Typology of Greek vase shapes

The pottery of ancient Greece has a long history and the form of Greek vase shapes has had a continuous evolution from Minoan pottery down to the Hellenistic period. As Gisela Richter puts it, the forms of these vases (by convention the term "vase" has a very broad meaning in the field, covering anything that is a vessel of some sort) find their "happiest expression" in the 5th and 6th centuries BC, yet it has been possible to date vases thanks to the variation in a form’s shape over time, a fact particularly useful when dating unpainted or plain black-gloss ware.

The task of naming Greek vase shapes is by no means a straightforward one. The endeavour by archaeologists to match vase forms with those names that have come down to us from Greek literature began with Theodor Panofka’s 1829 book Recherches sur les veritables noms des vases grecs, whose confident assertion that he had rediscovered the ancient nomenclature was quickly disputed by Gerhard and Letronne.

A few surviving vases were labelled with their names in antiquity; these included a hydria depicted on the François Vase and a kylix that declares, “I am the decorated kylix of lovely Phito” (BM, B450). Vases in use are sometimes depicted in paintings on vases, which can help scholars interpret written descriptions. Much of our written information about Greek pots come from such late writers as Athenaios and Pollux and other lexicographers who described vases unknown to them, and their accounts are often contradictory or confused. With those caveats, the names of Greek vases are fairly well settled, even if such names are a matter of convention rather than historical fact.

The following vases are mostly Attic, from the 5th and 6th centuries, and follow the Beazley naming convention. Many shapes derive from metal vessels, especially in silver, which survive in far smaller numbers. Some pottery vases were probably intended as cheaper substitutes for these, either for use or to be placed as grave goods. Some terms, especially among the types of kylix or drinking cup, combine a shape and a type or location of decoration, as in the band cup, eye cup and others. Some terms are defined by function as much as shape, such as the aryballos, which later potters turned into all sorts of fancy novelty shapes.

Overview

Greek pottery may be divided into four broad categories, given here with common types:^[1]

storage and transport vessels, including the amphora, pithos, pelike, hydria, stamnos, pyxis,
mixing vessels, mainly for symposia or male drinking parties, including the krater, dinos, and kyathos,
jugs and cups, several types of kylix also just called cups, kantharos, phiale, skyphos, rhyton, mastos, and jug-types oinochoe and loutrophoros,
vases for oils, perfumes and cosmetics, including the large lekythos, and the small aryballos, alabastron, and askos.

In addition, various standard types might be used as external grave-markers (in extra-large versions, sometimes in stone), funerary urns containing ashes, or as grave goods. Several types of vase, especially the taller ones, could be made in "plastic" forms (also called "figure vases" or "relief vases") where the body was shaped sculpturally (somewhat in the manner of the modern Toby jug), typically to form a human head.

Vase shapes

Storage
Amphora type A, c. 520 BC.
Amphora type B.
Amphora type C.
Neck amphora, c. 520 BC.
Belly amphora, with hardly a distinct neck
Ovoid neck amphora
Nikosthenic amphora, c. 530 BC.
Nolan amphora
Panathenaic amphora, always large
Pseudo-panathenaic amphora, c. 500 BC.
Pointed amphora
Transport amphorae
Hydria-black figure type
Hydria-red figure type or Kalpis
Lebes Gamikos, for weddings, c. 340 BC
Pelike
Pithos
Stamnos, c. 480–470 BC.

Mixing
Dinos
Bell krater, c 330 BC.
Calyx-krater, c. 510 BC.
Column krater
Volute krater
Kyathos
Psykter

Cups
Kantharos type A
Kantharos type B
Kylix type A
Kylix type B
Band cup, with the main painting in a band low on the body. All these "cups" are covered by kylix
Droop cup
Eye-cup, painted with eyes
Kassel cup
Komast cup, Athenian black-figure, with short stem, angled "offset" lip.^[2]
Lakonian cup
Lip cup, with the main painting just below the lip; the stem and footr are lost in this example
Siana cup, Similar to Komast, with slightly longer stem, and painted on the inside.^[3]
Merrythought cup, with distinctive "wishbone" handles
Mastos, breast-shaped cup with pointed nipple base; handles optional
Mastoid cup, like a mastos but with flat base and often handles
Phiale
Rhyton, c. 430 BCE.
Skyphos, c. 740 BC
Glaux skyphos
Hermogenes skyphos