Controversial casting practice in the film industry
Whitewashing is a casting practice in the film industry in which white actors are cast in non-white roles.[1] As defined by Merriam-Webster, to whitewash is "to alter...in a way that favors, features, or caters to white people: such as...casting a white performer in a role based on a nonwhite person or fictional character."[2] According to the BBC, films in which white actors have played other races include all genres. African-American roles and roles of Asian descent have been whitewashed, as well as characters from the ancient world in the genre of classical and mythological films.[1][3]
History
In the early 20th century, white actors caricatured different ethnicities by blackface or yellowface, commonly exaggerating the perceived stereotypes of other ethnicities. For example, Swedish-born actor Warner Oland played the Chinese detective Charlie Chan in Charlie Chan Carries On (1931) and subsequent films. Because of the lack of characters of color in the film industry, these roles were well received at the time by viewers.[4] Other non-Asian actors to portray Chinese detective Charlie Chan include Manuel Arbó, Sidney Toler, Roland Winters, Ross Martin, and Peter Ustinov.
There was a greater color diversity in film by the mid-20th-century and blackface mostly disappeared from the industry. The film Othello (1965) was an exception, as the white actor Laurence Olivier was cast as "the Moor". He wore blackface as the title character.[citation needed]
The practice of "yellowface" extended into the 1960s. For instance, Mickey Rooney played a Japanese[5] landlord in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).[4] Professor David A. Schlossman said of Asian characters in particular, "Many of the Asian roles portrayed by White actors also contributed to the pantheon of cultural stereotypes in US national discourse."[6] At the start of the 21st century, minorities were still under-represented in the film industry at different stages. While historically black roles are now generally cast with black actors, the practice of whitewashing applied to other minorities.[4]
Guy Aoki said African Americans "have long felt the full brunt of the 'whitewashing' of roles" and that Asians have experienced it as well.[1]Native Americans have also had their historic leaders and warriors portrayed by whites.[7]
Role of executives
The BBC said in 2015, "The practice of casting white actors in non-white roles is still prevalent in Hollywood – despite widespread condemnation and protest." A report in 2013 showed that 94% of film executives were white and that non-white people were under-represented as filmmakers and actors. The BBC explored two reasons for the casting practice: institutional racism and a belief that well-known white actors attract more audiences and maximize profits. Tom Rothman, the chairman of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group said, "I guess there's a certain institutional force and memory that exists out there.... I think the industry's improving but I certainly agree with those who say we haven't come far enough fast enough."[1]
Jeffery Mio, author of Multicultural Psychology: Understanding Our Diverse Communities, hypothesizes that the film industry, mostly white, hires people of similar backgrounds. Mio said of the rationale that only the most qualified actors are cast, "That's the argument that directors and casting directors make, but a lot of times ethnic actors will tell us that when they say we're just choosing the best actor, they mean we're choosing our friends, or people we're used to."[1] Craig Detweiler, professor of film history at Pepperdine University, said, "There are a shortage [sic] of African American, Asian and Latino stars. For all Hollywood's progressive politics, its casting decisions look remarkably retrograde."[8] In 2010, TheWrap ascribed the lack of racial diversity to institutional racism and a lack of bankable actors of color and that whitewashing in films like Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and The Last Airbender aggravated the issue.[8]
Business aspect
On casting white actors to maximize profits, David White, National Executive Director of the actors' union SAG-AFTRA said popular black actors such as Will Smith, Denzel Washington, and David Oyelowo refuted the casting rationale.[1] Assistant professor of telecommunications Andrew J. Weaver said, "There is an assumption in Hollywood that whites would avoid movies with majority black casts, or any race cast for that matter. You see this whitewashing of films – even films that have minority characters written into them are being cast with whites."[9] Film professor Mitchell W. Block said studios adhered to casting norms as a matter of practicing business to appeal to investors and producers.[10]
Director Ridley Scott said without the casting of big-name actors, his 2014 biblical epic film Exodus: Gods and Kings would never have been made, saying, "I can't mount a film of this budget... and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such.... I'm just not going to get financed."[10][11][12]USA Today noted with films like Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), A Mighty Heart (2007), and Pan (2015), "White actors continue to be top of mind for plum roles, despite the under-representation of people of color at the acting, directing and producing levels."[10]
Anti-whitewashing campaigns
Media watchdog groups have sought more authentic representations on screen, taking issue with casting decisions such as actor Johnny Depp as a Native American in The Lone Ranger (2013).[1] With films from the United States receiving promotion in more global markets, the groups argue for roles that represent the diversity of audiences, who are seeking more authenticity. SAG-AFTRA's David White demurred on groups' opposition to casting white actors in non-white roles, "The laws insist that one's race not be part of the qualifications for a job," but he recognized that there was a lack of diversity in roles available.[1] Law professor John Tehranian said, "Of course, there is nothing inherently wrong with race-blind casting, as long as it works both ways. But in reality, it never has; one rarely sees, for example, an African American, Latino, or Asian actor cast as a white character."[13][14]
In 2016, a social media movement #StarringJohnCho created by Willam Yu trending on Twitter with photoshopped images of John Cho on popular movie posters. This sparked a discussion about the whitewashing of Asian characters in the media and the demand of Asian Americans in lead roles.[15]
Examples of associated cases
Below is a list of some of the films that have had their casting criticized as whitewashing:[16]
The film about card counting features actors Jim Sturgess, Kate Bosworth, Jacob Pitts and Kevin Spacey in the lead roles. The film is based on the true story where a group of Asian American students and their teacher applied card counting to win significantly in gambling.[4][17][18][19][20]Jeff Ma, who was among the students, said that the controversy was "overblown" and that the important aspect is that a talented actor would portray him.[21] Ma, who is Chinese American, told USA Today, "I would have been a lot more insulted if they had chosen someone who was Japanese or Korean, just to have an Asian playing me."[22]
In the vampire horror film, actor Josh Hartnett plays Sheriff Eben Oleson in an Alaskan town. The originating comic book mini-series featured the character as Sheriff Eben Olemaun, who is of Inuit descent.[17][18][19]
In the science fiction film based on the novel by Rick Yancey, actress Maika Monroe played the Japanese-Apache character Marika "Ringer" Kimura.[23] Yancey himself said "I told producers 3 times Ringer was Asian; didn't matter."[24]
The white actor Matt Van Smith plays Bobby Santiago, who is of Mexican descent. The role was recast with Damian Alonso in The Really Loud House.[citation needed]
The romantic comedy features an all-white principal cast and is set in the state of Hawaii, which is over 70% non-white. One of the actors, Emma Stone, portrayed the character Allison Ng; the character is stated as having a mother of Swedish descent and a father of half Native Hawaiian and half Chinese descent.[26][27][28]
In the science fiction film, actresses Natalie Portman and Jennifer Jason Leigh play characters who in the novel are, respectively, of East Asian and half Native American descent. The characters' physical descriptions were only mentioned in passing in the second novel, following Annihilation.[30]
In the political thriller film based on a true story, actor Ben Affleck plays Tony Mendez, a CIA technical operations officer who is of Mexican descent.[17][18][28] Tony Mendez said he did not think of himself as Hispanic.[31]
The drama film set in the Southern United States during the American Civil War was based on a 1966 novel that featured the mixed-race teenager Edwina and the black enslaved maid Mattie. Edwina was recast as a white teacher (played by Kirsten Dunst) and Mattie was cut out of the film. Director Sofia Coppola explained the removal, "I didn't want to brush over such an important topic in a light way. Young girls watch my films and this was not the depiction of an African-American character I would want to show them."[43]
In the action film based on the Japanese novel by Kōtarō Isaka, actors such as Brad Pitt and Joey King played the main characters while the setting was in Japan.[52][53] The few Japanese characters in the movie had smaller roles, and many of extras were of non-Japanese descent, although Isaka would argue he did not write the characters with ethnicity in mind.[54]
In the Batman film, British actor Tom Hardy portrays Bane, who in the comics has origins in a fictional Latin American country located in the Caribbean.[56][57] French actress Marion Cotillard portrays Talia al Ghul, who in the comics is of Middle Eastern or East Asian descent.[58][59]
The English-language adaptation of the Japanese manga relocates the story to Seattle and renamed the protagonist Light Turner. USA Today reported that the film received backlash for whitewashing in casting white actors when Asian American actors could have been cast.[60]
In the television miniseries adaptation of the "Earthsea" novels, most characters, including the main character Ged, are portrayed as white. In the original novels by Ursula K. Le Guin, Ged's skin is dark red-brown and the majority of people of the world are non-white; Le Guin has criticized this casting.[70][71]
In the Biblical epic film, actors Christian Bale, Joel Edgerton, Sigourney Weaver and Aaron Paul play Biblical figures who are of ancient Egyptian or Hebrew origin.[26][73] Director Ridley Scott said about his casting, "I can't mount a film of this budget, where I have to rely on tax rebates in Spain, and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such. I'm just not going to get it financed. So the question doesn't even come up."[11]
The U.S. live action adaptation of the Japanese franchise featured several white actors, including Scarlett Johansson, Pilou Asbæk, and Michael Pitt, in the roles of Japanese animated characters. Scarlett Johansson who plays the main character is half Jewish on her mother's side.[78][79] Pavan Shamdasani of Asia Times said, "The original is about as Asian as things get: Japanese cult manga, ground-breaking anime, Hong Kong-inspired locations, Eastern philosophy-based story. Most of that's been downright ignored with its big-screen adaptation, and Scarlett Johansson's casting as the dark-haired, obviously originally Asian lead sent netizens into a rage."[80] Mamoru Oshii, director of the animated series, stated that the inspiration for the world of the film is not specifically Asian, nor is the ethnicity of the "shell" of the main character, specifically Japanese.[81][82]
In the biographical drama about the last years of film director James Whale, white actress Lynn Redgrave plays Whale's housemaid Hanna. In the original book Father of Frankenstein by Christopher Bram, the character of Hanna is Maria, a maid of Mexican descent. Bill Condon, scriptwriter of the film, excused it saying that the European servants of that time were considered of "more value" and thus accentuated the economic power of Whale's character.[85]
In the film set in the Northern Song dynasty of ancient China, Matt Damon stars in the lead role of William Garin.[87][88][89] Director Zhang Yimou defended the casting choice, stating that Damon is not playing a role that was originally conceived for a Chinese actor.[90] Two examples of critics providing differing opinions on the film: Pavan Shamdasani of Asia Times said, "His 'white man saves China' shtick brought together the wide spectrum of film critics, respected historians and the internet's most thin-skinned trolls, in an outpouring of sheer outrage against blatant Hollywood whitewashing."[80] Ann Hornaday, chief film critic for The Washington Post, writes that "early concerns about Damon playing a 'white savior' in the film turn out to be unfounded: his character, a mercenary soldier, is heroic, but also clearly a foil for the superior principles and courage of his Chinese allies."[91]
In this film set in the 19th century on the north west frontier between India and Afghanistan, Sam Jaffe, an actor of Ukrainian Jewish origin plays the role of the titular character who is an Indian water carrier.
In the drama film, actor Patricia Neal plays Alma, a housekeeper at a ranch, where in the original novel, Horseman, Pass By, the character was a black housekeeper named Halmea. A co-writer said of casting a white actor for the character, "We would have loved to keep her black for the movie. She has moral strength, she's benevolent, she's tough-minded, and she's secure in herself. So we would have loved to say to the world, 'Look, here's a hell of a woman, and she's black,' but in those days you simply couldn't do it, and not because the talent wasn't there — there were at least a half-dozen powerhouse black actresses who could have played that role. But the times weren't ready for it yet, and it was, of course, further complicated by the attempted rape."[93]
In the science fiction adventure film, actor Jennifer Lawrence stars as Katniss Everdeen,[17][18][73][94] who author Suzanne Collins described to have the typical look of her district: olive skin, straight black hair, and grey eyes. Nicola Balkind in Fan Phenomena: The Hunger Games said that readers perceived Katniss and her people to be non-white; the film's casting call for Katniss specified a Caucasian appearance.[95] Collins said Katniss as well as Gale "were not particularly intended to be biracial" as readers thought, "It is a time period where hundreds of years have passed from now. There's been a lot of ethnic mixing."[96]
Deidre Anne Evans Garriott, Whitney Elaine Jones and Julie Elizabeth Tyler said about the casting call, "Calling for a Caucasian actress clearly excludes other capable actresses and privileges whiteness in Hollywood.... This casting choice over an actress who may look more like the Katniss Collins describes—and who may or may not self-identify as Caucasian—may challenge traditional ideas of beauty, and how Western society associates beauty with heroism."[97]
English actor Alfred Paget plays Prince Belshazzar of Babylon while German-American George Siegmann plays Persian king Cyrus the Great. Other white actors portray Judeans.
In the musical film, Yul Brynner plays the Thai king Mongkut.[6][68] Despite Brynner claiming to have distant Mongolian ancestry, Brynner is widely considered a white actor.[98][99]
In the fantasy adventure film based on the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender, white actors play characters that are depicted as East Asian and Inuit in the TV series. In contrast, the imperial antagonists, among the fairest of the nations in the original animation, were largely played by darker, Southern East Asian actors.[4][17][18][19][51][68]Nicola Peltz who plays the main female character Katara, is half Jewish on her father's side.[101][102] In August 2020, Joey King, who had auditioned to play Katara in the film and is also half-Jewish, stated that "I do not believe a white woman should play a character of color. Not me or any white woman for that matter."[103][104]
In the Western film, actor Johnny Depp plays the Comanche sidekick Tonto.[4][18] Depp has claimed on several occasions that he has some Cherokee or Comanche ancestry.[107]
In this fantasy drama film, English actor John Gielgud plays the role of Chang, a Tibetanlama. The same role was played by other British actors in versions of the story filmed in 1937 (H. B. Warner) and 1960 (Claude Rains).[109]
In the science fiction film based on the 2011 novel, actress Mackenzie Davis plays Mission Control satellite planner Mindy Park.[115] Author Andy Weir said he "perceived" Mindy Park as Korean but said he did not explicitly write her as Korean.[116] Another character from the book, Venkat Kapoor, who is of Hindu descent, also became Vincent Kapoor in the film, and is played by Chiwetel Ejiofor, a British actor of Nigerian descent.[117]
In the adventure film, Anglo-Indian actor Boris Karloff and white actress Myrna Loy play Asians Fu Manchu and Fah Lo See. The Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. issued a formal complaint against the film.[118]
In the drama film based on the memoir, white actor Angelina Jolie plays Mariane Pearl, a French-born woman of Afro-Cuban descent.[17][19][20][28][73][94][120]
The Biblical epic film features an all-white cast.[126] White actor Russell Crowe plays the Biblical figure Noah.[73] However, "fittingly for a Biblical story", two of the characters are played by Ashkenazi actors (Jennifer Connelly and Logan Lerman).[127] Screenwriter Ari Handel said, "From the beginning, we were concerned about casting, the issue of race. What we realized is that this story is functioning at the level of myth, and as a mythical story, the race of the individuals doesn't matter. They're supposed to be stand-ins for all people.... You either try to put everything in there, which just calls attention to it, or you just say, 'Let's make that not a factor, because we're trying to deal with everyman.'"[128] Handel said the race of Noah's family was cast based on the foremost casting of Russell Crowe and that he avoided casting other races for people outside the family as not to show "racial differences between who lived and who died" and as a result make "a terrible, terrible statement".[129]
In the drama film based on a novel, actor Kevin Spacey plays teacher Eugene Simonet. In the original book, the teacher is Reuben St. Clair, who is of African American descent.[4][18][94]
In the action-adventure film and two of its sequels, Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies plays Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, an Arab character who helps archeologist Indiana Jones on his quests.[139]
In the romantic drama film, actor Ava Gardner plays Julie, a character of mixed ethnicity. An actor of mixed ethnicity, Lena Horne, was originally cast to play Julie before the studio required a casting change.[6][108][120]
In the drama film, biracial actor Max Minghella plays the ConnectU co-founder Divya Narendra, who is of Indian descent.[4][142] Director David Fincher said, "we had read an enormous, probably a hundred, Indian actors who came in to read for Divya and I saw footage of the actual Divya Narendra who I've met now and he's kind of like Warren Beatty. There's nothing, aside from being incredibly tan, there's almost nothing that seems particularly ethnic about him... and we couldn't find somebody with that sort of smoothness. I looked and I looked and I looked. We went to London, Paris, Montreal, we cast from everywhere and finally in the end I just felt that Max had the most, kind of, I just wanted to make sure that Divya was an equal. He was the most important third wheel in this triumvirate."[143] Actor Aziz Ansari commented, "These days, Indian people, real Indian people, pop up way more in film and television, but fake Indians are still around more than you think. I loved 'The Social Network,' but I have a hard time understanding why the Indian-American Harvard student Divya Narendra was played by Max Minghella, a half-Chinese, half-Italian British actor."[141]
In the superhero film, actor D.B. Sweeney plays Terry Fitzgerald, who is African-American in the comics. Spawn creator and executive producer on the film Todd McFarlane said, "[the decision] was somewhat based on the cold reality that if people perceive this as a black movie there would be no way we would receive the 45 million we were after. Terry's skin color has not been a major issue but what Terry stands for is more important...Every decision that I was directly involved in was based upon what would appeal to the greatest number of people while at the same time not offending the core audience."[144]
In the film, Caucasian actors play the characters that are originally Asian in the Japanese manga and anime adaptation. Similarly, the names of the characters, all originally Japanese, are changed in favor of its Western regionalization. However, the character of Taejo Togokahn, played by Korean performer Rain, was created for the film as an homage.[145]
The film about the Stonewall riots constructs a white male fictional protagonist who is shown to be a powerful catalyst to the historical riots. This is done most explicitly by reframing iconic historical moments and having them driven by him, thereby erasing the actual involvement of transgender and lesbian women of color, the historical actors. Director Roland Emmerich, himself gay, said, "I didn't make this movie only for gay people, I made it also for straight people. I kind of found out, in the testing process, that actually, for straight people, [Danny] is a very easy in. Danny's very straight-acting. He gets mistreated because of that. [Straight audiences] can feel for him." He said he and screenwriter Jon Robin Baitz consulted select historians and veterans and said, "There were only a couple of transgender women in the Stonewall ever. They were like a minority."[147]
In the action film, white actors portray the main cast of characters who were originally people of color in the novel by Sol Yurick. Director Walter Hill recalled, "Paramount wasn't too high on the idea of an all black cast, as they explained, for commercial reasons."[154]
In the comedy-drama film based on a memoir and set in Afghanistan, actors Christopher Abbott and Alfred Molina portray Afghan characters.[156]Tina Fey, who produced and starred in the film, said, "I had a lot of say. If your next question is, why is Chris Abbott not Afghan? — I did beg [the casting directors], 'Guys, my preference would be a native speaker.' They pleaded their case that Chris [was] their choice." Fey added, "Tricky thing is, Afghans [can be] Caucasians."[157]
Examples of whitewashing experiences in pre-production
Ed Skrein was initially cast in the 2019 Hellboy reboot as Major Ben Daimio, a character of Asian descent from the Hellboy comic books. After the casting received criticism on social media, Skrein withdrew, stating, "Representation of ethnic diversity is important, especially to me as I have a mixed heritage family. It is our responsibility to make moral decisions in difficult times and to give voice to inclusivity." According to The Hollywood Reporter, "this is the first time an actor has exited such a high-profile project in response to public criticism" over whitewashing. Daniel Dae Kim was cast to replace Skrein.[158]
The filmmakers behind The Paper Tigers planned to have a male Asian-American main character with a minority leading cast for their martial arts comedy film. They knew that it would be difficult to find studio support due to whitewashing.[159] When pitched to Hollywood producers, they were offered $4 million with a caveat that there would be no Asian-American lead character and suggested a white lead character to be played by Bruce Willis instead.[160][161] They were also asked to write a role for Nicolas Cage.[162] The team declined the offer and request.[163] Director Bao Tran mentioned that Hollywood usually sent their mid-level executives who were also people of color to be the messengers of whitewashing.[162] The team turned to crowdfunding via Kickstarter and a few local investors to fund their film instead and stay true to their vision.[164][165]
Lulu Wang, director of The Farewell (2019), also faced whitewashing obstacles with her film about a Chinese-American family. She mentioned that many disheartening encounters with American financiers who wanted to include a "prominent white character into the narrative, and punch up the nuanced drama to turn it into a broad comedy." Wang later created an episode on This American Life based on her family, which caught the attention of producer Chris Weitz who helped secure financing.[166]
Justin Lin, director of Better Luck Tomorrow (2002), revealed that he was told by potential investors - some of whom were Asian Americans - to add a white male lead, Macaulay Culkin, if he wanted million dollar investment for his movie, which was based on an Asian American story. Lin turned down the offer. MC Hammer provided funding and Lin was very grateful for his generosity.[167][168]
The writers of Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg, said that they were really sick of seeing teen movies that were one-dimensional and that had characters that did not match the diversity of their group of friends.[169] Because the main characters were Asian American, they had difficulty pitching their screenplay to studios. John Cho, who played the lead character Harold Lee, stated that, to avoid studios’ attempt to cast white actors, the writers included scenes that directly related to the characters’ ethnicities. Cho recalled, “It had to be rooted in that as a defense mechanism so that they wouldn’t get turned white.”[170][171][172]
Salma Hayek stated that she was passed over for two large comedy roles due to her ethnicity. While the directors thought Hayek was the best actress for those roles, they believed studios would not want a Mexican lead at time. The directors later said that they regretted their decision and that Hayek’s audition was better than who they cast for the movies. She also mentioned that producers of The House of the Spirits (1993) did not want to cast Latinos outside of stereotypical roles. Hayek asserted that she was denied even a chance to audition for the film because “they were not hiring Latinos for Latino roles. They were not hiring Latinos period — unless it was the maid or the prostitute. And that part was not a maid or a prostitute."[173]
When casting for Harriet (2019), producer/writer Gregory Allen Howard said that a film studio executive said to him, "'This script is fantastic. Let's get Julia Roberts to play Harriet Tubman.' He then went on to say, "When someone pointed out that Roberts couldn’t be Harriet, the executive responded, 'It was so long ago. No one is going to know the difference.' "[174]
For Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022), director Daniel Kwan talked about whitewashing with studios, "The casting was probably one of the hardest things of the whole process. They're like, 'Oh, should we try a white actor?'...or 'Should we find other types of people that might actually bring in the money?'" He continued, "We had to have some really hard conversations with people to basically put our foot down and say, 'No, this was written for a Chinese family.'" Director Daniel Scheinert said that while it took a little longer, they ultimately ended up with an ideal cast.[175]
According to author Kevin Kwan, a potential producer wanted to change the heroine into white girl for Crazy Rich Asians (2018). He responded that the producer missed the entire point of his book and rejected the offer. Shirley Li of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "To whitewash Rachel would take away an integral part of the character’s identity and also be a detriment to the story itself."[176]
^ abcdeTehranian, John (2010). "The Last Minstrel Show?". Whitewashed: America's Invisible Middle Eastern Minority. NYU Press. p. 98. ISBN978-0-8147-8273-6.
^Actors of European descent playing Middle Eastern characters are also counted. The term "white" has a wide range of definitions, and does not always refer to people of exclusively European descent, but can also include native West Asians and North Africans.
^Vary, Adam B.; Jackson, Angelique (November 19, 2021). "Marvel's 'Blade' Adds Delroy Lindo to Cast". Variety. Retrieved November 19, 2021. In the comics, Jamal is Black, but in the 1998 feature adaptation of "Blade" starring Wesley Snipes, the character was renamed Abraham Whistler and cast with white actor Kris Kristofferson.
^William M. Jones Jr. (January 1, 2016). "The White-Washing of Black Characters in Comic Book and Supernatural Films". Shades of Whiteness. Brill Publishers. pp. 25–33.
^Metz, Walter (2004). Engaging Film Criticism: Film History and Contemporary American Cinema. P. Lang. p. 69. There, Dr. No (played by the white actor Joseph Wiseman) tells Bond that, 'I was the unwanted product of a German missionary and a Chinese girl of good family.'
^Garriott, Deidre Anne Evans; Jones, Whitney Elaine; Tyler, June Elizabeth, eds. (2014). "Part IV: Popular Responses in Actual Spaces". Space and Place in The Hunger Games: New Readings of the Novels. McFarland. p. 170. ISBN978-0-7864-7633-6.
^Brynner, Rock (2006). Empire & Odyssey. Steerforth Press. p. 158.
^"Brooklyn Beckham, Nicola Peltz marry in Jewish wedding". Times of Israel. April 10, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2022. Both Beckham and Peltz have Jewish heritage through their fathers....although Nelson's wife, former model Claudia Heffner, never converted to Judaism, he is a "devout Jew."
^Judah, Jacob (July 13, 2020). "David Beckham's son Brooklyn engaged to American-Jewish heiress". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved August 15, 2020. Nelson Peltz, who has ten children, reportedly spent over $2,000,000 on the barmitzvah of his twin sons in 2016 and is a significant patron for Jewish causes in the US and Israel.
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Urban village in Arizona, United StatesAhwatukeeUrban villageAhwatukee Foothills Village[1]Aerial view of Ahwatukee neighborhoods and South Mountain ParkMotto(s): Warm People, Bright Future[1]Location of Ahwatukee Foothills highlighted in red.AhwatukeeShow map of ArizonaAhwatukeeShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°20′30″N 111°59′3″W / 33.34167°N 111.98417°W / 33.34167; -111.98417CountryUnited StatesStateArizonaCountyMaricopaCityPh…
Galamai Galamai adalah salah satu makanan kecil dengan bahan dasar tepung beras ketan, gula aren dan santan yang berasal dari daerah Sumatera Barat.[1] Namun, masyarakat juga biasa menggunakan gula pasir untuk makanan galamai tersebut. Beberapa masyarakat di Sumatera Barat pun menyebut Galamai ini dengan nama Kalamai.[1] Jika di daerah lain makanan sejenis ini dikenal sebagai dodol atau jenang.[2] Hampir semua suku di Indonesia memiliki jenis makanan kecil ini. Makanan in…
Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Migrasi Teuton dan Cimbri. Teuton (dari Proto-Jermanik *Þeudanōz) disebut sebagai suku Jermanik oleh pengarang Yunani dan Romawi. Menurut peta Ptolomeus, mereka tinggal di Jutland, atas persetujuan dengan Pomponius Mela.[1] Referensi ^ Northvegr - Saga Book Vol. 7 & 8. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2004…
For the overthrusting of one ice sheet over another, see Finger rafting. The transport of various materials by drifting ice This debris-covered iceberg was calved from the terminus of Alaska's Sheridan Glacier. Ice rafting is the transport of various materials by ice. Various objects deposited on ice may eventually become embedded in the ice. When the ice melts after a certain amount of drifting, these objects are deposited onto the bottom of the water body, e.g., onto a river bed or an ocean fl…
Place in Centre-Est Region, Burkina FasoBassareCountry Burkina FasoRegionCentre-Est RegionProvinceBoulgou ProvinceDepartmentTenkodogo DepartmentPopulation (2005 est.) • Total669 Bassare is a village in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the village has a population of 669.[1] References ^ Burkinabé government inforoute communale vte Boulgou ProvinceCapital: TenkodogoBagré Department Bagré Boakla Dirlakou Gouday…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Guéry (homonymie). François GuéryBiographieNaissance 22 mars 1944 (80 ans)Nationalité françaiseFormation École normale supérieureActivité PhilosopheAutres informationsDirecteur de thèse Yvon Brèsmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata François Guery (né le 22 mars 1944[1]), ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure (promotion 1964 Lettres), est un professeur émérite de philosophie, ancien doyen de la Faculté de philosophie de l'U…
Politeknik BariPolitecnico di BariMotode' remi facemmo aliJenisNegeriDidirikan1990RektorProf. Nicola CostantinoLokasiBari, ItaliaTim olahragaCUS BariSitus webwww.poliba.it Politeknik Bari (bahasa Italia: Politecnico di Bari) adalah sebuah universitas yang berlokasi di Bari, Italia. Universitas ini didirikan pada tahun 1990 dan dikelompokkan menjadi 3 fakultas. Menurut laporan SIR 2012 World Report, tentang kualitas penelitian ilmiah yang dibuat, Universitas Politeknik Bari memiliki faktor da…
Франц Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдскийнем. Franz von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld герцог Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский 8 сентября 1800 — 9 декабря 1806 Предшественник Эрнст Фридрих Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский Преемник Эрнст I Саксен-Кобург-Заальфельдский Рождение 15 июля 1750(1750-07-15)Кобург, Саксе…
Bilateral relationsSpain-Thailand relations Spain Thailand Diplomatic missionEmbassy of Spain, BangkokEmbassy of Thailand, MadridEnvoyFirst Secretary Ignacio VitóricaAmbassador Phantipha Iamsudha Ekarohit Spain–Thailand relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between these two countries. Thailand has an embassy in Madrid[1] and two honorary consulates in Barcelona and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[2] Spain has an embassy in Bangkok.[3] Historical and diplomatic …
North American ethnic group PetunLanguagesPetun (Iroquoian)Related ethnic groupsWendat Indigenous peoplesin Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History Timeline Paleo-Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools gravesites Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Truth and Reconciliation Commission Politics Indigenous law British Columbia Treaty Process Crown and Indigenous peoples Health Policy Idle No More Indian Act Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Land Back Land claims Lan…
American baseball player (born 1983) Baseball player Andy LaRocheLaRoche with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2010Third basemanBorn: (1983-09-13) September 13, 1983 (age 40)Fort Scott, Kansas, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 6, 2007, for the Los Angeles DodgersLast MLB appearanceJune 9, 2013, for the Toronto Blue JaysMLB statisticsBatting average.226Home runs22Runs batted in113 Teams Los Angeles Dodgers (2007–2008) Pittsburgh Pirates (2008–2010) Oakland…