The river is a symbol of the Trans-Olza region, which lies on its west bank, constituting a part of the western half of Cieszyn Silesia, as depicted in the words of the unofficial anthem of this region and of local Poles, Płyniesz Olzo po dolinie (Thou flowest, Olza, down the valley), written by Jan Kubisz.
The oldest surviving written mention is in a letter dating from 1290, which refers to the river Olza.[6] The river was then mentioned in a written document in 1611 as the Oldza.[7] At the end of the 19th century, with the rise of mass nationalism, both Polish and Czech activists claimed the name Olza to be not Polish enough, on the one hand, and insufficiently Czech, on the other.[8] Some Polish activists proposed the name Olsza, Czech activists Olše.
The Czech linguist and writer Vincenc Prasek demonstrated in 1900 that the name Olza has, in fact, an independent Old Slavic origin which predates both Polish and Czech.[7] This revelation has been confirmed by various etymological studies in the 20th century.[8] The regionally used form Olza is derived from the ancient Oldza. German Olsa is a variation of spelling of Olza but pronounced the same. Local people always used the Olza form, regardless of their national or ethnic origin.[7]
However, the central administration in Prague saw Olza as a Polish name and when most of the river became a part of Czechoslovakia in 1920 it tried to change its name to the Czech form, Olše. However, a degree of dualism in the naming persisted until the 1960s, when the Central State Administration of Geodesy and Cartography ruled that the only official form in the Czech Republic was Olše.[7][9] Locals on both sides of the border and from both nationalities continue to refer to the river as the Olza nevertheless.
Cicha, Irena; Jaworski, Kazimierz; Ondraszek, Bronisław; Stalmach, Barbara; Stalmach, Jan (2000). Olza od pramene po ujście. Český Těšín: Region Silesia. ISBN80-238-6081-X.