Back-released click

Back-released click
Back-released click
ʞ
ʞ᫢
ʞ̃̊
ᵑ̊ʞ
ᶰ̥ʞ
IPA Number	291
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʞ
Unicode (hex)	U+029E
Image

A back-released click, sometimes more precisely a velar-released click or uvular-released click, is a click consonant found in paralinguistic use in languages across Africa, such as Wolof.^[1]^[2] The tongue is in a similar position to other click articulations, such as an alveolar click, and like other clicks, the airstream mechanism is lingual. However, unlike other clicks, the salient sound is produced by releasing the rear (velar or uvular) closure of the tongue rather than the front closure. Consequently, the air that fills the vacuum comes from behind the tongue, from the nasal cavity and the throat. Velar- and uvular-released clicks are always voiceless and typically nasal ([ᵑ̊ʞ] or [ᶰ̥ʞ]), as nasal airflow is required for a reasonably loud production.

IPA symbol withdrawn

In 1921, the International Phonetic Association (IPA) adopted Daniel Jones' symbol ⟨ʞ⟩, a turned lowercase K, for the palatal clicks of Khoekhoe.^[3] Jones seems to have first applied the label "velar" in an IPA publication in 1928.^[4] At the time, little was known about the articulation of clicks, and different authors used different labels for the same sounds – Doke, for example, called the same clicks 'alveolar'.^[5] The last mention of the "velar" clicks was in the 1949 Principles. It was omitted when the other three click letters were moved into the symbol chart in 1951, and was not mentioned again.

An actual velar click, in the sense that term is used with the languages of southern Africa, is not possible. A click is articulated with two closures of the tongue or lips. The rear articulation of all clicks is velar or uvular, and the families of dental, alveolar, palatal, and bilabial clicks are defined by the front closure, which is released to cause the influx of air from the front of the mouth that identifies the type of click. A forward closure in the velar region would leave no room for the air pocket that generates that influx of air.^[6]

From 2008 to 2015 the unused letter was picked up by the extensions to the IPA to mark a velodorsal articulation in speech pathology.^[7] However, velar clicks are possible in the sense that the release sequence of the tongue closures can be reversed: in paralinguistic use in languages such as Wolof, it is the rear (often velar) closure rather than front one that is released to produce the sound, and such clicks have also been called 'velar'.^[8]

The letter ⟨ʞ⟩ has been used for such sounds (though not by the IPA itself), and was dropped from the extIPA to avoid confusion with that usage. A retraction diacritic may be used, ⟨ʞ᫢⟩, to specify a uvular release.

Production

Lionnet describes the clicks as follows:

Like any other click, [ʞ] is produced with an ingressive lingual (velaric) airstream: the oral cavity is closed in two places: at the velum and at the front of the mouth. Air rarefaction in the intra-oral cavity is achieved mostly through tongue body lowering. However, instead of the front closure, the velar closure is released, allowing air to rush into the mouth from the back, either from the nasal cavity or from the post-velar cavity if the velo-pharyngeal port is closed.^[8]

Velar clicks are produced with closed lips in those languages known to have them. For this reason, it was at first thought that the front articulation was labial:

This click uses the ingressive airstream mechanism, just like regular clicks. The oral cavity is closed in two places: the lips and the palate or the velum. The tongue acts as a piston, with the only difference from velaric ingressive [i.e. other] clicks being the path through which air flows into the oral cavity: in clicks produced with the mouth open the air flows in through the mouth, and in this click it flows in through the nasal cavity.^[2]

However, the labial closure does not appear to be distinctive. Although articulatory measurements have not been done, it appears that the two relevant articulations are dorsal and coronal: The rear articulation appears to be at the very front of the velum, near the hard palate (at least in Wolof and Laal), and the front articulation is dental or alveolar. The lips are closed merely because that is their rest position; opening the lips has no effect on the consonant.^[8] That is, the setup of a velar click is very much like one of the coronal clicks, [ǀ, ǂ, ǃ], but with the roles of the two closures of the tongue reversed.

In Mundang and Kanuri, the rear articulation is said to be uvular and back-velar rather than front-velar. Comparisons between the languages have yet to be done.^[8]

Occurrence

Paralinguistic velar clicks are attested from a number of languages in west and central Africa, from Senegal in the west to northern Cameroon and southern Chad in the east. The literature reports at least Laal, Mambay, Mundang, and Kanuri in the east, and Wolof and Mauritanian Pulaar in the west.^[8]

In Wolof, a back-released velar click is in free variation with a lateral click or an alveolar click. It means 'yes' when used once, and 'I see' or 'I get it' when repeated. It's also used for back-channeling.^[2] In Laal as well, it is used for "strong agreement" and back-channeling, and is in free variation with the lateral click. It appears to have the same two functions in the other languages.^[8]

References

^ Grenoble, Lenore (2014). Plungian, Vladimir; et al. (eds.). "Verbal gestures: Toward a field-based approach to language description". Language. Constants. Variables: In Memory of A. E. Kibrik. Saint Petersburg: Aleteija: 105–118.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grenoble; Martinovic; Baglini (2015). "Verbal gestures in Wolof" (PDF). Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
^ Association phonétique internationale (1921). L'Ecriture phonétique internationale : exposé populaire avec application au français et à plusieurs autres langues (2nd ed.).
^ Jones, Daniel (1928). "Das System der Association Phonétique Internationale (Weltlautschriftverein)". In Heepe, Martin (ed.). Lautzeichen und ihre Anwendung in verschiedenen Sprachgebieten. Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. pp. 18–27. Reprinted in Le Maître Phonétique 3, 6 (23), July–September 1928, JSTOR 44704262.
^ Doke, Clement M. (1925) "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies 2: 129–166.
^ Pullum & Ladusaw (2013) Phonetic Symbol Guide, University of Chicago Press, p. 101.
^ "extIPA Symbols for Disordered Speech" (PDF). www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lionnet, Florian. 2020. "Paralinguistic use of clicks in Chad". In Bonny Sands (ed.), Click Consonants, pp. 422-437. Leiden: Brill.