano, Tetsuya; Turtle, Elizabeth P.; Malaska, Michael J.; Soderblom, Jason M.; Lucas, Antoine; Karatekin, Özgür (2014-07-15). "A radar map of Titan Seas: Tidal dissipation and ocean mixing through the throat of Kraken" . Icarus . 237 : 9–15. Bibcode :2014Icar..237....9L . doi :10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.005 . ISSN 0019-1035 .
^ "Titan islands" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ Greeley, Ronald (2013). Introduction to Planetary Geomorphology . Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-86711-5 .
^ a b Blue, Jennifer (August 4, 2009). "Hot Topics: New Name, Descriptor Term, and Theme Approved for Use on Titan" . USGS Astrogeology . Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2010 .
^ "Titan Labyrinthi" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved October 25, 2020 .
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^ "Titan lakes" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan large ringed feature" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan macula, maculae" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan mare, maria" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan Mons, Montes" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved October 27, 2015 .
^ "Planetary Names: Patera, paterae: Sotra Patera on Titan" . planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2021-10-08 .
^ "Titan Planitiae" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved January 3, 2015 .
^ "Titan regio, regiones" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan sinus (bays)" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ Garrett, Christopher (August 1972). "Tidal Resonance in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine" . Nature . 238 (5365): 441–443. Bibcode :1972Natur.238..441G . doi :10.1038/238441a0 . ISSN 1476-4687 . S2CID 4288383 .
^ "Titan terra, terrae" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
^ "Titan unde, undae" . USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Retrieved 14 March 2020 .
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^ Barnes, Jason W.; Brown, Robert H.; Turtle, Elizabeth P.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Janssen, Michael; Schaller, Emily L.; Brown, Michael E.; Buratti, Bonnie J.; Sotin, Christophe; Griffith, Caitlin (2005-10-07). "A 5-Micron-Bright Spot on Titan: Evidence for Surface Diversity" . Science . 310 (5745): 92–95. Bibcode :2005Sci...310...92B . doi :10.1126/science.1117075 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 16210535 . S2CID 34297718 .
^ Tokano, Tetsuya; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Van Hoolst, Tim (2014-11-01). "Numerical simulation of tides and oceanic angular momentum of Titan's hydrocarbon seas" . Icarus . 242 : 188–201. Bibcode :2014Icar..242..188T . doi :10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.021 . ISSN 0019-1035 .
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