Morbillivirus

Morbillivirus
	Morbillivirus hominis electron micrograph
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Negarnaviricota
Class:	Monjiviricetes
Order:	Mononegavirales
Family:	Paramyxoviridae
Subfamily:	Orthoparamyxovirinae
Genus:	Morbillivirus
Species
	Morbillivirus canis; Morbillivirus caprinae; Morbillivirus ceti; Morbillivirus felis; Morbillivirus hominis; †Morbillivirus pecoris; Morbillivirus phocae;

Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the order Mononegavirales, in the family Paramyxoviridae.^[1]^[2] Humans, dogs, cats, cattle, seals, and cetaceans serve as natural hosts. This genus includes six species, with a seventh species being extinct. Diseases in humans associated with viruses classified in this genus include measles; in animals, they include acute febrile respiratory tract infection and Canine distemper.^[3] In 2013, a wave of increased death among the Common bottlenose dolphin population was attributed to morbillivirus.^[4]

Genus

Genus *Morbillivirus*: species and their viruses^[5]
Genus	Species	Virus (Abbreviation)
Morbillivirus	Morbillivirus canis	Canine distemper virus (CDV)
	Morbillivirus caprinae	Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV)
	Morbillivirus ceti	Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV)
	Morbillivirus felis	Feline morbillivirus (FeMV)
	Morbillivirus hominis	Measles virus (MeV)
	†Morbillivirus pecoris	Rinderpest virus (RPV)
	Morbillivirus phocae	Phocine distemper virus (PDV)

Structure

Morbillivirions are enveloped, with spherical geometries. Their diameter is around 150 nm. Genomes are linear, around 15–16 kb in length. The genome codes for eight proteins.^[2]^[3]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic arrangement	Genomic segmentation
Morbillivirus	Spherical		Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Morbillivirus genome map

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by virus attaching to host cell. Replication follows the negative-stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative-stranded RNA virus transcription, using polymerase stuttering, through co-transcriptional RNA editing is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Humans, cattle, dogs, cats, and cetaceans serve as the natural hosts. Infection from this virus takes place in five stages: incubation, prodromal, mucosal, diarrheic, and convalescent.^[6]^[7] Transmission routes are respiratory.^[2]^[3]^[8]^[9]^[10] Morbillivirus are sensitive to high temperatures, sunlight, extreme pH levels, and any chemical that can destroy its outer envelope.^[11]

Genus	Host details	Tissue tropism	Entry details	Release details	Replication site	Assembly site	Transmission
Morbillivirus	Humans, dogs, cats, cetaceans	None	Glycoprotein	Budding	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm	Aerosols

References

^ Rima B, Balkema-Buschmann A, Dundon WG, Duprex P, Easton A, Fouchier R, et al. (December 2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 100 (12): 1593–1594. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001328. PMC 7273325. PMID 31609197.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Family: Paramyxoviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
^ ^a ^b ^c "Morbillivirus". Viral Zone. ExPASy. taxid:11229. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ Jackson H (19 November 2014). "Virus causing Atlantic dolphin die-off". The Daily Times. p. T11. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
^ Kuhn JH, Abe J, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, et al. (August 2023). "Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)". The Journal of General Virology. 104 (8): 001864. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001864. PMC 10721048. PMID 37622664.
^ Conceicao, Carina; Bailey, Dalan (1 January 2021), "Animal Morbilliviruses (Paramyxoviridae)", in Bamford, Dennis H.; Zuckerman, Mark (eds.), Encyclopedia of Virology (Fourth Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 68–78, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20938-2, ISBN 978-0-12-814516-6, S2CID 242980358, retrieved 7 January 2024
^ Libbey, Jane E.; Fujinami, Robert S. (1 July 2023). "Morbillivirus: A highly adaptable viral genus". Heliyon. 9 (7): e18095. Bibcode:2023Heliy...918095L. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18095. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10362132. PMID 37483821.
^ Haas, L.; Barrett, T. (12 January 1996). "Rinderpest and Other Animal Morbillivirus Infections: Comparative Aspects and Recent Developments". Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 43 (1–10): 411–420. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00333.x. PMID 8885706.
^ De Vries, Rory D.; Duprex, W. Paul; De Swart, Rik L. (3 February 2015). "Morbillivirus Infections: An Introduction". Viruses. 7 (2): 699–706. doi:10.3390/v7020699. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4353911. PMID 25685949.
^ Barrett, Thomas; Banyard, Ashley C.; Diallo, Adama (1 January 2006), Barrett, Thomas; Pastoret, Paul-Pierre; Taylor, William P. (eds.), "3 - Molecular biology of the morbilliviruses", Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants, Biology of Animal Infections, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 31–IV, doi:10.1016/b978-012088385-1/50033-2, ISBN 978-0-12-088385-1, retrieved 7 January 2024
^ Barrett, T.; Rossiter, P. B. (1 January 1999), Margniorosch, Karl; Murphy, Frederick A.; Shatkin, Aaron J. (eds.), Rinderpest: The Disease and Its Impact on Humans and Animals, Advances in Virus Research, vol. 53, Academic Press, pp. 89–110, doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60344-9, ISBN 978-0-12-039853-9, PMID 10582096