P2RX7

P2RX7
Identifiers
Aliases	P2RX7, P2X7, purinergic receptor P2X 7
External IDs	OMIM: 602566; MGI: 1339957; HomoloGene: 1925; GeneCards: P2RX7; OMA:P2RX7 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 12 (human)
End	121,188,032 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 5 (mouse)
End	122,829,495 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	inferior ganglion of vagus nerve; ; endothelial cell; ; corpus callosum; ; monocyte; ; subthalamic nucleus; ; superior vestibular nucleus; ; ventral tegmental area; ; globus pallidus; ; internal globus pallidus; ; optic nerve;
	Top expressed in
	right ventricle; ; perirhinal cortex; ; lip; ; esophagus; ; entorhinal cortex; ; choroid plexus of fourth ventricle; ; dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell; ; lumbar subsegment of spinal cord; ; embryo; ; primary visual cortex;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	signaling receptor binding; ATP binding; lipopolysaccharide binding; purinergic nucleotide receptor activity; protein homodimerization activity; channel activity; protein binding; ion channel activity; extracellularly ATP-gated cation channel activity; signaling receptor activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; membrane; cell-cell junction; synapse; integral component of membrane; neuromuscular junction; plasma membrane; neuronal cell body; bleb; integral component of nuclear inner membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; presynapse; external side of plasma membrane; postsynapse;
Biological process	cellular response to extracellular stimulus; positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol; regulation of sodium ion transport; NAD transport; response to zinc ion; positive regulation of catalytic activity; response to organic substance; phospholipid transfer to membrane; T cell homeostasis; positive regulation of cytolysis; protein phosphorylation; cell surface receptor signaling pathway; membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis; phospholipid translocation; positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production; apoptotic signaling pathway; positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion; calcium ion transport; defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; synaptic vesicle exocytosis; ceramide biosynthetic process; response to mechanical stimulus; ion transport; reactive oxygen species metabolic process; phagolysosome assembly; regulation of killing of cells of other organism; positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion; positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; inflammatory response; plasma membrane organization; positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport; positive regulation of MAPK cascade; negative regulation of bone resorption; release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol; cell volume homeostasis; cytolysis; plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling; positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process; positive regulation of bone mineralization; skeletal system morphogenesis; cellular response to organic cyclic compound; membrane depolarization; mitochondrion organization; positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity; bleb assembly; collagen metabolic process; negative regulation of cell volume; pore complex assembly; response to electrical stimulus; cation transport; positive regulation of ossification; cation transmembrane transport; response to fluid shear stress; response to calcium ion; response to lipopolysaccharide; positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization; vesicle budding from membrane; negative regulation of MAPK cascade; positive regulation of protein secretion; homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue; sensory perception of pain; positive regulation of bleb assembly; response to ATP; gene expression; response to bacterium; response to organic cyclic compound; programmed cell death; protein processing; cellular response to dsRNA; T cell proliferation; positive regulation of gene expression; protein complex oligomerization; positive regulation of glutamate secretion; cell morphogenesis; positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization; positive regulation of apoptotic process; positive regulation of glycolytic process; purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway; blood coagulation; excitatory postsynaptic potential; protein catabolic process;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5027
	18439
	ENSG00000089041
	ENSMUSG00000029468
	Q99572
	Q9Z1M0
	NM_002562; NM_177427
	NM_001038839; NM_001038845; NM_001038887; NM_001284402; NM_011027
	NP_002553
	NP_001033928; NP_001033934; NP_001033976; NP_001271331; NP_035157
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

P2X purinoceptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX7 gene.^[5]^[6]

The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. Multiple alternatively spliced variants which would encode different isoforms have been identified although some fit nonsense-mediated decay criteria.^[7]

The receptor is found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, in microglia, in macrophages, in uterine endometrium, and in the retina.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] The P2X₇ receptor also serves as a pattern recognition receptor for extracellular ATP-mediated apoptotic cell death,^[15]^[16]^[17] regulation of receptor trafficking,^[18] mast cell degranulation,^[19]^[20] and inflammation.^[21]^[19]^[20]^[22] Regarding inflammation, P2X7 receptor induces the NLRP3 inflammasome in myeloid cells and leads to interleukin-1beta release.^[23]

Structure and kinetics

The P2X₇ subunits can form homomeric receptors only with a typical P2X receptor structure.^[24] The P2X₇ receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel that opens in response to ATP binding and leads to cell depolarization. The P2X₇ receptor requires higher levels of ATP than other P2X receptors; however, the response can be potentiated by reducing the concentration of divalent cations such as calcium or magnesium.^[8]^[25] Continued binding leads to increased permeability to N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG⁺).^[25] P2X₇ receptors do not become desensitized readily and continued signaling leads to the aforementioned increased permeability and an increase in current amplitude.^[25]

Pharmacology

Agonists

P2X₇ receptors respond to BzATP more readily than ATP.^[25]
ADP and AMP are weak agonists of P2X₇ receptors, but a brief exposure to ATP can increase their effectiveness.^[25]
Glutathione has been proposed to act as a P2X₇ receptor agonist when present at milimolar levels, inducing calcium transients and GABA release from retinal cells.^[10]^[9]

Antagonists

The P2X₇ receptor current can be blocked by zinc, calcium, magnesium, and copper.^[25]
P2X₇ receptors are sensitive to pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and relatively insensitive to suramin, but the suramin analog, NF279, is much more effective.
Oxidized ATP (OxATP) and Brilliant Blue G has also been used for blocking P2X₇ in inflammation.^[26]^[27]
Other blockers include the large organic cations calmidazolium (a calmodulin antagonist) and KN-62 (a CaM kinase II antagonist).^[25]
JNJ-54175446 and JNJ-55308942 are selective antagonists

Receptor trafficking

In microglia, P2X₇ receptors are found mostly on the cell surface.^[28] Conserved cysteine residues located in the carboxyl terminus seem to be important for receptor trafficking to the cell membrane.^[29] These receptors are upregulated in response to peripheral nerve injury.^[30]

In melanocytic cells P2X₇ gene expression may be regulated by MITF.^[31]

Recruitment of pannexin

Activation of the P2X₇ receptor by ATP leads to recruitment of pannexin pores^[32] which allow small molecules such as ATP to leak out of cells. This allows further activation of purinergic receptors and physiological responses such a spreading cytoplasmic waves of calcium.^[33] Moreover, this could be responsible for ATP-dependent lysis of macrophages through the formation of membrane pores permeable to larger molecules.

Clinical significance

Inflammation

On T cells activation of P2X₇ receptors can activate the T cells or cause T cell differentiation, can affect T cell migration or (at high extracellular levels of ATP and/or NAD+) can induce cell death.^[34] The CD38 enzyme on B lymphocytes and macrophages reduces extracellular NAD+, promoting the survival of T cells.^[35]

Neuropathic pain

Microglial P2X₇ receptors are thought to be involved in neuropathic pain because blockade or deletion of P2X₇ receptors results in decreased responses to pain, as demonstrated in vivo.^[36]^[37] Moreover, P2X₇ receptor signaling increases the release of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.^[38]^[39]^[40] In addition, P2X₇ receptors have been linked to increases in proinflammatory cytokines such as CXCL2 and CCL3.^[41]^[42] P2X₇ receptors are also linked to P2X₄ receptors, which are also associated with neuropathic pain mediated by microglia.^[28]

Osteoporosis

Mutations in this gene have been associated to low lumbar spine bone mineral density and accelerated bone loss in post-menopausal women.^[43]

Diabetes

The ATP/P2X7R pathway may trigger T-cell attacks on the pancreas, rendering it unable to produce insulin. This autoimmune response may be an early mechanism by which the onset of diabetes is caused.^[44]^[45]

Research

Possible link to hepatic fibrosis

One study in mice showed that blockade of P2X7 receptors attenuates onset of liver fibrosis.^[46]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000089041 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029468 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Rassendren F, Buell GN, Virginio C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A (February 1997). "The permeabilizing ATP receptor, P2X7. Cloning and expression of a human cDNA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (9): 5482–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.9.5482. PMID 9038151.
^ Buell GN, Talabot F, Gos A, Lorenz J, Lai E, Morris MA, Antonarakis SE (Feb 1999). "Gene structure and chromosomal localization of the human P2X7 receptor". Receptors & Channels. 5 (6): 347–54. PMID 9826911.
^ "Entrez Gene: P2RX7 purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7".
^ ^a ^b Faria RX, Freitas HR, Reis RA (June 2017). "P2X7 receptor large pore signaling in avian Müller glial cells". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 49 (3): 215–229. doi:10.1007/s10863-017-9717-9. PMID 28573491. S2CID 4122579.
^ ^a ^b Freitas HR, Reis RA (February 2017). "7R activation on Müller glia". Neurogenesis. 4 (1): e1283188. doi:10.1080/23262133.2017.1283188. PMC 5305167. PMID 28229088.
^ ^a ^b Freitas HR, Ferraz G, Ferreira GC, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Chiarini LB, do Nascimento JL, et al. (April 2016). "Glutathione-Induced Calcium Shifts in Chick Retinal Glial Cells". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0153677. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1153677F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153677. PMC 4831842. PMID 27078878.
^ Deuchars SA, Atkinson L, Brooke RE, Musa H, Milligan CJ, Batten TF, et al. (September 2001). "Neuronal P2X7 receptors are targeted to presynaptic terminals in the central and peripheral nervous systems". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (18): 7143–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07143.2001. PMC 6762981. PMID 11549725.
^ Collo G, Neidhart S, Kawashima E, Kosco-Vilbois M, North RA, Buell G (September 1997). "Tissue distribution of the P2X7 receptor". Neuropharmacology. 36 (9): 1277–83. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00140-8. PMID 9364482. S2CID 21491471.
^ Slater NM, Barden JA, Murphy CR (June 2000). "Distributional changes of purinergic receptor subtypes (P2X 1-7) in uterine epithelial cells during early pregnancy". The Histochemical Journal. 32 (6): 365–72. doi:10.1023/A:1004017714702. PMID 10943851. S2CID 40282870.
^ Ishii K, Kaneda M, Li H, Rockland KS, Hashikawa T (May 2003). "Neuron-specific distribution of P2X7 purinergic receptors in the monkey retina". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 459 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1002/cne.10608. PMID 12655509. S2CID 9692745.
^ Freitas (2019). "Interaction between cannabinoid and nucleotide systems as a new mechanism of signaling in retinal cell death". Neural Regeneration Research. 14 (12): 2093–2094. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.262585. PMC 6788250. PMID 31397346.
^ Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Silva TM, Diniz GO, Dos Santos Dabdab Y, Bockmann EC, et al. (September 2019). "Cannabinoids Induce Cell Death and Promote P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Retinal Glial Progenitors in Culture". Molecular Neurobiology. 56 (9): 6472–6486. doi:10.1007/s12035-019-1537-y. PMID 30838518. S2CID 71143662.
^ Kawano A, Tsukimoto M, Noguchi T, Hotta N, Harada H, Takenouchi T, et al. (March 2012). "Involvement of P2X4 receptor in P2X7 receptor-dependent cell death of mouse macrophages". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 419 (2): 374–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.156. PMID 22349510.
^ Qu Y, Dubyak GR (June 2009). "P2X7 receptors regulate multiple types of membrane trafficking responses and non-classical secretion pathways". Purinergic Signalling. 5 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1007/s11302-009-9132-8. PMC 2686822. PMID 19189228.
^ ^a ^b Kurashima Y, Kiyono H (March 2014). "New era for mucosal mast cells: their roles in inflammation, allergic immune responses and adjuvant development". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 46 (3): e83. doi:10.1038/emm.2014.7. PMC 3972796. PMID 24626169.
^ ^a ^b Wareham KJ, Seward EP (June 2016). "P2X7 receptors induce degranulation in human mast cells". Purinergic Signalling. 12 (2): 235–46. doi:10.1007/s11302-016-9497-4. PMC 4854833. PMID 26910735.
^ Gonzaga DT, Ferreira LB, Moreira Maramaldo Costa TE, von Ranke NL, Anastácio Furtado Pacheco P, Sposito Simões AP, et al. (October 2017). "1-Aryl-1H- and 2-aryl-2H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives blockade P2X7 receptor in vitro and inflammatory response in vivo". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 139: 698–717. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.034. PMID 28858765.
^ Russo MV, McGavern DB (October 2015). "Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury". Trends in Immunology. 36 (10): 637–650. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.002. PMC 4592776. PMID 26431941.
^ Pelegrin, Pablo; Barroso-Gutierrez, Consuelo; Surprenant, Annmarie (2008-06-01). "P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage". Journal of Immunology. 180 (11): 7147–7157. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7147. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 18490713.
^ Torres GE, Egan TM, Voigt MM (March 1999). "Hetero-oligomeric assembly of P2X receptor subunits. Specificities exist with regard to possible partners". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (10): 6653–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.10.6653. PMID 10037762.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g North RA (October 2002). "Molecular physiology of P2X receptors". Physiological Reviews. 82 (4): 1013–67. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2002. PMID 12270951.
^ Wang X, Arcuino G, Takano T, Lin J, Peng WG, Wan P, et al. (August 2004). "P2X7 receptor inhibition improves recovery after spinal cord injury". Nature Medicine. 10 (8): 821–7. doi:10.1038/nm1082. PMID 15258577. S2CID 23685403.
^ Peng W, Cotrina ML, Han X, Yu H, Bekar L, Blum L, et al. (July 2009). "Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (30): 12489–93. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902531106. PMC 2718350. PMID 19666625.
^ ^a ^b Boumechache M, Masin M, Edwardson JM, Górecki DC, Murrell-Lagnado R (May 2009). "Analysis of assembly and trafficking of native P2X4 and P2X7 receptor complexes in rodent immune cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (20): 13446–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M901255200. PMC 2679444. PMID 19304656.
^ Jindrichova M, Kuzyk P, Li S, Stojilkovic SS, Zemkova H (June 2012). "Conserved ectodomain cysteines are essential for rat P2X7 receptor trafficking". Purinergic Signalling. 8 (2): 317–25. doi:10.1007/s11302-012-9291-x. PMC 3350585. PMID 22286664.
^ Kobayashi K, Takahashi E, Miyagawa Y, Yamanaka H, Noguchi K (October 2011). "Induction of the P2X7 receptor in spinal microglia in a neuropathic pain model". Neuroscience Letters. 504 (1): 57–61. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.058. PMID 21924325. S2CID 32284927.
^ Hoek KS, Schlegel NC, Eichhoff OM, Widmer DS, Praetorius C, Einarsson SO, et al. (December 2008). "Novel MITF targets identified using a two-step DNA microarray strategy". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 21 (6): 665–76. doi:10.1111/j.1755-148X.2008.00505.x. PMID 19067971. S2CID 24698373.
^ Iglesias R, Locovei S, Roque A, Alberto AP, Dahl G, Spray DC, Scemes E (September 2008). "P2X7 receptor-Pannexin1 complex: pharmacology and signaling". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 295 (3): C752-60. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00228.2008. PMC 2544446. PMID 18596211.
^ Boison D, Chen JF, Fredholm BB (July 2010). "Adenosine signaling and function in glial cells". Cell Death and Differentiation. 17 (7): 1071–82. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.131. PMC 2885470. PMID 19763139.
^ Rivas-Yáñez E, Barrera-Avalos C, Bono R, Sauma D (2020). "P2X7 Receptor at the Crossroads of T Cell Fate". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (14): 4937. doi:10.3390/ijms21144937. PMC 7404255. PMID 32668623.
^ Welsby I, Hutin D, Leo O (2012). "Complex roles of members of the ADP-ribosyl transferase super family in immune defences: looking beyond PARP1". Biochemical Pharmacology. 84 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.016. PMID 22402301.
^ Honore P, Donnelly-Roberts D, Namovic MT, Hsieh G, Zhu CZ, Mikusa JP, et al. (December 2006). "A-740003 [N-(1-{[(cyanoimino)(5-quinolinylamino) methyl]amino}-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide], a novel and selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently reduces neuropathic pain in the rat". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 319 (3): 1376–85. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.111559. PMID 16982702. S2CID 11352013.
^ Chessell IP, Hatcher JP, Bountra C, Michel AD, Hughes JP, Green P, et al. (April 2005). "Disruption of the P2X7 purinoceptor gene abolishes chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain". Pain. 114 (3): 386–96. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.002. PMID 15777864. S2CID 21486673.
^ Clark AK, Staniland AA, Marchand F, Kaan TK, McMahon SB, Malcangio M (January 2010). "P2X7-dependent release of interleukin-1beta and nociception in the spinal cord following lipopolysaccharide". The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (2): 573–82. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3295-09.2010. PMC 2880485. PMID 20071520.
^ Shigemoto-Mogami Y, Koizumi S, Tsuda M, Ohsawa K, Kohsaka S, Inoue K (September 2001). "Mechanisms underlying extracellular ATP-evoked interleukin-6 release in mouse microglial cell line, MG-5". Journal of Neurochemistry. 78 (6): 1339–49. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00514.x. PMID 11579142. S2CID 44660159.
^ Hide I, Tanaka M, Inoue A, Nakajima K, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y (September 2000). "Extracellular ATP triggers tumor necrosis factor-alpha release from rat microglia". Journal of Neurochemistry. 75 (3): 965–72. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750965.x. PMID 10936177. S2CID 84445342.
^ Shiratori M, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Yoshitake M, Tsuda M, Inoue K (August 2010). "P2X7 receptor activation induces CXCL2 production in microglia through NFAT and PKC/MAPK pathways". Journal of Neurochemistry. 114 (3): 810–9. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06809.x. PMID 20477948. S2CID 25406755.
^ Kataoka A, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Koga Y, Tsuda M, Inoue K (January 2009). "Activation of P2X7 receptors induces CCL3 production in microglial cells through transcription factor NFAT". Journal of Neurochemistry. 108 (1): 115–25. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05744.x. PMID 19014371. S2CID 205619872.
^ Gartland A, Skarratt KK, Hocking LJ, Parsons C, Stokes L, Jørgensen NR, et al. (May 2012). "Polymorphisms in the P2X7 receptor gene are associated with low lumbar spine bone mineral density and accelerated bone loss in post-menopausal women". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (5): 559–64. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.245. PMC 3330223. PMID 22234152.
^ "Silencing immune attacks in type 1 diabetes". June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ "Boston Children's Hospital Finds Root Cause of Diabetes". June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ Huang C, Yu W, Cui H, Wang Y, Zhang L, Han F, Huang T (January 2014). "P2X7 blockade attenuates mouse liver fibrosis". Molecular Medicine Reports. 9 (1): 57–62. doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1807. PMID 24247209.

External links

P2RX7+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000089041 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029468 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9038151-5] Rassendren F, Buell GN, Virginio C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A (February 1997). "The permeabilizing ATP receptor, P2X7. Cloning and expression of a human cDNA". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (9): 5482–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.9.5482. PMID 9038151.

[pmid9826911-6] Buell GN, Talabot F, Gos A, Lorenz J, Lai E, Morris MA, Antonarakis SE (Feb 1999). "Gene structure and chromosomal localization of the human P2X7 receptor". Receptors & Channels. 5 (6): 347–54. PMID 9826911.

[7] "Entrez Gene: P2RX7 purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7".

[:0-8] Faria RX, Freitas HR, Reis RA (June 2017). "P2X7 receptor large pore signaling in avian Müller glial cells". Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes. 49 (3): 215–229. doi:10.1007/s10863-017-9717-9. PMID 28573491. S2CID 4122579.

[:1-9] Freitas HR, Reis RA (February 2017). "7R activation on Müller glia". Neurogenesis. 4 (1): e1283188. doi:10.1080/23262133.2017.1283188. PMC 5305167. PMID 28229088.

[:2-10] Freitas HR, Ferraz G, Ferreira GC, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Chiarini LB, do Nascimento JL, et al. (April 2016). "Glutathione-Induced Calcium Shifts in Chick Retinal Glial Cells". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0153677. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1153677F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153677. PMC 4831842. PMID 27078878.

[pmid11549725-11] Deuchars SA, Atkinson L, Brooke RE, Musa H, Milligan CJ, Batten TF, et al. (September 2001). "Neuronal P2X7 receptors are targeted to presynaptic terminals in the central and peripheral nervous systems". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (18): 7143–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07143.2001. PMC 6762981. PMID 11549725.

[pmid9364482-12] Collo G, Neidhart S, Kawashima E, Kosco-Vilbois M, North RA, Buell G (September 1997). "Tissue distribution of the P2X7 receptor". Neuropharmacology. 36 (9): 1277–83. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00140-8. PMID 9364482. S2CID 21491471.

[pmid10943851-13] Slater NM, Barden JA, Murphy CR (June 2000). "Distributional changes of purinergic receptor subtypes (P2X 1-7) in uterine epithelial cells during early pregnancy". The Histochemical Journal. 32 (6): 365–72. doi:10.1023/A:1004017714702. PMID 10943851. S2CID 40282870.

[pmid12655509-14] Ishii K, Kaneda M, Li H, Rockland KS, Hashikawa T (May 2003). "Neuron-specific distribution of P2X7 purinergic receptors in the monkey retina". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 459 (3): 267–77. doi:10.1002/cne.10608. PMID 12655509. S2CID 9692745.

[15] Freitas (2019). "Interaction between cannabinoid and nucleotide systems as a new mechanism of signaling in retinal cell death". Neural Regeneration Research. 14 (12): 2093–2094. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.262585. PMC 6788250. PMID 31397346.

[16] Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Silva TM, Diniz GO, Dos Santos Dabdab Y, Bockmann EC, et al. (September 2019). "Cannabinoids Induce Cell Death and Promote P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Retinal Glial Progenitors in Culture". Molecular Neurobiology. 56 (9): 6472–6486. doi:10.1007/s12035-019-1537-y. PMID 30838518. S2CID 71143662.

[pmid22349510-17] Kawano A, Tsukimoto M, Noguchi T, Hotta N, Harada H, Takenouchi T, et al. (March 2012). "Involvement of P2X4 receptor in P2X7 receptor-dependent cell death of mouse macrophages". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 419 (2): 374–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.156. PMID 22349510.

[pmid19189228-18] Qu Y, Dubyak GR (June 2009). "P2X7 receptors regulate multiple types of membrane trafficking responses and non-classical secretion pathways". Purinergic Signalling. 5 (2): 163–73. doi:10.1007/s11302-009-9132-8. PMC 2686822. PMID 19189228.

[P2x7_gastrointestinal_MC_review-19] Kurashima Y, Kiyono H (March 2014). "New era for mucosal mast cells: their roles in inflammation, allergic immune responses and adjuvant development". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 46 (3): e83. doi:10.1038/emm.2014.7. PMC 3972796. PMID 24626169.

[pmid26910735-20] Wareham KJ, Seward EP (June 2016). "P2X7 receptors induce degranulation in human mast cells". Purinergic Signalling. 12 (2): 235–46. doi:10.1007/s11302-016-9497-4. PMC 4854833. PMID 26910735.

[21] Gonzaga DT, Ferreira LB, Moreira Maramaldo Costa TE, von Ranke NL, Anastácio Furtado Pacheco P, Sposito Simões AP, et al. (October 2017). "1-Aryl-1H- and 2-aryl-2H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives blockade P2X7 receptor in vitro and inflammatory response in vivo". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 139: 698–717. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.034. PMID 28858765.

[DAMPs_PAMPs_and_PRRs-22] Russo MV, McGavern DB (October 2015). "Immune Surveillance of the CNS following Infection and Injury". Trends in Immunology. 36 (10): 637–650. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.08.002. PMC 4592776. PMID 26431941.

[23] Pelegrin, Pablo; Barroso-Gutierrez, Consuelo; Surprenant, Annmarie (2008-06-01). "P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage". Journal of Immunology. 180 (11): 7147–7157. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7147. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 18490713.

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P2RX7

Structure and kinetics

Pharmacology

Agonists

Antagonists

Receptor trafficking

Recruitment of pannexin

Clinical significance

Inflammation

Neuropathic pain

Osteoporosis

Diabetes

Research

Possible link to hepatic fibrosis

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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