Military advisors or combat advisors are militarypersonnel deployed to advise on military matters. The term is often used for soldiers sent to foreign countries[1] to aid such countries' militaries with their military education and training, organization, and other various military tasks. The foreign powers or organizations may send such soldiers to support countries or insurgencies while minimizing the risks of potential casualties and avoiding the political ramifications of overtly mobilizing military forces to aid an ally.
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The Soviet Union deployed military advisors in (for example) Spain, China and Angola, where "The 1976 treaty of friendship and cooperation provided for Soviet-Angolan military cooperation in strengthening the mutual defense capacity. Moscow immediately provided weaponry and supplies, and some 500 military advisors."[2]
In China, the "Soviet Union ..sent about 1500 military advisors ..during this period [1937-39]. Included were some of the red Army's best officers [...] Georgii Zhukov [...] Vasilii I. Chuikov [...] P.F. Batitsky [...] Andrey A. Vlasov [...]. Like Spain, China served as a training ground for Soviet officers."[3]
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T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") became arguably the archetypal British military advisor due to his guerrilla role (1916–1918) in the Arab Revolt.[5]
United States military advisors
Developing capabilities and increasing capacity through advising is an operation the U.S. Army has conducted for more than one hundred years. The Army has performed advisory missions to increase the capability and capacity of foreign militaries from the Philippine Insurrection at the beginning of the 20th century to more recent conflicts in Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan.[6]
Combat advisors served during the U.S. war on terror. They were designated as Embedded Training Teams (ETTs) in Afghanistan and as Military Transition Teams (MTTs) in Iraq. These soldiers and Marines live with their Afghan and Iraqi counterparts (often in very austere and stoic[clarification needed] conditions) in remote combat outposts often a great distance away from any U.S. or coalition support.
ETTs and MTTs are composed primarily of United States Army, National Guard, and Marine Corps personnel with a combat-arms background. United States Army Reserve, United States Air Force and United States Navy personnel serve as advisors in logistics and other support roles. The advisors on the ground in infantry or commando units of the ANA (Afghan National Army) or the Iraqi Army are soldiers or Marines with combat-arms experience. Special Forces and Navy SEALS also work with ANA/ASF or with the Iraqi Army, but the bulk of combat advisors are infantry and combat-arms soldiers and Marines.
The Combat Advisor Mission Defined. The combat advisor mission requires US officers and NCOs to teach, coach and mentor host nation (HN) security force counterparts. This enables the rapid development of our counterparts' leadership capabilities; helps develop command and control (C2) and operational capabilities at every echelon; allows direct access to Coalition Forces (CF) enablers to enhance HN security force counterinsurgency (COIN) operations; and incorporates CF lethal and nonlethal effects on the battlefield.[8]
Security Forces Assistance (SFA) defines a more in-depth method of embedded mentorship. MTTs have fallen[when?] into disuse with shifts in focus and doctrine. Specifically, previous MTTs were drawn from soldiers from separate units, often on an ad hoc basis. SFATs, on the other hand, provide all personnel from organic, modular Brigade Combat Teams rather than supplying personnel piece-meal from various Army units. By design, these teams are manned by a company command team and selected leaders from one command. This SFAT concept has been in place since 2012, with a "by, with and through" method of combat advising. Current Advisory Teams are trained at Fort Polk, Louisiana at the Advisor Academy, "Tigerland".[9]
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But note too domestic military advisors - for example: McAteer, Sean M. (2009). 500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944-1945. Dorrance Publishing. p. 51. ISBN9781434961594. Retrieved 2014-01-15. By June 22nd, 1941, Zhukov was probably Stalin's most trusted military advisor. Compare: Sandler, Stanley, ed. (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. Warfare Series. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 127. ISBN9781576073445. Retrieved 2014-01-15. Brusilov next served as the provisional government's military advisor (February–May 1917) [...] He did act as Red Army chief adviser against Poland (1920) [...].
^Mott, William H. (2001). Soviet Military Assistance: An Empirical Perspective. Contributions in military studies, ISSN 0883-6884. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 155. ISBN9780313310225.
^Whealey, Robert H. (2015). Hitler And Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. University Press of Kentucky. p. 64. ISBN9780813148632.
^Sullivan, Michael D. (September–October 2007). "Leadership in Counterinsurgency: A Tale of Two Leaders". Military Review. Vol. 87. United States Army Command and General Staff College. p. 120. ISSN0026-4148. Retrieved 11 September 2020. [Lawrence] discusses the troubles, motivations, and strengths of an Arab insurgency, as well as the challenges he faced as military advisor.