Polestar

Polestar
Owner	Volvo Cars
Country	Sweden
Introduced	2005; 19 years ago
Previous owners	Polestar Racing (2005–2015)

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC
	Headquarters in Torslanda, Sweden
Company type	Public
Traded as	Nasdaq: PSNY
Founded	2017; 7 years ago
Headquarters	Torslanda, Sweden (operational); Bristol, England, UK (legal);
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Thomas Ingenlath (CEO); Håkan Samuelsson (chairman);
Products	Electric vehicle
Revenue	US$2.46 billion (2022)
Operating income	−US$1.3 billion (2022)
Net income	−US$466 million (2022)
Total assets	US$3.94 billion (2022)
Total equity	US$134 million (2022)
Owner	Volvo Cars (48.3%); PSD Investment (Li Shufu) (39%);
Number of employees	2,377 (December 2022)
Website	polestar.com
	Footnotes / references;

Polestar is a Swedish automotive manufacturer that produces electric cars. Owned by Volvo Cars, the company is headquartered in Torslanda outside Gothenburg, Sweden.^[5] With an "asset-light" approach in development and manufacturing, Polestar does not have its own manufacturing facility.^[6] It produces cars in facilities controlled by Volvo Cars or its parent company Geely Holding in several countries, including China, the US, and South Korea.^[7]^[8]

The brand originated from Flash Engineering, a Swedish motorsport team established in 1996 that competed in the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship. In 2005, the team was sold then rebranded to Polestar Racing, which later operated a production car tuning division called Polestar Performance AB.^[9]^[10] In July 2015, the Polestar brand was acquired by Volvo Cars, which repositioned the brand as an electric vehicle manufacturer since 2017.^[11] The racing team was then rebranded to Cyan Racing, while still maintaining close ties to Volvo.^[12]

The current United Kingdom-based holding company of Polestar, Polestar Automotive Holdings UK PLC was jointly formed in 2021 by Volvo Cars and Geely Holding Group.^[13]^[14] Polestar shares began trading on the Nasdaq exchange under the symbol PSNY on 24 June 2022.^[15]^[16] Due to its continuing loss,^[17] Volvo Cars plans to reduce its stake in Polestar by the third quarter of 2024 from currently 48.3% to around 18% by ceding it to Geely Holding.^[4]

History

Racing team and tuning brand (1996–2017)

The company origins can be traced to the 1996 foundation of Flash Engineering, a Swedish racing team competing in Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC). The team was sold and rebranded as Polestar Racing, which began modifying Volvos for racing in the late 2000s. In 2009, the brand became the official Volvo partner to modify existing models, under the brand Polestar Performance. Volvo eventually bought the company in July 2015 and began selling Polestar-enhanced models directly through their resellers.^[18]

Polestar has also produced prototype cars, with the first being the C30 Polestar Performance Concept Prototype (2010) with over 400 bhp (300 kW) and 510 N⋅m (380 lbf⋅ft).^[19]

The Volvo S60 Polestar Concept is the heir to the C30 Polestar, featuring 508 BHP from a modified T6 engine, launched in June 2012.^[20] The car sprints from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 3.9 seconds with a top speed of over 300 km/h (190 mph).^[21] Motor Trend tested the car at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, where it broke the lap record for four-door cars, matching the lap time of an Audi R8.^[22]

Selection of petrol and hybrid powered Volvo-based Polestar models:

Introduced	Model	Type	Engine	Drivetrain
2009	Volvo C30 Polestar Concept^[23]	Concept	5-cylinder, 2500 cc, turbocharged, 451 PS	AWD, 6-speed manual
2012	Volvo S60 Polestar Concept^[24]	Concept	6-cylinder, 3000 cc, turbocharged, 508 PS	AWD, 6-speed manual
2013	Volvo S60/V60 Polestar	Production	6-cylinder, 3000 cc, turbocharged, 350 PS	AWD, 6-speed auto
2016	Volvo S60/V60 Polestar Drive-E	Production	4-cylinder, 1969 cc, turbocharged, 367 PS	AWD, 8-speed auto
2018	Volvo S60 T8 Polestar Engineered	Production	4-cylinder, 1969 cc, plug-in hybrid, 415 PS	AWD, 8-speed auto
2020	Volvo V60 T8 Polestar Engineered	Production	4-cylinder, 1969 cc, plug-in hybrid, 415 PS	AWD, 8-speed auto
2020	Volvo XC60 T8 Polestar Engineered	Production	4-cylinder, 1969 cc, plug-in hybrid, 415 PS	AWD, 8-speed auto

Standalone brand (2017–present)

In October 2017, Volvo Cars and Geely Holding announced that Polestar would become a standalone brand focusing on electric cars.^[25] The brand introduced the Polestar 1 on 17 October 2017, a 2+2 coupé inspired by Volvo's Concept Coupé introduced in 2013, which includes influences from the Volvo P1800. The Polestar 1 was built between 2019 and 2021, and was built in a new purpose-built Polestar Production Centre in Chengdu, China,^[26] from 2019 at a rate of up to 500 per year.^[27] During its final year of production, a limited-production gold-painted version of Polestar 1 was released. Only 25 units were produced.^[28]

In 2019, Polestar announced their second car, the Polestar 2 electric car.^[29] It was unveiled on 27 February 2019, in an online unveiling which was broadcast from the Polestar headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden. Directly after, it had its public debut at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show.^[30] It is produced at Volvo Cars's existing plant in Taizhou, China.^[31] It received a mid-life refresh for its 2024 year-model, switching to a rear-wheel drive layout for its single-motor option, and various performance and cosmetic changes for the base model and performance package, respectively. It will also replace the existing front grille with a body-color front-end treatment that houses new safety hardware, including a front-facing camera and a new mid-range radar, matching the Polestar 3, dubbed the "SmartZone".^[32]

In March 2022, Polestar launched a roadster concept named the Polestar O₂, and later in August 2022, Polestar announced a sixth new roadster model dubbed Polestar 6 based on the O₂ concept car, expected to enter production in 2026.^[33]^[34]

In 2023, Polestar announced construction of its new headquarters – a 80,000 m² (860,000 sq ft) building in central Gothenburg.^[35]^[36]

Products

Current and future vehicles

Name	Introduction (cal. year)	Platform	Powertrain	Vehicle description	Assembly location
Polestar 2	2020	CMA	Battery electric	Compact car with a 5-door liftback body style	China: Luqiao, Zhejiang (Luqiao CMA Super Factory)^[37]
Polestar 3	2024	SPA2	Battery electric	Mid-size SUV, related to the Volvo EX90	China: Chengdu (Polestar Plant)^[38] United States: Ridgeville, South Carolina (South Carolina Factory)^[39]
Polestar 4	2024	SEA	Battery electric	Compact coupe SUV	China: Ningbo South Korea: Busan (Renault Korea, 2025)^[40]
Polestar 5	2025 (planned)	SEA	Battery electric	Mid-size sedan
Polestar 6	2026 (planned)	SEA	Battery electric	Sports car

Discontinued vehicles

Image	Name(s)	Production (cal. year)	Platform	Powertrain	Vehicle description	Assembly location
	Polestar 1	2019–2022	SPA	Plug-in hybrid	Sports car / grand tourer, 1,500 units produced.	China: Chengdu (Polestar Plant)

Performance optimisation

Under the label Polestar Engineered, Polestar offers enhancements for Volvo cars which deliver upgraded performance. Examples are engine optimizations with retained warranty and unchanged fuel consumption and emissions. The engine optimization increases the power and torque output, varying depending on engine model. The response of the throttle can be modified and the character of the transmission is tweaked.

In 2022, a special version of Polestar 2 was released as a Polestar Engineered product: the limited-production Polestar 2 BST edition 270, of which only 270 will exist.^[41]

Racing

Polestar has been working with Volvo since 1996, starting with racing Volvo cars and being involved in the development of race cars for Cyan Racing. In 2014, Polestar was involved in the development of a V8 powered Volvo S60 that was raced by Garry Rogers Motorsport in the Australian V8 Supercars series.^[42] Robert Dahlgren was seconded to Australia in 2014 as part of this programme and pulled out in the end of 2016.^[43]

Logo dispute in France

In 2019, French brand Citroën considered that the Polestar company logo – also formed of chevrons – is too close to those of its Citroën and DS Automobiles brands. In the absence of an amicable agreement, Citroën took to the Tribunal de grande instance in July 2019. The latter, in a decision dated 4 June 2020, found in favor of the French manufacturer,^[44] decision confirmed on appeal on 14 June 2020. As a result, from December 2021, Polestar vehicles cannot be purchased in France.^[45] In September 2022, it was reported that Citroën and Polestar had settled their dispute.^[46]

Other ventures

In August 2022, the company announced it would supply batteries and charging hardware to Candela for electric boats that would "fly" on hydrofoils.^[47]^[48]

References

^ "POLESTAR AUTOMOTIVE HOLDING UK PLC overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ "Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC 2022 Annual Report (Form 20-F)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 14 April 2023. pp. 98, F-5, F-6. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ "Volvo Cars increases shareholding in Polestar to 49.5 per cent" (Press release). Media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Volvo to reduce its stake in Polestar from 48 to 18 per cent". electrive.com. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ "Polestar inaugurates new headquarters in Sweden" (Press release). Polestar. Retrieved 29 November 2019.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Holt, Nick (15 August 2024). "Polestar starts US production of the Polestar 3". Automotive Manufacturing Solutions. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
^ "Polestar Bets on US, Korea to Avoid 'Made in China' EV Tariffs". Bloomberg.com. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ Cole, Dani (17 November 2023). "Polestar 4 China production starts". Just Auto. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ "Volvo S60 Polestar Limited Edition". Polestar AB. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "Polestar Performance gives your Volvo more performance". Polestar AB. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ "Polestar announces new management team" (Press release). Polestar. Retrieved 29 November 2019.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "History". Cyan Racing. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ "Report of Foreign Private Issuer Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 Or 15d-16 Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Month of July, 2022 - Commission File Number: 001-41431 - Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC". Polestar. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
^ "Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ "Polestar lists successfully on Nasdaq" (Press release). investors.polestar.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (27 September 2021). "Electric car company Polestar is going public via SPAC". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ Lindeberg, Rafaela (23 February 2024). "Volvo is ditching most of its stake in struggling Tesla rival Polestar". Fortune. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ "Volvo Cars buys 100 per cent of Polestar". www.media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Yarrow, Richard (24 May 2010). "Volvo C30 Polestar review". www.evo.co.uk. Dennis Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ Meissner, Johan (7 June 2012). "Polestar presents Volvo S60 Polestar at the TTA Gothenburg City Race". ttagroup.se. Touring Car Team Association. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ "Polestar presents Volvo S60 Polestar performance concept". Polestar AB. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
^ Kiino, Ron (8 January 2013). "Volvo S60 Polestar Track Test – 'Vette, Viper, Volvo?". www.motortrend.com. Pictures by William Walker. MotorTrend. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "Polestar to become the new electrified performance brand for Volvo Cars". www.polestar.com. Polestar AB. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "Polestar to become the new electrified performance brand for Volvo Cars". www.polestar.com. Polestar AB. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "Volvo Cars and Geely Holdings invest 5 billion RMB to develop Polestar". www.media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
^ Lambert, Fred (17 October 2017). "Volvo's Polestar unveils performance electric car, announces new 'Tesla Model 3 competitor'". Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ Valle, Marius (17 October 2017). "Avduket i dag: Slik blir de elektriske sportsbilene fra Volvo" [Unveiled today: This is what will be the electric sports cars from Volvo] (in Swedish). Teknisk Ukeblad. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
^ "The golden goodbye to Polestar 1". The golden goodbye to Polestar 1. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ "Polestar 2 electric powertrains | Polestar UK". Polestar 2 electric powertrains | Polestar UK. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ Baldwin, Roberto (27 February 2019). "The stylish Polestar 2 takes on the Model 3 with a 275-mile range". Engadget. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "Polestar unveils its first car – the Polestar 1 – and reveals its vision to be the new electric performance brand". www.media.volvocars.com. Volvo Car Corporation. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "2024 Polestar 2 brings more power, performance and range". media.polestar.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "The emotions of performance: Polestar 6 to enter production". The emotions of performance: Polestar 6 to enter production. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
^ Doll, Scooter (16 August 2022). "Polestar (PSNY) announces its O₂ roadster concept will enter production as the Polestar 6". Electrek. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
^ Valdemar Lönnroth, Paul Wennerholm (2 June 2023). "Polestar bygger nytt, stort huvudkontor i Frihamnen". gp.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ Engström, Fredrik (9 June 2023). "80.000 kvm Polestar-projekt till salu". Fastighetsvärlden (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "Polestar 2 production begins in Luqiao, China" (Press release). Polestar. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ Chilton, Chris (12 October 2022). "2024 Polestar 3 Is An Electric Luxury SUV Priced From $84k With Up To 510 HP And A 379-Mile Range". Carscoops. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^ Golson, Daniel (12 October 2022). "2023 Polestar 3 Electric SUV Debuts with Groundbreaking Tech, Fabulous Style". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^ "Polestar expands manufacturing footprint to South Korea with production of Polestar 4 set to start in Busan in 2025". Polestar.
^ "Polestar 2 BST edition 270 | Polestar UK". Polestar UK. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
^ Bartholomaeus, Stefan (17 June 2013). "Volvo launches V8 Supercar campaign in Brisbane". www.speedcafe.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ Bartholomaeus, Stefan (16 January 2014). "Robert Dahlgren confirmed for Volvo V8 seat". www.speedcafe.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ "Tribunal de grande instance de Paris, 4 juin 2020, 19/08639". legifrance.gouv.fr. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022..
^ "CA Paris, pôle 5 – ch. 1, 14 déc. 2021, n° 20/12598". Doctrine.fr. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ "Entre Citroën et Polestar, les chevrons de la réconciliation". lemonde.fr. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ Frangoul, Anmar. "EV maker Polestar to provide batteries for 'flying' electric boats". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
^ Toll, Micah (23 May 2023). "Candela and Polestar unveil new flying electric boat based on Scandinavian design". Electrek. Retrieved 6 January 2024.

External links

Business data for Polestar AB:

[1] "POLESTAR AUTOMOTIVE HOLDING UK PLC overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

[20F-2] "Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC 2022 Annual Report (Form 20-F)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 14 April 2023. pp. 98, F-5, F-6. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.

[3] "Volvo Cars increases shareholding in Polestar to 49.5 per cent" (Press release). Media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2022.

[divest-4] "Volvo to reduce its stake in Polestar from 48 to 18 per cent". electrive.com. Retrieved 20 May 2024.

[5] "Polestar inaugurates new headquarters in Sweden" (Press release). Polestar. Retrieved 29 November 2019.^{[permanent dead link]}

[6] Holt, Nick (15 August 2024). "Polestar starts US production of the Polestar 3". Automotive Manufacturing Solutions. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

[7] "Polestar Bets on US, Korea to Avoid 'Made in China' EV Tariffs". Bloomberg.com. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

[8] Cole, Dani (17 November 2023). "Polestar 4 China production starts". Just Auto. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

[polestar.com-9] "Volvo S60 Polestar Limited Edition". Polestar AB. 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[10] "Polestar Performance gives your Volvo more performance". Polestar AB. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.

[11] "Polestar announces new management team" (Press release). Polestar. Retrieved 29 November 2019.^{[permanent dead link]}

[12] "History". Cyan Racing. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.

[:0-13] "Report of Foreign Private Issuer Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 Or 15d-16 Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Month of July, 2022 - Commission File Number: 001-41431 - Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC". Polestar. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 22 January 2024.

[14] "Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

[15] "Polestar lists successfully on Nasdaq" (Press release). investors.polestar.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.

[16] Hawkins, Andrew J. (27 September 2021). "Electric car company Polestar is going public via SPAC". The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.

[17] Lindeberg, Rafaela (23 February 2024). "Volvo is ditching most of its stake in struggling Tesla rival Polestar". Fortune. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

[18] "Volvo Cars buys 100 per cent of Polestar". www.media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2019.

[19] Yarrow, Richard (24 May 2010). "Volvo C30 Polestar review". www.evo.co.uk. Dennis Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[20] Meissner, Johan (7 June 2012). "Polestar presents Volvo S60 Polestar at the TTA Gothenburg City Race". ttagroup.se. Touring Car Team Association. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.

[21] "Polestar presents Volvo S60 Polestar performance concept". Polestar AB. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.

[22] Kiino, Ron (8 January 2013). "Volvo S60 Polestar Track Test – 'Vette, Viper, Volvo?". www.motortrend.com. Pictures by William Walker. MotorTrend. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[23] "Polestar to become the new electrified performance brand for Volvo Cars". www.polestar.com. Polestar AB. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.

[24] "Polestar to become the new electrified performance brand for Volvo Cars". www.polestar.com. Polestar AB. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.

[25] "Volvo Cars and Geely Holdings invest 5 billion RMB to develop Polestar". www.media.volvocars.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2019.

[26] Lambert, Fred (17 October 2017). "Volvo's Polestar unveils performance electric car, announces new 'Tesla Model 3 competitor'". Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[27] Valle, Marius (17 October 2017). "Avduket i dag: Slik blir de elektriske sportsbilene fra Volvo" [Unveiled today: This is what will be the electric sports cars from Volvo] (in Swedish). Teknisk Ukeblad. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.

[28] "The golden goodbye to Polestar 1". The golden goodbye to Polestar 1. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[29] "Polestar 2 electric powertrains | Polestar UK". Polestar 2 electric powertrains | Polestar UK. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[30] Baldwin, Roberto (27 February 2019). "The stylish Polestar 2 takes on the Model 3 with a 275-mile range". Engadget. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[31] "Polestar unveils its first car – the Polestar 1 – and reveals its vision to be the new electric performance brand". www.media.volvocars.com. Volvo Car Corporation. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[32] "2024 Polestar 2 brings more power, performance and range". media.polestar.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

[33] "The emotions of performance: Polestar 6 to enter production". The emotions of performance: Polestar 6 to enter production. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.

[34] Doll, Scooter (16 August 2022). "Polestar (PSNY) announces its O₂ roadster concept will enter production as the Polestar 6". Electrek. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2022.

[35] Valdemar Lönnroth, Paul Wennerholm (2 June 2023). "Polestar bygger nytt, stort huvudkontor i Frihamnen". gp.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[36] Engström, Fredrik (9 June 2023). "80.000 kvm Polestar-projekt till salu". Fastighetsvärlden (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[37] "Polestar 2 production begins in Luqiao, China" (Press release). Polestar. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[carscoops-38] Chilton, Chris (12 October 2022). "2024 Polestar 3 Is An Electric Luxury SUV Priced From $84k With Up To 510 HP And A 379-Mile Range". Carscoops. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[39] Golson, Daniel (12 October 2022). "2023 Polestar 3 Electric SUV Debuts with Groundbreaking Tech, Fabulous Style". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[40] "Polestar expands manufacturing footprint to South Korea with production of Polestar 4 set to start in Busan in 2025". Polestar.

[41] "Polestar 2 BST edition 270 | Polestar UK". Polestar UK. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[42] Bartholomaeus, Stefan (17 June 2013). "Volvo launches V8 Supercar campaign in Brisbane". www.speedcafe.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[43] Bartholomaeus, Stefan (16 January 2014). "Robert Dahlgren confirmed for Volvo V8 seat". www.speedcafe.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.

[44] "Tribunal de grande instance de Paris, 4 juin 2020, 19/08639". legifrance.gouv.fr. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022..

[45] "CA Paris, pôle 5 – ch. 1, 14 déc. 2021, n° 20/12598". Doctrine.fr. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.

[46] "Entre Citroën et Polestar, les chevrons de la réconciliation". lemonde.fr. 31 August 2022. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.

[47] Frangoul, Anmar. "EV maker Polestar to provide batteries for 'flying' electric boats". CNBC. Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.

[48] Toll, Micah (23 May 2023). "Candela and Polestar unveil new flying electric boat based on Scandinavian design". Electrek. Retrieved 6 January 2024.

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Polestar

History

Racing team and tuning brand (1996–2017)

Standalone brand (2017–present)

Products

Current and future vehicles

Discontinued vehicles

Performance optimisation

Racing

Logo dispute in France

Other ventures

See also

References

External links

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