BITNET

Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

1960-4 (1960-4): RAND networking concepts developed
1962-4 (1962-4): ARPA networking ideas
1965 (1965): NPL network concepts conceived
1966 (1966): Merit Network founded
1967 (1967): ARPANET planning begins
1967 (1967): Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
1970 (1970): Network Information Center (NIC)
1971 (1971): Tymnet switched-circuit network
1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1972 (1972): Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973 (1973): CYCLADES network demonstrated
1973 (1973): PARC Universal Packet development begins
1974 (1974): Transmission Control Program specification published
1975 (1975): Telenet commercial packet-switched network
1976 (1976): X.25 protocol approved and deployed on public data networks
1978 (1978): Minitel introduced
1979 (1979): Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980 (1980): USENET news using UUCP
1980 (1980): Ethernet standard introduced
1981 (1981): BITNET established

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

1981 (1981): Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982 (1982): TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982 (1982): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983 (1983): Domain Name System (DNS)
1983 (1983): MILNET split off from ARPANET
1984 (1984): OSI Reference Model released
1985 (1985): First .COM domain name registered
1986 (1986): NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986 (1986): Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987 (1987): UUNET founded
1988 (1988): NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988 (1988): Morris worm
1988 (1988): Complete Internet protocol suite
1989 (1989): Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989 (1989): PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989 (1989): Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
1990 (1990): GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned
1990 (1990): Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990 (1990): UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990 (1990): Archie search engine
1991 (1991): Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991 (1991): Gopher
1991 (1991): Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991 (1991): ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
1991 (1991): World Wide Web (WWW)
1992 (1992): NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
1992 (1992): Internet Society (ISOC) established
1993 (1993): Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
1993 (1993): InterNIC established
1993 (1993): AOL added USENET access
1993 (1993): Mosaic web browser released
1994 (1994): Full text web search engines
1994 (1994): North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs
1995 (1995): NSFNET decommissioned
1995 (1995): GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
1995 (1995): very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
1995 (1995): IPv6 proposed
1996 (1996): AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
1998 (1998): Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1999 (1999): IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
1999 (1999): Internet2/Abilene Network
1999 (1999): vBNS+ allows broader access
2000 (2000): Dot-com bubble bursts
2001 (2001): New top-level domain names activated
2001 (2001): Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms
2003 (2003): UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

2003 (2003): National LambdaRail founded
2004 (2004): UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
2005 (2005): UN WSIS phase II
2006 (2006): First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
2010 (2010): First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
2012 (2012): ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
2013 (2013): Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
2014 (2014): NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
2016 (2016): ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st

Examples of Internet services:

1989 (1989): AOL dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1990 (1990): IMDb Internet movie database
1994 (1994): Yahoo! web directory
1995 (1995): Amazon online retailer
1995 (1995): eBay online auction and shopping
1995 (1995): Craigslist classified advertisements
1995 (1995): AltaVista search engine
1996 (1996): Outlook (formerly Hotmail) free web-based e-mail
1996 (1996): RankDex search engine
1997 (1997): Google Search
1997 (1997): Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 (1998): Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1998 (1998): PayPal Internet payment system
1998 (1998): Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator
1999 (1999): 2ch Anonymous textboard
1999 (1999): i-mode mobile internet service
1999 (1999): Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2000 (2000): Baidu search engine
2001 (2001): 2chan Anonymous imageboard
2001 (2001): BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 (2001): Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2003 (2003): LinkedIn business networking
2003 (2003): Myspace social networking site
2003 (2003): Skype Internet voice calls
2003 (2003): iTunes Store
2003 (2003): 4chan Anonymous imageboard
2003 (2003): The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
2004 (2004): Facebook social networking site
2004 (2004): Podcast media file series
2004 (2004): Flickr image hosting
2005 (2005): YouTube video sharing
2005 (2005): Reddit link voting
2005 (2005): Google Earth virtual globe
2006 (2006): Twitter microblogging
2007 (2007): WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 (2007): Google Street View
2007 (2007): Kindle, e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 (2008): Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 (2008): Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 (2008): Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 (2008): Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 (2009): Bing search engine
2009 (2009): Google Docs, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 (2009): Kickstarter, a threshold pledge system
2009 (2009): Bitcoin, a digital currency
2010 (2010): Instagram, photo sharing and social networking
2011 (2011): Google+, social networking
2011 (2011): Snapchat, photo sharing
2012 (2012): Coursera, massive open online courses
2016 (2016): TikTok, video sharing and social networking

BITNET was a co-operative U.S. university computer network founded in 1981 by Ira Fuchs at the City University of New York (CUNY) and Greydon Freeman at Yale University.^[1] The first network link was between CUNY and Yale.

The name BITNET originally meant "Because It's There Network", but it eventually came to mean "Because It's Time Network".^[2]

A college or university wishing to join BITNET was required to lease a data circuit from a site to an existing BITNET node, buy modems for each end of the data circuit, sending one to the connecting point site, and allow other institutions to connect to its site free of charge.

In the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation (NSF) had several initiatives running to help spread the benefits of networking. One of these efforts was called CSNET, and it linked together several computer science departments across the country using TCP/IP. Another was a network of regional computer networks that linked up universities in different parts of the country. In 1981, universities came together to form BITNET, which allowed thousands of new users to experience innovations such as email and file transfers for the first time. All of these new networks showed the possibilities of computer networks and helped stoke demand for a robust nationwide network like NSFNET.

Technical details

BITNET, with Remote Spooling Communications Subsystem (RSCS) and the Network Job Entry (NJE) network protocol, was used for the huge IBM internal network known as VNET. BITNET links originally ran at 9600 bit/s. The BITNET protocols were eventually ported to non-IBM mainframe operating systems, and became particularly widely implemented under VAX/VMS, in addition to DECnet.

BITNET featured email and LISTSERV software, but predated the World Wide Web, the common use of FTP, and Gopher. Gateways for the lists made them available on Usenet.^[3] BITNET also supported interactive transmission of files and messages to other users. A gateway service called TRICKLE enabled users to request files from Internet FTP servers in 64 Kb UUencoded chunks. The Interchat Relay Network, popularly known as Bitnet Relay, was the network's instant messaging feature.

BITNET differed from the Internet in that it was a point-to-point "store and forward" network. That is, email messages and files were transmitted in their entirety from one server to the next until reaching their destination. From this perspective, BITNET was more like UUCPNET.

BITNET’s first electronic magazine, VM/COM, began as a University of Maine newsletter and circulated broadly in early 1984. Two email newsletters that began as Bitnet newsletters in the fall of 1987 are known to still be transmitting. They are the Electronic Air and SCUP Email News (formerly SCUP Bitnet News).

BITNET's eligibility requirements limited exchange with commercial entities, including IBM itself, which made technical assistance and bug fixes difficult. This became a particular problem when trying to communicate on heterogeneous networks with graphical workstation vendors such as Silicon Graphics.

Extent

At its zenith around 1991, BITNET extended to almost 500 organizations and 3,000 nodes, all educational institutions. It spanned North America (in Canada it was known as NetNorth), Europe (as EARN),^[4] Israel (as ISRAEARN),^[5] India (VIDYANET)^[6] and some Persian Gulf states (as GulfNet). BITNET was also very popular in other parts of the world, especially in South America, where about 200 nodes were implemented and heavily used in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Part of the South African inter-university academic network, initially known as UNINET, and later TENET (Tertiary Education Network) was implemented using BITNET protocols in the late 1980s, with a TCP/IP gateway to the Internet via Rhodes University.^[7] With the rapid growth of TCP/IP systems and the Internet in the early 1990s, and the rapid abandonment of the base IBM mainframe platform for academic purposes, BITNET's popularity and use diminished quickly.

Legacy

BITNET hosted its first multi-user dungeon (MUD) in 1984, the text-based MAD.^[8] Players connected from the United States, Europe or Israel to a single server running in France.^{[citation needed]}

In 1996, CREN ended their support for BITNET. The individual nodes were free to keep their phone lines up as long as they wished, but as nodes dropped out, the network splintered into parts that were inaccessible from each other. As of 2007, BITNET has essentially ceased operation. However, a successor, BITNET II, which transmits information via the Internet using BITNET protocols, still has some users.

References

^ "A Brief History of "Bit.net"". Bit.net. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
^ Cailliau, Robert; Gillies, James (1 January 2000). How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. San Val, Incorporated. pp. 74, 75. ISBN 978-0-613-92163-3.
^ Hura, Gurdeep (28 March 2001). Data and Computer Communications: Networking and Internetworking. CRC Press. p. 779. ISBN 9780849309281.
^ Tracy Laquey, ed. (1990). The User's Directory of Computer Networks. ISBN 9781483296418.
^ "Humanist Archives Vol. 4 : 4.1144 Bitnet in Israel (1/69)". Dhhumanist.org. 1991-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
^ "As emails turn 40, scientists recall India arrival | NDTV Gadgets360.com". Gadgets.ndtv.com. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
^ Lawrie, Mike. "The History of the Internet in South Africa - How it began" (PDF). Retrieved 7 August 2012.
^ Warf, Barney (2018). "BITNET". In Warf, Barney (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet. SAGE Publications. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-4739-2661-5.

External links

[CREN-1] "A Brief History of "Bit.net"". Bit.net. Retrieved August 30, 2012.

[CailliauGillies2000-2] Cailliau, Robert; Gillies, James (1 January 2000). How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. San Val, Incorporated. pp. 74, 75. ISBN 978-0-613-92163-3.

[3] Hura, Gurdeep (28 March 2001). Data and Computer Communications: Networking and Internetworking. CRC Press. p. 779. ISBN 9780849309281.

[4] Tracy Laquey, ed. (1990). The User's Directory of Computer Networks. ISBN 9781483296418.

[5] "Humanist Archives Vol. 4 : 4.1144 Bitnet in Israel (1/69)". Dhhumanist.org. 1991-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-07.

[6] "As emails turn 40, scientists recall India arrival | NDTV Gadgets360.com". Gadgets.ndtv.com. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2017-03-07.

[7] Lawrie, Mike. "The History of the Internet in South Africa - How it began" (PDF). Retrieved 7 August 2012.

[8] Warf, Barney (2018). "BITNET". In Warf, Barney (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet. SAGE Publications. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-4739-2661-5.

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BITNET

Technical details

Extent

Legacy

See also

References

External links

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