2013 Zimbabwean general election

2013 Zimbabwean general election
Registered	5,874,115
	Presidential election
President before election; Robert Mugabe; ZANU–PF	Elected President ; Robert Mugabe; ZANU–PF
	Parliamentary election
National Assembly
Senate
	Maps
Mugabe 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90%	Tsvangirai 50-60% 60-70%

General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 31 July 2013.^[1] Incumbent President Robert Mugabe was re-elected, whilst his ZANU–PF party won a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly.

The elections were not free and fair, as the ruling ZANU–PF party used the state to intimidate the opposition.^[2]

Background

This was the first election held under the new constitution approved in a referendum in March 2013^[3] and signed into law by President Robert Mugabe on 22 May.^[4] The Supreme Court ruled on 31 May that President Mugabe should set a date as soon as possible, and that presidential and parliamentary elections must be held by 31 July.^[5] The ruling followed an application to the court by a Zimbabwean citizen, Jealousy Mawarire,^[6] demanding that the country's president set the date for elections before the expiry of the tenure of the seventh parliament, on 29 June 2013. Under the new constitution the winner of the presidential election would serve a five-year term.

Candidates

Presidential candidates

Robert Mugabe, ZANU–PF^[7]
Welshman Ncube, MDC-N^[8]
Morgan Tsvangirai, MDC-T^[9]
Dumiso Dabengwa, ZAPU^[10]
Kisinoti Mukwazhe (also spelt Kisnot Mukwazhi), ZDP.^[11] Candidacy later withdrawn.^[12]^[13]

Parliamentary candidates

Most of Zimbabwe's 2010 districts had candidates from all of the three major parties: ZANU–PF, one of the two formulations of the MDC, and ZAPU. Minor party candidates and independents rounded out the field in some districts.

Campaign

In accepting the election date, Tsvangirai said that reforms should have preceded the election, as he began his election campaign. He also claimed that the country wanted to vote Mugabe out.^[14] Launching his election campaign, Mugabe called it "a do or die struggle" while making a strong appeal for a peaceful campaign. In the same speech, he warned that he could take Zimbabwe out of SADC "if SADC decides to do stupid things".^[15] Although there were initial discussions about forming a grand coalition between the two MDC parties and other opposition parties,^[16]^[17] by 9 July two separate coalitions had been formed, one comprising MDC-T, Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn and ZANU-Ndonga,^[18] and the other coalition comprising MDC and ZAPU.^[19]

Regalia

During the campaign, party regalia was supplied by the two main political parties in huge quantities. MDC-T supporters wore red apparel,^[20] whilst ZANU–PF supporters wore a variety of colours borrowed from the national flag.^[21]

Accusations of unfairness

Allegations were made in 2011, that a third of registered voters were dead or aged 120 (in a country with a life expectancy of 44).^[22] These accusations were repeated in 2013, with the additional claim that a considerable number of young voters had not been registered.^[23] The Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), a local observer group with 7,000 monitors, listed a litany of offences, including state media bias, a campaign of intimidation in rural areas, and the rushed electoral process before key reforms to the security services were in place. But the most effective measure was tampering with the electoral rolls. Held back until the day before the election – thus avoiding proper scrutiny – the roll revealed an estimated one million invalid names, including many deceased voters. It excluded up to one million real ones, mostly in urban areas where MDC support is strongest.^[24]

On the day of the elections, one of Zimbabwe's electoral commissioners resigned. In his resignation letter, Mkhululi Nyathi of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission wrote, "I do not wish to enumerate the many reasons of my resignation, but they all have to do with the manner the Zimbabwe 2013 harmonised elections were proclaimed and conducted."^[25]

The Electoral Commission later reported that approximately 305,000 voters were turned away from polls, with an additional 207,000 voters being "assisted" in casting their ballots.^[26] There were also more than 100,000 centenarian ghost voters on the electoral roll.^[27]

On 9 August 2013, the Movement for Democratic Change sought to have the results declared null and void.^[28] A week later they withdrew their petition.^[29] Despite their withdrawal the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe ruled that the election was "free, fair and credible".^[30]

Results

Robert Mugabe won 62% of the vote to claim a sixth term as president, and was sworn in on Thursday 22 August. Morgan Tsvangirai finished second with 34% of the vote.^[31] Mugabe's ZANU–PF party also dominated the parliamentary election winning 196 seats. Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change party won 70 seats.

Reports by the Zimbabwe Election Support Network monitoring group said as many as one million people, mostly in urban areas (which tend to favour the MDC), were unable to cast votes.^[32] Other reports suggested that people had been forced to vote for Mugabe.^[33] The African Union also had monitors in place and said the election could have been handled better, but that initial reports indicated a fair election had occurred. Western groups were not allowed to send monitors.^[32]

President


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Robert Mugabe	ZANU–PF	2,110,434	61.88
	Morgan Tsvangirai	MDC–Tsvangirai	1,172,349	34.37
	Welshman Ncube	MDC–Ncube	92,637	2.72
	Dumiso Dabengwa	Zimbabwe African People's Union	25,416	0.75
	Kisinoti Mukwazhe	Zimbabwe Development Party	9,931	0.29
Total			3,410,767	100.00

Valid votes			3,410,767	98.01
Invalid/blank votes			69,280	1.99
Total votes			3,480,047	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			5,874,115	59.24
Source: IFES Election Guide

National Assembly

Two independents were elected, both of whom had failed to win the ZANU–PF nomination for their constituencies.^[34]



Party		Votes	%	Seats
Party		Votes	%	Common	Women	Total
	ZANU–PF	2,143,804	63.16	159	37	196
	MDC–Tsvangirai	1,015,513	29.92	49	21	70
	MDC–Ncube	155,669	4.59	0	2	2
	Zimbabwe African People's Union	19,235	0.57	0	0	0
	Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn	6,703	0.20	0	0	0
	FreeZim Congress	1,405	0.04	0	0	0
	ZANU–Ndonga	1,350	0.04	0	0	0
	United Movement for Democracy	1,315	0.04	0	0	0
	Alliance Khumbula Ekhaya	536	0.02	0	0	0
	Multi-Racial Christian Democrats	868	0.03	0	0	0
	Progressive and Innovative Movement of Zimbabwe	351	0.01	0	0	0
	Freedom Front	200	0.01	0	0	0
	Congress for True Democracy	147	0.00	0	0	0
	Zimbabwe Development Party	145	0.00	0	0	0
	People's Democratic Union	76	0.00	0	0	0
	Zimbabwe People's Movement	70	0.00	0	0	0
	Voice of the People	38	0.00	0	0	0
	Independents	46,611	1.37	2	0	2
Total		3,394,036	100.00	210	60	270

Source: Psephos, CLEA, Psephos

Senate



Party		Votes	%	Seats
	ZANU–PF	2,145,250	64.27	37
	MDC–Tsvangirai	1,021,347	30.60	21
	MDC–Ncube	157,356	4.71	2
	Zimbabwe African People's Union	11,826	0.35	0
	Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn	1,944	0.06	0
	Alliance Khumbula Ekhaya	380	0.01	0
Chiefs				18
People with disabilities				2
Total		3,338,103	100.00	80

Source: University of Oslo

Reactions

Domestic

The elections were called a "huge farce" by Tsvangirai who said the country was "in mourning" about the results. He claimed over a million voters were turned away from the polling stations, and said the Movement for Democratic Change would no longer work with Mugabe nor participate in government institutions.^[32]^[35] He promised to fight the results in court and diplomatically.^[32]

International

African Union – The African Union declared that the elections were "free, honest and credible."^[36]
Botswana – The government of President Ian Khama has called for an audit of the election results and the Foreign Minister, Phandu Skelemani, has stated that "various incidents and circumstances were revealed that call into question whether the entire electoral process, and thus its final result, can be recognised as having been fair, transparent and credible."^[37]
Mozambique – President Armando Guebuza demanded that the elections be a topic of the 2013 SADC Summit in Lilongwe, Malawi.^[38]
Mauritius – The Prime Minister, Navin Ramgoolam, congratulated President Mugabe and expressed his view that ZANU–PF's victory will usher in a new era of prosperity and peace for Zimbabweans.^[39]
Namibia – President Hifikepunye Pohamba congratulated Mugabe and Zimbabwe for holding free and peaceful elections and stated to Mugabe: "The people of Zimbabwe have once again demonstrated their trust and confidence in the Zanu PF and your personal leadership."^[40]
South Africa – President Jacob Zuma congratulated Mugabe for securing a seventh term in office. A statement was issued by the South African Foreign Ministry saying: "President Zuma urges all political parties in Zimbabwe to accept the outcome of the elections as election observers reported it to be an expression of the will of the people."^[41]
SADC – The Southern African Development Community called the election "free and peaceful" but reserved judgement on its fairness. On 15 August, it apologised for calling the elections credible in spite of evidence that there were many irregularities.^[42]
Australia – The Foreign Minister, Bob Carr, was critical of the election stating: "These appear to have disenfranchised large numbers of voters and raised doubts about the credibility of the election results. Given our doubts about the results, Australia calls for a re-run of the elections based on a verified and agreed voters roll."^[41]
European Union – The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Baroness Ashton, said "the EU is concerned about alleged irregularities and reports of incomplete participation, as well as the identified weaknesses in the electoral process and a lack of transparency."^[43]
Russia – President Vladimir Putin congratulated Mugabe on his victory and congratulated Zimbabwe for holding "peaceful and credible elections."^[44]
United Kingdom – The Foreign Secretary, William Hague, voiced "grave concerns" about the conduct of the election. Hague said there were "serious" questions about the credibility of the election, because of irregularities both in the run-up to the ballot and on polling day.^[45]
United States – The United States said the results were not a "credible expression of the will of the Zimbabwean people".^[32]

Aftermath

Mugabe was sworn in for his new term as president on 22 August 2013 at a ceremony in Harare. Speaking at the ceremony, he promised economic growth, focusing on mining: "The mining sector will be the centrepiece of our economic recovery and growth. It should generate growth spurts across the sector, reignite that economic miracle which must now happen."^[46]

The members of the National Assembly and the Senate were sworn in for the new parliamentary term on 3 September 2013. Given ZANU–PF's large majority of seats, its candidates for the posts of Speaker of the National Assembly and President of the Senate were assured of election, and the MDC-T did not present candidates for the posts. ZANU–PF's candidates were elected without opposition on the same day: in the National Assembly, Jacob Mudenda as Speaker and Mabel Chinomona as Deputy Speaker, and in the Senate, Edna Madzongwe as president and Chenhamo Chimutengwende as vice-president. MDC-T MPs boycotted the vote that elected Mudenda as Speaker.^[47]

On 10 September 2013, Mugabe appointed his new cabinet.^[48] The cabinet line-up was generally characterised as rewarding veteran ZANU–PF hardliners, who were appointed to most of the key posts: Patrick Chinamasa as Minister of Finance, Emmerson Mnangagwa as Minister of Justice, Sydney Sekeramayi as Minister of Defense, and Jonathan Moyo as Minister of Information.^[49] However, some posts went to ZANU–PF moderates and younger politicians.^[50]

President Mugabe opened Parliament on 17 September 2013. On that occasion he vowed that "the indigenisation programme is to be pursued with renewed vigour".^[51]

References

^ "Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Officially Proclaims New Election Date of July 31". 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ Kwashirai, Vimbai Chaumba, ed. (2023), "Violence in the 2013 Elections", Election Violence in Zimbabwe: Human Rights, Politics and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 256–276, doi:10.1017/9781108120265.012, ISBN 978-1-107-19081-8
^ "BBC News – Zimbabwe approves new constitution". BBC. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe's Mugabe signs new constitution – Africa". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ Zimbabwe elections 'must be held by 31 July' BBC News, 31 May 2013
^ "Robert Mugabe must hold elections by end of July, says Zimbabwe court". The Guardian. London. Reuters. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "BBC News – Robert Mugabe insists on re-election bid in Zimbabwe". BBC. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Prof. Welshman Ncube files nomination papers". MDC. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ "President Morgan Tsvangirai's speech at the launch of the 2013 Harmonised Election Campaign Marondera". MDC-T. 7 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
^ Nkala, Thulani. "Dr Dabengwa nominated as Zapu presidential candidate". Bulawayo24 NEWS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Race for the Presidency". Newsday.co.zw. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ Zimbabwe: 2013 Presidential election candidates Archived 1 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine EISA
^ Zivira, Tapiwa (27 July 2013). "Mukwazhe withdraws from presidential race". Newsday.
^ "Zimbabwe PM says nation wants Mugabe out". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
^ "Mugabe launches a 'do or die' re-election campaign". The Sowetan. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
^ "Zim: Parties consider coalition". Mail & Guardian. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Makoni backs Tsvangirai – DailyNews Live". Dailynews.co.zw. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Tsvangirai, Makoni agree coalition deal". Newzimbabwe.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ "Ncube, Dabengwa form poll pact". Newsday.co.zw. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "China donates more than a million T-shirts to Zanu-PF". Bulawayo24. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
^ Smith, David (21 January 2011). "Third of Zimbabwe's registered voters are dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe roll excludes millions of young voters". Mail & Guardian. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ Cendrowicz, Leo (2 August 2013). "Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe election victory was a 'masterclass in electoral fraud'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
^ "Zim electoral commissioner resigns over unfair elections". Mail & Guardian. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe Electoral Commission: 305,000 voters turned away". BBC. 8 August 2013.
^ https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21583254-robert-mugabe-claims-another-dubious-victory-polls-stealing-vim Elections in Zimbabwe: Stealing the vim from Zim
^ "Zimbabwe's MDC challenges Robert Mugabe election victory". BBC News. 9 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe's MDC drops Robert Mugabe election challenge". BBC News. 16 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai may be charged for 'judiciary insult'". BBC News. 20 August 2013.
^ "Modern Ghana". www.modernghana.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Zimbabwe President Mugabe re-elected amid fraud claims". BBC. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe election: queuing voters given more time". BBC. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ Elections to the House of Assembly Adam Carr
^ Harding, Andrew (1 August 2013). "BBC News – Zimbabwe election was huge farce – Morgan Tsvangirai". BBC. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ "Zimbabwe poll was 'free, honest and credible' – African Union". BBC. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
^ "Botswana calls for audit of Zimbabwe vote ' – Botswana". Global Post. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^ "SADC Summit: Mozambique President Demands Zimbabwe Election Debate | ZimEye". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ "Namibia, Mauritius congratulate President Mugabe – Zimbabwe Election: Latest News & Voting Information". Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^ "More Sadc states endorse Mugabe". Newsday. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b Saul, Heather (4 August 2013). "South African President Jacob Zuma congratulates Robert Mugabe on his landslide victory in Zimbabwe elections". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
^ "Legalbrief Today Home Page". legalbrief.co.za. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ "EU concerned about lack of transparency in Zimbabwe election - Yahoo! News". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ "Russia and Zambia congratulate Pres Mugabe". Free & Fair Zimbabwe Election. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013.
^ "BBC News – Zimbabwe election: William Hague voices 'grave concerns'". Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
^ Reagan Mashavave, "Defiant Mugabe sworn in for new term", AFP, 22 August 2013.
^ "MPs sworn in", The Herald, 3 September 2013.
^ "President Mugabe Appoints New Cabinet", The Herald, 10 September 2013.
^ Aislinn Laing, "Zimbabwe: Mugabe loads new cabinet with hardliners", The Christian Science Monitor, 11 September 2013.
^ "Mugabe shuffles the pack, again", Africa Confidential, volume 54, number 19, 20 September 2013.
^ "Mugabe vows 'renewed vigour' for indigenisation drive", AFP, 17 September 2013.

[1] "Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Officially Proclaims New Election Date of July 31". 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.

[2] Kwashirai, Vimbai Chaumba, ed. (2023), "Violence in the 2013 Elections", Election Violence in Zimbabwe: Human Rights, Politics and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 256–276, doi:10.1017/9781108120265.012, ISBN 978-1-107-19081-8

[3] "BBC News – Zimbabwe approves new constitution". BBC. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[4] "Zimbabwe's Mugabe signs new constitution – Africa". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[5] Zimbabwe elections 'must be held by 31 July' BBC News, 31 May 2013

[6] "Robert Mugabe must hold elections by end of July, says Zimbabwe court". The Guardian. London. Reuters. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[7] "BBC News – Robert Mugabe insists on re-election bid in Zimbabwe". BBC. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[8] "Prof. Welshman Ncube files nomination papers". MDC. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2013.

[9] "President Morgan Tsvangirai's speech at the launch of the 2013 Harmonised Election Campaign Marondera". MDC-T. 7 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.

[10] Nkala, Thulani. "Dr Dabengwa nominated as Zapu presidential candidate". Bulawayo24 NEWS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[11] "Race for the Presidency". Newsday.co.zw. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[12] Zimbabwe: 2013 Presidential election candidates Archived 1 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine EISA

[13] Zivira, Tapiwa (27 July 2013). "Mukwazhe withdraws from presidential race". Newsday.

[14] "Zimbabwe PM says nation wants Mugabe out". Al Jazeera. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.

[15] "Mugabe launches a 'do or die' re-election campaign". The Sowetan. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.

[16] "Zim: Parties consider coalition". Mail & Guardian. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[17] "Makoni backs Tsvangirai – DailyNews Live". Dailynews.co.zw. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[18] "Tsvangirai, Makoni agree coalition deal". Newzimbabwe.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[19] "Ncube, Dabengwa form poll pact". Newsday.co.zw. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[20] [1]^{[dead link]}

[21] "China donates more than a million T-shirts to Zanu-PF". Bulawayo24. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

[22] Smith, David (21 January 2011). "Third of Zimbabwe's registered voters are dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[23] "Zimbabwe roll excludes millions of young voters". Mail & Guardian. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[24] Cendrowicz, Leo (2 August 2013). "Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe election victory was a 'masterclass in electoral fraud'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.

[Nyathi-25] "Zim electoral commissioner resigns over unfair elections". Mail & Guardian. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

[26] "Zimbabwe Electoral Commission: 305,000 voters turned away". BBC. 8 August 2013.

[27] ttps://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21583254-robert-mugabe-claims-another-dubious-victory-polls-stealing-vim Elections in Zimbabwe: Stealing the vim from Zim

[28] "Zimbabwe's MDC challenges Robert Mugabe election victory". BBC News. 9 August 2013.

[29] "Zimbabwe's MDC drops Robert Mugabe election challenge". BBC News. 16 August 2013.

[30] "Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai may be charged for 'judiciary insult'". BBC News. 20 August 2013.

[31] "Modern Ghana". www.modernghana.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

[re-elected-32] "Zimbabwe President Mugabe re-elected amid fraud claims". BBC. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.

[33] "Zimbabwe election: queuing voters given more time". BBC. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[34] Elections to the House of Assembly Adam Carr

[35] Harding, Andrew (1 August 2013). "BBC News – Zimbabwe election was huge farce – Morgan Tsvangirai". BBC. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[36] "Zimbabwe poll was 'free, honest and credible' – African Union". BBC. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

[37] "Botswana calls for audit of Zimbabwe vote ' – Botswana". Global Post. Retrieved 11 August 2013.

[38] "SADC Summit: Mozambique President Demands Zimbabwe Election Debate | ZimEye". Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.

[39] "Namibia, Mauritius congratulate President Mugabe – Zimbabwe Election: Latest News & Voting Information". Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.

[40] "More Sadc states endorse Mugabe". Newsday. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.

[independent1-41] Saul, Heather (4 August 2013). "South African President Jacob Zuma congratulates Robert Mugabe on his landslide victory in Zimbabwe elections". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.

[42] "Legalbrief Today Home Page". legalbrief.co.za. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

[43] "EU concerned about lack of transparency in Zimbabwe election - Yahoo! News". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2022.

[44] "Russia and Zambia congratulate Pres Mugabe". Free & Fair Zimbabwe Election. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013.

[45] "BBC News – Zimbabwe election: William Hague voices 'grave concerns'". Bbc.co.uk. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 4 August 2013.

[46] Reagan Mashavave, "Defiant Mugabe sworn in for new term", AFP, 22 August 2013.

[47] "MPs sworn in", The Herald, 3 September 2013.

[48] "President Mugabe Appoints New Cabinet", The Herald, 10 September 2013.

[49] Aislinn Laing, "Zimbabwe: Mugabe loads new cabinet with hardliners", The Christian Science Monitor, 11 September 2013.

[50] "Mugabe shuffles the pack, again", Africa Confidential, volume 54, number 19, 20 September 2013.

[51] "Mugabe vows 'renewed vigour' for indigenisation drive", AFP, 17 September 2013.

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2013 Zimbabwean general election

Background

Candidates

Presidential candidates

Parliamentary candidates

Campaign

Regalia

Accusations of unfairness

Results

President

National Assembly

Senate

Reactions

Domestic

International

Aftermath

References

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