The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprintrelay is an athleticstrack event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each. The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race. Each runner carries a relay baton. Before 2018, the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box, preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone. With a rule change effective November 1, 2017, that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone, making the entire zone 30 metres in length. The outgoing runner cannot touch the baton until it has entered the zone, and the incoming runner cannot touch it after it has left the zone. The zone is usually marked in yellow, frequently using lines, triangles or chevrons. While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks, the colours and style are only "recommended". While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings, the rule change still uses existing marks.[1] Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change.
The transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind. The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when entering the changeover box or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal. The outgoing runner does not look back, and it is the responsibility of the incoming runner to thrust the baton into the outstretched hand and not let go until the outgoing runner takes hold of it without crossing the changeover box and stops after the baton is exchanged.[2][3] Runners on the first and third legs typically run on the inside of the lane with the baton in their right hand, while runners on the second and fourth legs take the baton in their left. Polished handovers can compensate for lack of basic speed to some extent, and disqualification for dropping the baton or failing to transfer it within the box is common, even at the highest level.[4] Relay times are typically 2–3 seconds faster than the sum of best times of individual runners.
The United States men and women historically dominated this event through the 20th century, winning Olympic gold medals and the most IAAF/World Athletics championships. Carl Lewis ran the anchor leg on U.S. relay teams that set six world records from 1983 to 1992, including the first team to break 38 seconds.
The current men's world record stands at 36.84, set by the Jamaican team at the final of the 2012 London Olympic Games on 11 August 2012. As the only team to break 37 seconds to date, Jamaica has been the dominant team in the sport, winning two consecutive Olympic Gold Medals and four consecutive World Championships. The Jamaican team also set the previous record of 37.04 seconds at the 2011 World Championships.
The fastest electronically timed anchor leg run is 8.65 seconds by Usain Bolt at the 2015 IAAF World Relays,[5] while Bob Hayes was hand-timed as running 8.7 seconds on a cinder track in the 1964 Tokyo Games Final. The Tokyo Games also had electronic timing. High-speed modern video analysis shows his time to be a more realistic 8.95-9.0 seconds in the final, a much more consistent time relative to his Fully Automatic Timing 10.06s 100m world record and more in line with the usual +0.25s-0.3s hand time to FAT conversion.[6]
The women's world record stands at 40.82 seconds, set by the United States in 2012 at the London Olympics. The fastest anchor leg run by a woman was run by Christine Arron of France, timed unofficially at 9.67s.[7]
According to the IAAF rules, world records in relays can only be set if all team members have the same nationality.
History
From the beginnings to the first official world record
If on the European continent the metric system is the one almost exclusively used (4 × 100 metres, or a lap of 400 m), where the imperial system is still used (UK, USA and Australia, mainly) this relay was rather ran over the distance of 4 × 110 yards, a total of 402.34 m, and that, until the late 1960s. The runway at Hayward Field was shortened to 400 m only in 1987.
Paradoxically, the first race recognized as certain, without however being an official world record, dates back to 1897, shortly after the creation, on 8 May, of the Česká amatérská atletická unie (ČAAU). On June 26 of that year, during Sparta's 5th match in Prague, the organizing team, AC Sparta Praha, defeated MAC Budapest, in 48 1/5 seconds.
Unlike the "long" 4×400 m relay, whose origins are clearly American, because it derives from the 4×440 yards, the 4×100 m relay is therefore of European origin. The Scandinavians, in particular, have introduced this new specialty into their programmes, in the hope of being able to play a decisive role in it.
Before World War I, this foundation period of the relay was gradually enhanced by various German or Swedish teams (such as AIK Stockholm), until the semi-finals of the Stockholm Olympic Games (1912) where this event made its Olympic appearance:
in the 1st semi-final, the Great Britain team (consisting of David Jacobs, Henry Macintosh, Victor d'Arcy, and William Applegarth) reached 43 seconds 0 tenths (43 s) for the first time, behind the Americans who had finished in 42 seconds 5 , but who were disqualified for passing the baton out of the area;
These two runs have not been recognized by the IAAF as the first world records, despite their official nature. The first officially recognized world record for the fast relay is that of the German team, which on 8 July 1912, during the 3rd semifinal, runs in 42 seconds 3 tenths. The team consisted of Otto Röhr, Max Herrmann, Erwin Kern, and Richard Rau. In the final Great Britain, despite having finished second again, behind the favorites and the new world record holders, still won the gold medal, due to the loss of the German baton. Sweden is second in 42 s 6. The bronze medal is not awarded, because the Americans, still clumsy in passing the baton, were also downgraded. The German record in the semifinal (42"3) will remain the best result of the year. In 1913 it will be recognized by the newly formed IAAF as the first official world record of the specialty.[8]
After this first Olympic event, in addition to the 4×400 m relay, the 4×100 m relay established itself as a classic Olympic event and will always remain on the programme, first for men, then extended to women. The two relays undergo little transformation over time. However, since 1926, the baton bearer has to remain in the baton transmission area, which is 20 m long. It wasn't until 1963 that the rules were relaxed: a 10m run-up zone, before this zone, allowed him to better tackle the run-up.
A USA team ran 37.04 in London in 2012 but the performance was annulled due to use of performance-enhancing drugs by Tyson Gay
A Jamaican team ran 37.10 in Beijing in 2008 but the performance was annulled due to use of performance-enhancing drugs by Nesta Carter
A USA team ran 37.38 in the heats in London in 2012 but the performance was retrospectively disqualified following drug test failure by Tyson Gay, even though Gay only ran in the final and not the heat.
4x100m dq2 The United States team of Mickey Grimes, Bernard Williams, Dennis Mitchell and Tim Montgomery originally won the 2001 World Championship in a time of 37.96 seconds, but were disqualified after Montgomery admitted to drug use as a result of the BALCO scandal in 2005.
Note * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.
dq1 The United States team of Kelli White, Chryste Gaines, Inger Miller, and Marion Jones originally won the 2001 World Championship in a time of 41.71 seconds, but were disqualified after Jones and White were found to have used performance-enhancing drugs.
^Germany is considered the same state as the former 'West Germany', with the official title Federal Republic of Germany. Germany did not inherit the results of the former 'East Germany' or 'German Democratic Republic' on unification.
^On 25 January 2017, the Jamaican team was stripped of the gold medal due to Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine. The IOC requested that the IAAF modify the results, and, after CAS dismissed Carter's appeal, the medals were redistributed accordingly. Trinidad and Tobago team was advanced to gold, Japan to silver, and Brazil to bronze.
^On 18 February 2022, the British team was stripped of the silver medal due to CJ Ujah testing positive for the prohibited substances ostarine and S-23. After the medals were redistributed, Italy retained the gold medal, while the Canadian team advanced to silver and the Chinese team advanced to bronze.
Biografi ini memerlukan lebih banyak catatan kaki untuk pemastian. Bantulah untuk menambahkan referensi atau sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus, khususnya jika berpotensi memfitnah.Cari sumber: Gad Elbaz – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Juni 2017) (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Templat:Expand Hebrew Gad Elba…
Il nazionalismo è un'ideologia che esalta e difende il concetto di patria.[1][2] Più in generale è un insieme di dottrine e movimenti che pongono al centro l'idea di nazione e di identità nazionale; storicamente si è manifestato come ideologia alla base della rivendicazione di libertà per una nazione oppressa. Indice 1 Storia 1.1 Le origini ideologiche 1.2 Il nazionalismo dalle radici alla prima guerra mondiale 1.3 Il nazionalismo italiano e il fascismo 1.4 Il declino nel s…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Winton. Nicholas WintonNicholas Winton au château de Prague, en octobre 2007.BiographieNaissance 19 mai 1909HampsteadDécès 1er juillet 2015 (à 106 ans)SloughNom de naissance Nicholas George WertheimNationalité BritanniqueFormation Stowe School (en)Activités Agent de change, militaire, résistant, philanthrope, banquier, humanitairePériode d'activité à partir de 1938Enfant Barbara Winton (d)Autres informationsArme Royal Air Force (1940-1954)Grade mi…
2014 greatest hits album by NSYNCThe Essential *NSYNCGreatest hits album by NSYNCReleasedJuly 29, 2014[1]GenrePop, R&BLength1:39:14Label RCA/Jive Legacy ProducerJan Van Der ToornDenniz PopMax MartinKristian LundinDan MuckalaCarl Sturken and Evan RogersVeit RennDavid FosterRami YacoubRichard MarxRobin WileyThe NeptunesBTAllstar GordonNSYNC chronology The Collection(2010) The Essential *NSYNC(2014) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2] The Essential *…
Anne WiazemskyAnne Wiazemsky pada Il seme dell'uomo (1969).Lahir(1947-05-14)14 Mei 1947Berlin, JermanMeninggal5 Oktober 2017(2017-10-05) (umur 70)Paris, PerancisPekerjaanaktris, penulisTahun aktif1966–1988Suami/istriJean-Luc Godard (m. 1967; c. 1979) Anne Wiazemsky (14 Mei 1947 – 5 Oktober 2017) adalah seorang aktris dan novelis.[1] Dari keluarga ibunya, dia adalah cucu dari penulis novel dan dramawan Franço…
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (December 2017) 60th Fighter Squadron An F-35A Lightning II of the 33rd Fighter Wing maneuvers into position to refuel with a KC-135 StratotankerActive1941–1945; 1946–1971; 1971–2009; 2021-presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleFighterSizesquadronPart ofAir Com…
Kampanye Hindia BelandaBagian dari Perang Pasifik dari Perang Dunia IIKekuatan Jepang mendarat di Jawa.Tanggal8 Desember 1941 – 9 Maret 1942LokasiHindia BelandaHasil Kemenangan Jepang;Pendudukan Jepang di Hindia BelandaPihak terlibat ABDA Command: Belanda Hindia Belanda Britania Raya Australia Selandia Baru Amerika Serikat Kekaisaran JepangTokoh dan pemimpin Archibald Wavell A. T. van S. Stachouwer Hein ter Poorten Thomas C. Hart Conrad Helfrich Ka…
Measure of a country's quality of life This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Physical Quality of Life Index – news · newspapers · books · scholar · …
Konstantinos VlachopoulosA portrait of Konstantinos VlachopoulosNative nameΚωνσταντίνος ΒλαχόπουλοςBorn1789Nicopolis, Eyalet of Yanina, Ottoman Empire (now Greece)Died1868Athens, Kingdom of GreeceAllegiance United Kingdom First Hellenic Republic Kingdom of GreeceService/branch British Army Hellenic ArmyRankColonelUnit1st Regiment Greek Light InfantryCommands heldHellenic GendarmerieBattles/wars Napoleonic Wars Adriatic Campaign Siege of Santa Maura Greek War of I…
Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Bijih besi di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerjemahan art…
AzoresAçorescode: pt is deprecated (Portugis)Daerah OtonomDaerah Otonom AzoresRegião Autónoma dos Açorescode: pt is deprecated (Portugis) FlagLambangMotto(s): Antes morrer livres que em paz sujeitos(Lebih baik mati bebas daripada tunduk dalam damai)Anthem: Hino dos Açores(Lagu Kebangsaan Azores)Lokasi Azores di Uni EropaNegara berdaulatPortugalPemukim1432Status otonom30 April 1976Named forAçor (Inggris: Northern goshawk)Ibu kotaPonta Delgada (eksekutif)Angr…
2002 single by X-Press 2 LazySingle by X-Press 2 featuring David Byrnefrom the album Muzikizum B-sideAC/DCReleased8 April 2002 (2002-04-08)StudioRocksteady (London, England)GenreDeep house[1]Length 6:58 (album version) 4:17 (radio edit) Label Skint Columbia Songwriter(s) X-Press 2 David Byrne Producer(s)X-Press 2X-Press 2 singles chronology Smoke Machine (2001) Lazy (2002) I Want You Back (2002) Lazy is a single by British house duo X-Press 2, featuring vocals from sin…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Katsuhiro adalah nama Jepang. Tokoh-tokoh dengan nama Jepang ini antara lain: Pemain sepak bola Jepang Katsuhiro Hamada Katsuhiro Kusaki Katsuhiro Minamoto Katsuhiro Nakayama Katsuhiro Suzuki Katsuhiro Yamaki Halaman-halaman lainnya Semua halaman dengan …
Uroš Spajić oleh Vyacheslav Evdokimov, 2017Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Uroš SpajićTanggal lahir 13 Februari 1993 (umur 31)Tempat lahir Belgrade, Serbia dan MontenegroTinggi 188 cm (6 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini KrasnodarNomor 5Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2018 – Krasnodar 0 (0)Tim nasional2015 – Serbia 5 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Uroš Spajić (lahir 13 Februari 1993) adalah seorang pem…
Questa voce sull'argomento politici congolesi (Rep. Dem. del Congo) è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Adolphe Muzito Primo ministro della Repubblica Democratica del CongoDurata mandato10 ottobre 2008 –6 marzo 2012 PredecessoreAntoine Gizenga SuccessoreLouis Alphonse Koyagialo Dati generaliPartito politicoPartito Lumumbista Unificato Adolphe Muzito (Bandundu, 9 giugno 1957) è un politico della Repubblica Democratica del …
This is a list of the 177 English Heritage blue plaques in the London Borough of Camden. Person Inscription Address Year issued Photo Notes Agnes Arber née Robertson(1879–1960) Botanist lived here 1890–1909 9 Elsworthy Terrace,Primrose Hill NW3 3DR 2018 Joanna Baillie(1762–1851) Poet and dramatist. Lived in this house for nearly 50 years Bolton House, Windmill HillHampstead NW3 6SJ 1900 Dame Henrietta Barnett(1851–1936) and Samuel Barnett(1844–1913) Dame Henrietta Barnett 1851–1936 …
American baseball player This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Mookie Wilson – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Baseball…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Crédit-bail (homonymie). Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et nécessite une internationalisation (octobre 2020). Merci de l'améliorer ou d'en discuter sur sa page de discussion ! Vous pouvez préciser les sections à internationaliser en utilisant {{section à internationaliser}}. Le crédit-bail[1],[2],[3] ou location avec option d'achat (…