Tentacle

In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, and elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates. In animal anatomy, tentacles usually occur in one or more pairs. Anatomically, the tentacles of animals work mainly like muscular hydrostats. Most forms of tentacles are used for grasping and feeding. Many are sensory organs, variously receptive to touch, vision, or to the smell or taste of particular foods or threats. Examples of such tentacles are the eyestalks of various kinds of snails. Some kinds of tentacles have both sensory and manipulatory functions.

A tentacle is similar to a cirrus, but a cirrus is an organ that usually lacks the tentacle's strength, size, flexibility, or sensitivity. A nautilus has cirri, but a squid has tentacles.

Invertebrates

Molluscs

Front view of land snail showing upper and lower sets of tentacles

Many molluscs have tentacles of one form or another. The most familiar are those of the pulmonate land snails, which usually have two sets of tentacles on the head: when extended the upper pair have eyes at their tips; the lower pair are chemoreceptors. Both pairs are fully retractable muscular hydrostats, but they are not used for manipulation or prey capture. Molluscs have one pair of tentacles close to their mouths that hold close to their captured prey before they can consume it.^[1]

Some marine snails such as abalone and top snails, Trochidae, have numerous small tentacles around the edge of the mantle. These are known as pallial tentacles.^[2]

Among cephalopods, squid have spectacular tentacles. They take the form of highly mobile muscular hydrostats with various appendages such as suction disks and sometimes thorny hooks. Up to the early twentieth century "tentacles" were interchangeably called "arms".^[3] These tentacles are made of stalks of axial nerve cords that are covered by circular transverse muscle tissue that contract in response to stimuli. There is a layer of helical muscle that helps each tentacle to twist or turn in any direction where the prey is sensed.^[1]

The modern convention, however, is to speak of appendages as "tentacles" when they have relatively thin "peduncles" or "stalks" with "clubs" at their tips. In contrast the convention refers to the relatively shorter appendages as "arms". By this definition the eight appendages of octopuses, though quite long, count as arms.^[2] While arms are distinct from tentacles (a definition specific to the limb featuring peduncles), arms do fall within the general definition of "tentacle" as "a flexible, mobile, and elongated organ" and "tentacle" could be used as an umbrella term.

The tentacles of the giant squid and colossal squid have powerful suckers and pointed teeth at the ends. The teeth of the giant squid resemble bottle caps and function like tiny hole saws, while the tentacles of the colossal squid wield two long rows of swiveling, tri-pointed hooks.

Cnidarians and ctenophores

Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, sea anemones, Hydra and coral have numerous hair-like tentacles. Cnidarians have huge numbers of cnidocytes on their tentacles. In medusoid form, the body floats on water so that the tentacles hang down in a ring around the mouth. In polyp form, such as sea anemone and coral, the body is below with the tentacles pointed upwards.

Many species of the jellyfish-like ctenophores have two tentacles, while some have none. Their tentacles have adhesive structures called colloblasts or lasso cells. The colloblasts burst open when prey comes in contact with the tentacle, releasing sticky threads that secure the food.^[4]

The tentacles of the lion's mane jellyfish may be up to 37 m (121 ft) long. They are hollow and are arranged in 8 groups of between 70 and 150. The longer tentacles are equipped with cnidocytes whose venom paralyses and kills prey. The smaller tentacles guide food into the mouth.^[5]^[6]

Bryozoa

Bryozoa (moss animals) are tiny creatures with tentacles around their mouths. The tentacles are almost cylindrical and have bands of cilia which create a water current towards the mouth. The animal extracts edible material from the flow of water.^[7]

Trypanorhynch cestodes

A larva of trypanorhynch cestode (only two tentacles shown). Scale-bar: 0.1 mm

Detail of one tentacle with its spines. Scale-bar: 0.01 mm.

Trypanorhynch cestodes are parasitic in fish. Their scolex shows four tentacles which are covered by spines. These tentacles help the adult cestode to attach to the intestine of the shark or ray that they parasitize. The same tentacles are also present in the larvae.^[8]

Vertebrates

Amphibians

The legless amphibians called caecilians have two short tentacles, one on each side of the head, between their eyes and nostrils. The current opinion is that these tentacles supplement the normal sense of smell, possibly for navigation and to locate prey underground.^[2]

Mammals

The star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, of North America, has 22 short but conspicuous tentacles around its nose. They are mobile and extremely sensitive, helping the animal to find its way about the burrow and detect prey. They are about 1–4 mm long and hold about 25,000 touch receptors called Eimer's organs, perhaps giving this mole the most delicate sense of touch among mammals.^[2]

Tentillum

Deep-sea ctenophore trailing tentacles studded with tentilla

The word tentillum (pl.: tentilla) literally means "little tentacle". However, irrespective of size, it usually refers to a side branch of a larger tentacle. In some cases, such tentilla are specialised for particular functions; for example, in the Cnidaria tentilla usually bear cnidocytes,^[9] whereas in the Ctenophora they usually have collocytes.^[10]^[11] Siphonophores are an example of Cnidaria that use tentilla.

References

^ ^a ^b Kier, William M. (February 2016). "The Musculature of Coleoid Cephalopod Arms and Tentacles". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 4: 10. doi:10.3389/fcell.2016.00010. PMC 4757648. PMID 26925401.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Boumis R (2013). "Animals With Tentacles". Pawnation. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Cooke, A. H.; Shipley, Arthur Everett (1895). The Cambridge Natural History. Vol. 34: Molluscs, Trilobites, Brachiopods etc. London, England, U.K.: Macmillan Company.^{[page needed]}
^ Bird J (5 June 2007). "CNIDARIANS: SIMPLE ANIMALS WITH A STING!". oceanicresearch.org. Oceanic Research Group. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Kosner AW (10 July 2012). "Lion's Mane Jellyfish Image: This Is (Literally) How Things Blow Up On The Internet!". Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Wild Facts (29 November 2011). "Wild Fact #419 – One Large Jelly – Lion's Mane Jellyfish". wild-facts.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Claus N (May 2013). Bryozoa (Ectoprocta: 'Moss' Animals). eLS. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001613.pub2. ISBN 978-0470016176. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Beveridge, Ian; Bray, Rodney A.; Cribb, Thomas H.; Justine, Jean-Lou (2014). "Diversity of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia". Parasite. 21: 60. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014060. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 4234045. PMID 25402635. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018.
^ Marine Species Identification Portal : Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean : Glossary : tentilla Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Species-identification.org. Retrieved on 2013-05-02.
^ Harmer, Sir Sidney Frederic; Shipley, Arthur Everett et al. (1906) The Cambridge Natural History Volume 1, Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Echinodermata. Macmillan Company.
^ Mackie G.O.; Mills C.E.; Singla C.L. (1988). "Structure and function of the prehensile tentilla of Euplokamis (Ctenophora, Cydippida)" (PDF). Zoomorphology. 107 (6): 319. doi:10.1007/BF00312216. S2CID 317017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016.