In 1182, the Margraviate was created at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa by merger of the three Přemyslid appanage principalities of Brno, Olomouc and Znojmo, and given to Conrad II, the son of Prince Conrad of Znojmo. As heir apparent, the future King Ottokar II of Bohemia was appointed Moravian margrave by his father Wenceslaus I in 1247. Along with Bohemia, Moravia was ruled by the House of Luxembourg from the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty until 1437. Jobst, nephew of Emperor Charles IV inherited the Margraviate in 1375, ruled autonomously and was even elected King of the Romans in 1410. Shaken by the Hussite Wars, the Moravian nobles remained loyal supporters of the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund.[1]
In 1469, Moravia was occupied by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, who had allied with the Catholic nobility against the rule of George of Poděbrady and had himself elected rival king of Bohemia at Olomouc. The rivalry with King Vladislaus II was settled in the 1479 Peace of Olomouc, whereby Matthias renounced the royal title but retained the rule over the Moravian lands.[2]
During the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, the Margraviate was transformed into "Moravia Land", later "Moravia-Silesia Land" in 1918. This autonomy was eliminated in 1949 by the communist government and has not been re-established since.[1]
The margrave held ultimate authority in Moravia, throughout the history of the margraviate. This meant that as its margraves became more foreign, so too did governance of the margraviate.
Moravia possessed a legislature, known as the Moravian Diet. The assembly has its origins in 1288, with the Colloquium generale, or curia generalis.[4] This was a meeting of the upper nobility, knights, the Bishop of Olomouc, abbots and ambassadors from royal cities. These meetings gradually evolved into the diet.
The power of this diet waxed and waned throughout history. By the end of the margraviate, the diet was almost powerless. The diet consisted of three estates of the realm: the estate of upper nobility, the estate of the lower nobility, and the estate of prelates and burghers.[5] With the February Patent of 1861, the diet was reformed into a more egalitarian body. It still retained the same structure, but the members changed. It consisted of assembly seats for landowners, city-dwellers, and rural farmers. This was retained until the diet was abolished after the fall of the Dual Monarchy.[5]
Moravian eagle
The unadopted coat of arms as a heraldic artwork made by Hugo Gerard Ströhl
The coat of arms of Moravia is charged with a crowned silver-red chequered eagle with golden claws and tongue. It first appeared in the seal of Margrave Přemysl (1209–1239), a younger son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. After 1462, the Moravian eagle was gold-red chequered,[2] but was never accepted by the Moravian assembly.
Administration
Until 1848
In the mid 14th century Emperor Charles IV, also King of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia, established administrative divisions called kraje (Kreise in German). These subdivisions were named for their capitals:
After the 1848 revolutions, political districts (politický okres, politische Bezirke; formally Bezirkshauptmannschaften) were established, which were organised into two Kreise/kraje – Brünn and Olmütz.[6]
In Bach's reforms of 1854 the former kraje were restored (albeit with some minor border changes and with Nový Jičín (Neutitschein) replacing Přerov) and the political districts were replaced by 'office districts' (Amtsbezirke [de]), subordinate to the kraje which distributed some of their authority. The Moravian capital Brno/Brünn acted as the seat for Kreis Brünn/Brněnský kraj but as a statutory city was directly subordinate to Moravia.[7]
Kreis Brünn (Brněnský kraj) – 17 districts:
Auspitz
Austerlitz
Blansko
Boskowitz
Brünn (environs)
Butschowitz
Eibenschitz
Gewitsch
Klobauk
Kunstadt
Lundenburg
Seelowitz
Steinitz
Titschnowitz
Triebau
Wischau
Zwittau
Kreis Olmütz (Olomoucký kraj) – 17 districts:
Altstadt
Hof
Hohenstadt
Kojetein
Littau
Müglitz
Mährisch-Naustadt
Olmütz (environs)
Plumenau
Prerau
Proßnitz
Römerstadt
Schildberg
Schönberg
Sternberg
Weisenberg
Olmütz (city)
Kreis Neutitschein – 13 districts:
Bystřitz
Frankstadt
Freiberg
Fulnek
Leipnitz
Liebau
Walachisch-Meseritsch
Mistek
Neutitschein
Mährisch-Ostrau
Rožnau
Weißkirchen
Wsetin
Kreis Hradisch (Hradišťský kraj) – 12 districts:
Ungarisch-Brod
Gaya
Göding
Holleschau
Hradisch
Klobauk
Kremsier
Rapajedl
Ungarisch-Ostra
Stražnitz
Wisowitz
Zdaunek
Kreis Znaim (Znojemský kraj) – 9 districts:
Mährisch-Budwitz
Frain
Hrottowitz
Jamnitz
Joslowitz
Kromau
Namiescht
Nikolsburg
Znaim
Kreis Iglau (Jihlavský kraj) – 8 districts:
Bystřitz
Datschitz
Iglau
Groß-Meseritsch
Neustadtl
Saar
Teltsch
Trebitsch
In 1860 the Kreise/kraje were dissolved and the districts were subordinated directly to the Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno.[8]
Political districts were re-established in the December Constitution following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and remained in place until Austria-Hungary's dissolution. They were largely retained by the Czechoslovak administration after 1918:
The region experienced rapid population growth when it was part of Austria-Hungary. From 1890 to 1900 alone there was an increase of 7.1%. The population development from 1851 to 1900 was as follows:
Year
1851
1880
1890
1900
Population
1,799,838
2,153,407
2,276,870
2,437,706
Ethnicity
Judicial districts (Gerichtsbezirke) in Moravia
In terms of ethnicity, the population was predominantly divided between Czechs and Germans. The German minority mostly lived on the borders with Lower Austria and Silesia, and in various language islands (around Brünn, Olmütz, Iglau and Zwittau), as well as in some larger cities. The ethnic distribution according to the census was as follows:
Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. He was the first son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra. His rule started with the regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921–925)
Son of Mieszko I of Poland and Doubravka of Bohemia. He conquered Moravia as Duke of Poland in 999, than Bohemia in 1002 and given these territories to his younger brother Vladivoj. After the death of his brother, he ruled over Bohemia and Moravia as Duke of Poland and Bohemia till 1004, than as Duke of Poland over Moravia.
Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance:
Conrad received Brno;
Vratislav got Olomouc;
Otto inherited Znojmo.
The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia:
Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo;
Brother of the three above, ended briefly the division of Moravia, uniting Bohemian and Moravian lands. After his death, his brothers re-split the land.
^ abDavid, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". Folia Historica Bohemica. 1. 24: 111–165. ISSN0231-7494.
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