Fawcett's parents, Newson and Louisa Garrett, in their old age
Early life
Fawcett was born on 11 June 1847 in Aldeburgh,[3] to Newson Garrett (1812–1893), a businessman from nearby Leiston, and his London wife Louisa (née Dunnell, 1813–1903).[7][8] She was the eighth of their ten children.[3]
According to the Stracheys, "The Garretts were a close and happy family in which children were encouraged to be physically active, read widely, speak their minds, and share in the political interests of their father, a convert from Conservatism to Gladstonian Liberalism, a combative man, and a keen patriot."[9]
As a child, Fawcett's elder sister Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who became Britain's first female doctor, introduced her to Emily Davies, an English suffragist. In her mother's biography, Louisa Garrett Anderson quotes Davies as saying to her mother, to Elizabeth and to Fawcett, "It is quite clear what has to be done. I must devote myself to securing higher education, while you open the medical profession to women. After these things are done, we must see about getting the vote." She then turned to Millicent: "You are younger than we are, Millie, so you must attend to that."[10]
Aged twelve in 1858, Millicent Fawcett was sent to London with her sister Elizabeth to attend a private boarding school in Blackheath. Millicent found Louisa Browning who led the school to be a "born teacher" whereas her sister remembered the "stupidity" of the teachers.[11] Her sister Louise took her to the sermons of Frederick Denison Maurice, a socially aware and less traditional Anglican priest, whose opinions influenced her view of religion. In 1865, she attended a lecture by John Stuart Mill. The following year, she and a friend, Emily Davies, supported the Kensington Society by collecting signatures for a petition asking Parliament to enfranchise women householders.[3]
Marriage and family
Millicent and Henry Fawcett
John Stuart Mill introduced Millicent Fawcett to many other women's rights activists, including Henry Fawcett, a Liberal Member of Parliament who had intended to marry her sister Elizabeth before she decided to focus on her medical career. Millicent and Henry married on 23 April 1867.[3] Henry had been blinded in a shooting accident in 1858 and Millicent acted as his secretary.[12] Their marriage was said to be based on "perfect intellectual sympathy"; Millicent pursued a writing career while caring for Henry, and ran two households, one in Cambridge, one in London. The family had some radical beliefs in support of proportional representation, individualistic and free trade principles, and opportunities for women.[3] Their only child was Philippa Fawcett, born in 1868, who was much encouraged by her mother in her studies. In 1890 Philippa became the first woman to obtain top score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams.[13]
In 1868 Millicent joined the London Suffrage Committee, and in 1869 spoke at the first public pro-suffrage meeting held in London.[3] In March 1870 she spoke in Brighton, her husband's constituency. As a speaker she was said to have a clear voice.[3] In 1870 she published her short Political Economy for Beginners, which was "wildly successful",[14] running through 10 editions in 41 years.[3][14][15] In 1872 she and her husband published Essays and Lectures on Social and Political Subjects, containing eight essays by Millicent.[3][16] In 1875 she co-founded Newnham Hall and served on its council.[17]
After Fawcett's husband died on 6 November 1884, she temporarily withdrew from public life, sold both family homes and moved with Philippa to the house of her sister, Agnes Garrett.[3] When she resumed work in 1885, she began to concentrate on politics and was a key member of what became the Women's Local Government Society.[19] Originally a Liberal, she joined the Liberal Unionist Party in 1886 to oppose Irish Home Rule. She, like many English Protestants, felt that allowing home rule for Catholic Ireland would hurt England's prosperity and be disastrous for the Irish.[20] In 1885, she had also voiced her support for W. T. Stead over his term of imprisonment.
Fawcett began her political career at the age of 22, at the first women's suffrage meeting. After the death of Lydia Becker, Fawcett became leader of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), Britain's main suffragist organisation. Politically she took a moderate position, distancing herself from the militancy and direct actions of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which she believed would harm women's chances of winning the vote by souring public opinion and alienating members of Parliament.[22] Despite the publicity for the WSPU, the NUWSS with its slogan "Law-Abiding suffragists" retained more support.[23] By 1905, Fawcett's NUWSS had 305 constituent societies and almost 50,000 members, compared with the WSPU's 2,000 members in 1913.[24] Fawcett mainly fought for women's suffrage, and found home rule "a blow to the greatness and prosperity of England as well as disaster and... misery and pain and shame".[20]
She explains her disaffiliation from the more militant movement in her book What I Remember:
I could not support a revolutionary movement, especially as it was ruled autocratically, at first, by a small group of four persons, and latterly by one person only.... In 1908, this despotism decreed that the policy of suffering violence, but using none, was to be abandoned. After that, I had no doubt whatever that what was right for me and the NUWSS was to keep strictly to our principle of supporting our movement only by argument, based on common sense and experience and not by personal violence or lawbreaking of any kind.[25]
The South African War gave a chance to Fawcett to share female responsibilities in British culture. She was nominated to lead a commission of women sent to South Africa,[3] sailing there in July 1901 with other women "to investigate Emily Hobhouse's indictment of atrocious conditions in concentration camps where the families of the Boer soldiers were interned."[3] No British women had been entrusted before with such a task in wartime. Millicent fought for the civil rights of the Uitlanders "as the cause of revival of interest in women's suffrage".[3]
Fawcett had backed countless campaigns over many years, for instance to curb child abuse by raising the age of consent, criminalise incest and cruelty to children within the family, end the practice of excluding women from courtrooms when sexual offences were considered, stamp out the "white slave trade", and prevent child marriage and the introduction of regulated prostitution in India.[3] Fawcett campaigned to repeal the Contagious Diseases Acts, as reflecting sexual double standards. They required prostitutes to be examined for sexually transmitted diseases and if found to have passed disease to their clients, to be imprisoned. Women could be arrested on suspicion of being a prostitute and imprisoned for refusing consent to examinations that were invasive and painful. The men who infected the women were not subject to the Acts, which were repealed through campaigning by Fawcett and others. She believed such double standards would never be erased until women were represented in the public sphere.[3]
Fawcett wrote three books, one co-authored with her husband, and many articles, some published posthumously.[20] Her Political Economy for Beginners went into ten editions, sparked two novels, and appeared in many languages. One of her first articles on women's education appeared in Macmillan's Magazine in 1875, the year when her interest in women's education led her to become a founder of Newnham College for Women in Cambridge. There she served on the college council and backed a controversial bid for all women to receive Cambridge degrees.[3] Millicent regularly spoke at girls' schools, women's colleges and adult education centres. In 1904, she resigned from the Unionists over free trade, when Joseph Chamberlain gained control in his campaign for tariff reform.[3]
When the First World War broke out in 1914, the WSPU ceased all activities to focus on the war effort. Fawcett's NUWSS replaced her political activity with support for hospital services in training camps, Scotland, Russia and Serbia,[26] largely because the organisation was markedly less militant than the WSPU: it contained many more pacifists and support for the war within it was weaker. The WSPU was called jingoistic for its leaders' strong support for the war. While Fawcett was no pacifist, she risked dividing the organisation if she ordered a halt to the campaign and diverted NUWSS funds to the government as the WSPU had. The NUWSS continued to campaign for the vote during the war and used the situation to its advantage by pointing out the contribution women had made to the war effort. She held her post until 1919, a year after the first women had received the vote under the Representation of the People Act 1918. After that, she left the suffrage campaign and devoted time to writing books, including a biography of Josephine Butler.[27]
Millicent Fawcett died in 1929 at her London home in Gower Street, Bloomsbury.[29] She was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium although the final resting place of her ashes is unknown.
In 1932, a memorial to Fawcett, alongside that of her husband, was unveiled in Westminster Abbey with an inscription: "A wise constant and courageous Englishwoman. She won citizenship for women."[30]
Legacy
Millicent Fawcett Hall was constructed in 1929 in Westminster as a place for women's debates and discussions; presently owned by Westminster School, the hall is used by the drama department as a 150-seat studio theatre. Saint Felix School, near Fawcett's birthplace of Aldeburgh, has named one of its boarding houses after her.[31] A blue plaque for Fawcett was erected in 1954 by London County Council at her home of 45 years in Bloomsbury.[32] The archives of Millicent Fawcett are held at The Women's Library, London School of Economics, which in 2018 renamed one of its campus buildings Fawcett House in honor of her role in the British suffrage movement and her connections to the area.[33]
In February 2018, Fawcett won a BBC Radio 4 poll asking Britons to name the most influential woman of the past 100 years.[34]
Fawcett's statue holds a banner quoting from a speech she gave in 1920, after Emily Davison's death during the 1913 Epsom Derby: "Courage calls to courage everywhere".[5] At its unveiling Theresa May said, "I would not be standing here today as Prime Minister, no female MPs would have taken their seats in Parliament, none of us would have the rights we now enjoy, were it not for one truly great woman: Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett."[37]
1927: Josephine Butler: her work and principles and their meaning for the twentieth century (written with Ethel M. Turner)
A selection of her speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper columns is published in "Millicent Garrett Fawcett: Selected Writings". Terras, M. and Crawford, E. (Eds). (2022). UCL Press.
^Strachey, Ray (2016). The Cause: A Short History of the Women's Movement in Great Britain. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN978-1539098164.
^Garrett Anderson, Louisa (1939). Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, 1836–1917. Faber and Faber.
^See Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (1911). Political Economy for Beginners (10 ed.). London, UK: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved 22 June 2014. via Archive.org.
^ abcRubinstein, David (1991). "Millicent Garrett Fawcett and the Meaning of Women's Emancipation, 1886–99". Victorian Studies. 34 (3): 365–380. ISSN0042-5222. JSTOR3828580.
^Gordon, Lyndall (2005). Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft. Great Britain: Virago. p. 521. ISBN1-84408-141-9.
Fawcett, Millicent Garrett (1878). "Communism". In Baynes, T. S. (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 211–219. ***Please note that a wikilink to the article on [Communism] in [EB9] is not available***.This article on Communism was written by Fawcett for the 9th (Scholars) Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, but truncated and no longer attributed to her in the 11th edition's article
AnathapindikaAnathapindika menutupi Jetavana dengan koin (Bharhut, teks Brahmi: jetavana ananthapindiko deti kotisanthatena keta Nama lainSudattaInformasi pribadiPekerjaanUpasakaKedudukan seniorGuruBuddha Anathapindika (Pāli: Anāthapiṇḍika; Sanskerta: Anāthapiṇḍada) adalah seorang saudagar dan bankir kaya, diyakini merupakan saudagar terkaya di Savatthi pada masa Buddha Gautama. Lahir dengan nama Sudatta, dia mendapat julukan Anathapindika, arti harfiah seseorang yang memberi sedekah …
Form of workplace training On-the-job training (widely known as OJT) is an important topic of human resource management. It helps develop the career of the individual and the prosperous growth of the organization. On-the-job training is a form of training provided at the workplace. During the training, employees are familiarized with the working environment they will become part of. Employees also get a hands-on experience using machinery, equipment, tools, materials, etc. Part of on-the-job tra…
State highway in Georgia, United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Georgia State Route 90 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) State Route 90SR 90 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by GDOTLength155…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste belge. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Jozef SchilsInformationsNaissance 4 septembre 1931Kersbeek-MiskomDécès 3 mars 2007 (à 75 ans)AsseNationalité belgeÉquipes professionnelles 1951 Garin-Wolber 1952 Garin-Wolber, Cycles Wolf et Allegro 1953 Garin et Bianchi-Pirelli 1954 Touring-Pirelli et Bianchi-Pirelli 1955 Van Hauwaert-Maes e…
Basilika Santo Wilibrordus di Biara Echternach, Echternach Ini adalah daftar basilika di Luksemburg. Katolik Daftar basilika Gereja Katolik di Luksemburg[1]: Basilika Santo Wilibrordus di Biara Echternach, Echternach Lihat juga Gereja Katolik Roma Gereja Katolik di Luksemburg Daftar katedral di Luksemburg Daftar basilika Biara Echternach Referensi ^ Basilika di seluruh dunia lbsDaftar basilika di EropaNegaraberdaulat Albania Andorra Armenia1 Austria Azerbaijan1 Belanda Belarus Belgia Bos…
Logo Anugerah Musik Indonesia. Penghargaan Anugerah Musik Indonesia untuk Artis Solo Wanita Pop Terbaik diberikan sejak perhelatan pertama tahun 1997. Kategori ini diberikan kepada penampil wanita dengan rilisan pop terpilih. Penerima Tahun Pemenang Lagu Nomine Ref. 1997 Rita Effendy Maha Melihat Maha Mendengar N/A [1] 1998 Alda Risma Aku tak Biasa N/A [2] 1999 Titi DJ Bahasa Kalbu N/A [3] 2000 Dewi Yull Dalam Kerinduan Desy Ratnasari – Menyesal Mayangsari – Ku Salah …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Kepemimpinan inovasi adalah filosofi dan teknik yang menggabungkan gaya kepemimpinan yang berbeda untuk mempengaruhi karyawan untuk menghasilkan ide, produk, dan layanan kreatif. Peran kunci dalam praktik kepemimpinan inovasi adalah pemimpin inovasi.[…
Kekaisaran Kushan30–375Wilayah Kushan pada puncak kejayaannyaIbu kotaBegramTaxilaMathuraBahasa yang umum digunakanBaktria (resmi) Yunani (resmi)Pali Sanskerta, Prakerta Kemungkinan AramaikAgama Hinduisme (resmi)ZoroastrianismeBuddhaAgama Yunani KunoPemerintahanMonarkiKaisar • 60-80 Kujula Kadphises• 350-375 Kipunada Sejarah • Kujula Kadphises menyatukan suku-suku Yuezhi menjadi konfederasi 30• Ditaklukan oleh Kekaisaran Gupta 375 Didahului oleh Digant…
Solomon NorthupGambar dari autobiografinyaLahir10 Juli 1807 atau 1808Minerva, Essex County, New York, ASMeninggals. 1863 (usia 55–57)Dikenal atasTwelve Years a SlaveTanda tangan Solomon Northup[Note 1] (10 Juli 1807, atau 1808–1863?)[1][2] adalah seorang abolisionis Amerika dan pengarang utama memoir Twelve Years a Slave. Sebagai Afrika Amerika yang lahir merdeka dari New York, ia adalah putra dari budak yang dibebaskan dan wanita kulit berwarna yang merdeka. Sebagai …
List of vehicles from American brand This article is about Dodge production vehicles. For Dodge concept vehicles, see List of Dodge concept vehicles. Dodge Logo (2016–) Dodge, an American subsidy of Stellantis, has produced numerous vehicles carying the brand name including pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans. Current production models Vehicles currently not sold in the United States Model Calendar yearintroduced Current model Vehicle description Introduction Update/fac…
Последний кандидатангл. Designated Survivor Жанры политический триллерполитическая драма Создатель Дэвид Гуггенхайм В главных ролях Кифер СазерлендНаташа МакэлхонМэгги КьюАдан КантоИталия РиччиЛамоника ГарреттТаннер БьюкененКэл Пенн Композитор Шон Коллери[d] Страна США…
Digestive system in humans See also: Gastrointestinal tract Digestive system and alimentary system redirect here. For digestive systems of non-human animals, see Digestion. Human digestive systemHuman digestive systemDetailsIdentifiersLatinsystema digestoriumMeSHD004064TA98A05.0.00.000TA22773THH3.04.02-04 FMA7152Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancre…
Title of nobility This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Prince of Gothia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) The title Prince of Gothia (princeps Gothiæ) or Prince of the Goths (princeps Gothorum) was a title of nobility, sometimes assumed by its holder as a sign o…
Film genre This article is about the film genre. For the music genre, see Blaxploitation (music genre). BlaxploitationPoster of the Blaxploitation film Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971)Years active1970sLocationUnited StatesMajor figuresPam GrierMelvin Van PeeblesInfluencesExploitation filmrace filmBlack power movementInfluencedAllen and Albert HughesSpike LeeJohn SingletonQuentin Tarantinohip hop Blaxploitation is an ethnic subgenre of the exploitation film that emerged in the United Stat…
Mothers' Market redirects here. For the grocery store chain in Southern California, see Mother's Market & Kitchen. Place in Manipur, IndiaIma Keithel (English: Mothers' Market)Different scenes of the Ima Keithel (Mothers' Market) of ImphalNickname(s): Nupi Keithel (English: Women's Market) Khwairamband Keithel (English: Khwairamband Market) Ima Keithel (English: Mothers' Market)Location in Manipur, IndiaShow map of ManipurIma Keithel (English: Mothers' Market)Ima Keithel (English: Moth…
Czech tennis player Tereza MartincováMartincová at the 2022 French OpenCountry (sports) Czech RepublicResidencePrague, Czech RepublicBorn (1994-10-24) 24 October 1994 (age 29)PragueHeight1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)Prize moneyUS$ 2,311,739SinglesCareer record393–331 (54.3%)Career titles0 WTA, 4 ITFHighest rankingNo. 40 (14 February 2022)Current rankingNo. 154 (15 January 2024)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian&…
Type of racing by ocean-going powerboats This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Offshore powerboat racing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Class1 offshore powerboat Offshore powerboat racing is a type of racing by ocean-going powerboa…
Unit of the Alaska Air National Guard 176th Wing144th Airlift Squadron C-17A Globemaster III HH-60G Pave Hawk of the 210th Rescue Squadron prepares to refuel from a 211th Rescue Squadron HC-130 Hercules 176th Air Defense Squadron at the Alaska NORAD Region (ANR).Active1 April 1969 – presentCountry United StatesAllegiance AlaskaBranch Air National GuardTypeWingRoleCompositePart ofAlaska Air National GuardGarrison/HQJoint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Anchorage, AlaskaCommander…
Medical conditionLepromatous leprosyLeonine facies in lepromatous leprosySpecialtyInfectious diseases Lepromatous leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by pale macules in the skin.[1]: 346 It results from the failure of Th1 cell activation which is necessary to eradicate the mycobacteria (Th1 response is required to activate macrophages that engulf and contain the disease). In lepromatous leprosy, TH2 response is turned on, and because of reciprocal inhibition…