Biu–Mandara languages
Languages of the Afro-Asiatic family
Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria.
The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria , Chad and Cameroon .
A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).[ 1]
Languages
Gravina (2014)
Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).[ 2]
Central Chadic
South
South[ 3]
Bata (A.8)
Bata Proper: Bacama , Bata , Fali , Gude , Gudu , Holma (†), Jimi , Ngwaba (from A.1 Tera), Nzanyi , Sharwa
Tsuvan: Tsuvan , Zizilivakan
Daba (A.7)
Mafa (= South A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa , Mefele , Cuvok
Tera (A.1):
Sukur (A.6)
Hurza
North
Margi–Mandara–Mofu
Margi (A.2)
Mandara (A.4):
Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa)
Maroua
Lamang
Higi
Musgum – North Kotoko
Kotoko Centre
Kotoko South
Gidar
Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.
Blench (2006)
The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:[ 4]
Biu–Mandara
Tera (A.1): Tera , Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara , Ga'anda , Gabin , Boga , Ngwaba , Hwana
Bura–Higi
Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi , Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
? Kofa
Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ , Higi), Bana , Hya , ? Kirya-Konzəl
Wandala–Mafa
Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
East: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa)
Parəkwa (Podoko)
West: Gəvoko , Guduf-Gava (Cineni ), Dghweɗe , Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang , Woga , Vemgo , Mabas
Sukur (Sakwun, A.6)
Mafa (A.5)
Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko , Gaduwa
Matal (Muktele)
South Mafa
(a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang , Maɗa , Məlokwo
(b) Zəlgwa-Minew , Gemzek , Ɗugwor , Mikere , Merey
(c) North Giziga , South Giziga , North Mofu , Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
(d) Cuvok , Mafa , Mefele , Shügule
Daba (A.7)
Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama , Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa , Tsuvan , Gude , Fali of Mubi , Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali of Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu , Holma (†), Nzanyi
Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
Buduma (Yedina)
East–Central
Newman (1977)
Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):
Names and locations (Nigeria)
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).[ 5]
South
Language
Branch
Cluster
Dialects
Alternate spellings
Own name for language
Endonym (s)
Other names (location-based)
Other names for language
Exonym (s)
Speakers
Location(s)
Notes
Daba
Daba
Daba
A single village, less than 1,000. Mostly in Cameroun
Adamawa State , Mubi LGA. Between Mubi and Bahuli
Mafa
Mafa
Mafa (Mofa) in Nigeria. Cameroon dialects divided into West, Central and Eastern.
Mofa
Matakam (not recommended)
2,000 (1963), 136,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; mainly in Cameroon
Sakun
Sukur
Sakun, Gemasakun
Gә̀mà Sákún
Sugur
Adikummu Sukur
5,000 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL). 7 villages
Adamawa State , Madgali LGA
Ga’anda cluster
Tera
Ga’anda
Tlәka’andata pl. Ka’andәca
Kaɓәn
Mokar [name of the place where the rolling pot stopped]
7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL);␣4. Six villages
Adamawa State , Gombi LGA
Kaɓәn
Tera
Ga’anda
Gabin
Tlәkaɓәnɗa pl. Kaɓәnca
12 villages
Fәrtata
Tera
Ga’anda
Tlәfәrtata pl. Fәrtaca
5 villages
Boga
Tera
Boka
5 villages
Adamawa State , Gombi LGA
Hwana
Tera
Hona, Hwona
6,604 (1952 W&B); 20,000 (1973 SIL), estimate more than 20,000 (Blench 1987)
Adamawa State , Gombi LGA, Guyuk and 30 other villages
Jara
Tera
Jera
4,000 (SIL)
Borno State , Biu LGA; Bauchi State , Ako LGA
Also refers to the languages of the Jarawan Bantu group including: the Jarawa cluster, Mbárù, Gùra, Rúhû, Gubi, Dulbu, Láb̀r, Kulung, and Gwa
Tera cluster
Tera
Tera
46,000 (SIL); 50,000 (Newman 1970)
Borno State , Biu LGA; Gombe State , Gombi LGA, Kwami district, Ako LGA, Yamaltu and Ako districts, Dukku LGA, Funakaye district
Nyimatli
Tera
Tera
Wuyo-Ɓalɓiya-Waɗe; Deba-Zambuk-Hina-Kalshingi-Kwadon [orthography based on this cluster]
Yamaltu, Nimalto, Nyemathi
Gombe State , Ako, Gombe, Kwami, Funakai, Yamaltu LGAs; Borno State , Ɓayo LGA
Pidlimdi
Tera
Tera
Hinna, Hina, Ghәna
Borno State , Biu LGA
Bura Kokura
Tera
Tera
Borno State , Biu LGA
Boga
Tera, Eastern
Boka
Adamawa State , Gombi LGA
Bata cluster
Bata
Bata
Bwatye
Bata
Bata
Mulyen (Mwulyin), Dong, Opalo, Wa-Duku
Gboare, Bwatiye
Kwaa–Ɓwaare
Ɓwaare
Bachama
11,250 (1952) 20,000 (1963)
Adamawa State , Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State , north east of Kaduna town. Bacama fishermen migrate long distances down the Benue River, with camps as far as the Benue/Niger confluence.
Bata
Bata
Bata
Koboci, Kobotschi (Kobocĩ, Wadi, Zumu (Jimo), Malabu, Bata of Ribaw, Bata of Demsa, Bata of Garoua, Jirai
Batta, Gbwata
26,400 (1952), est. 2,000 in Cameroon ; 39,000 total (1971 Welmers)
Adamawa State , Numan, Song, Fufore and Mubi LGAs; also in Cameroon
Fali cluster
Bata
Fali
Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella
Vimtim, Yimtim
4 principal villages. Estimate of more than 20,000 (1990)
Adamawa State , Mubi LGA
Vin
Bata
Fali
Uroovin
Uvin
Vimtim
Vimtim town, north of Mubi
Huli
Bata
Fali
Bahuli
Urahuli
Huli, Hul
Bahuli town, northeast of Mubi
Madzarin
Bata
Fali
Ura Madzarin
Madzarin
Muchella
Muchella town, northeast of Mubi
Ɓween
Bata
Fali
Uramɓween
Cumɓween
Bagira
Bagira town, northeast of Mubi
Gudu
Bata
Gutu, Gudo
1,200 (LA 1971)
Adamawa State , Song LGA, 120 km. west of Song. Approximately 5 villages.
Guɗe
Bata
Gude, Goudé
Mubi
Cheke, Tcheke, Mapuda, Shede, Tchade, Mapodi, Mudaye, Mocigin, Motchekin
28,000 (1952), est. 20,000 in Cameroon
Adamawa State , Mubi LGA; Borno State , Askira–Uba LGA; and in Cameroon
Holma
Bata
Holma
Da Holmaci
Bali Holma
4 speakers (Blench, 1987). The language has almost vanished and has been replaced by Fulfulde.
Adamawa State . Spoken north of Sorau on the Cameroon border
Ngwaba
Bata
Gombi, Goba
Fewer than 1000
Adamawa State , Gombi LGA, at Fachi and Gudumiya
Nzanyi
Bata
Paka, Rogede (Rɨgudede), Nggwoli, Hoode, Maiha, Magara, Dede, Mutidi; and Lovi in Cameroon
Njanyi, Njai, Njei, Zany, Nzangi, Zani, Njeny, Jeng, Njegn, Njeng,
Nzangɨ sg., Nzanyi pl.
Jenge, Jeng, Mzangyim, Kobochi, Kobotshi
1.B Wur Nzanyi
14,000 in Nigeria (1952), 9,000 in Cameroon .
Nigeria : Adamawa State , Maiha LGA. Cameroon : West of Dourbeye near Nigerian border in Doumo region, Mayo-Oulo Subdivision, Mayo-Louti Division, North Province.
Zizilivәkan
Bata
Zilivә
ÀmZírív
Fali of Jilbu
‘a few hundred’ in Cameroon
Adamawa State , Mubi LGA, Jilbu town; and in Cameroon
North
Language
Branch
Cluster
Dialects
Alternate spellings
Own name for language
Endonym (s)
Other names (location-based)
Other names for language
Exonym (s)
Speakers
Location(s)
Notes
Huba
Bura
Luwa
Hәba
Huba
Huba
Chobba Kilba
32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS)
Adamawa State , Hong, Maiha, Mubi and Gombi LGAs
Margi
Bura
Central: Margi babal = ‘Margi of the Plain’ around Lasa, Margi Dzәrŋu = ‘Margi near the Hill öu’ around Gulak; Gwàrà; Mə̀lgwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà (Urga); South Margi is counted as a separate language and is more closely related to Huba
Marghi, Margyi
Màrgí
Màrgí
For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955); 200,000 (1987 UBS)
Borno State , Askira–Uba and Damboa LGAs; Adamawa State , Madagali, Mubi and Michika LGAs
Nggwahyi
Bura
Ngwaxi, Ngwohi
One village
Borno State , Askira–Uba LGA
Putai
Bura
Margi West
Margi Putai = ‘West Margi’, Margi of Minthla
Language dying out, but ethnic population large
Borno State , Damboa LGA
Margi South
Bura
Wamdiu, Hildi
Margi ti ntәm
For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955)
Borno State , Askira–Uba LGA; Adamawa State , Mubi and Michika LGAs
Hoffmann (1963) relates the language of Margi South to Huba rather than to Margi.
Bura–Pabir
Bura
Bura Pela (Hill Bura), Bura Hyil Hawul (Plains Bura)
Bourrah, Burra, Babir, Babur
Mya Bura
Two peoples with one language: the Bura and the Pabir
Kwojeffa, Huve, Huviya
72,200 (1952 W&B), 250,000 (1987 UBS)
Borno State , Biu and Askira–Uba LGAs
Cibak
Bura
Chibak, Chibuk, Chibbuk, Chibbak, Kyibaku, Kibaku
Cíbɔ̀k, Kikuk
20,000 (1973 SIL)
Borno State , Damboa LGA, south of Damboa town
Kamwe
Higi
Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte, Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) in Cameroon
Vәcәmwe
Higi, Hiji, Kapsiki
64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) est. 23,000 in Cameroon
Adamawa State , Michika LGA and into Cameroon
Mukta
Higi
Kamwe
Mukta
Mukta village
Adamawa State
Kirya-Konzәl cluster
Higi
Kirya-Konzәl
Fali
Adamawa State , Michika LGA.
Kirya
Higi
Kirya-Konzәl
myá Kákíryà
ndá Kákìryà pl. Kákìryà
Fali of Kiriya
7,000 est. 2007. Kirya: 13 villages
Konzәl
Higi
Kirya-Konzәl
myá Kónzә̀l
ndá Kónzә̀l pl. Kónzә̀l
Fali of Mijilu
9000 est. 2007. Konzәl: 15 villages
Cinene
Mandara
Cinene
Cinene
3200 (Kim 2001)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. 5 villages.
Dghweɗe
Mandara
Dghwede, Hude, Johode, Dehoxde, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude
Dghwéɗè
Azaghvana, Wa’a, Zaghvana
19,000 (1963), 7,900 (TR 1970), 30,000 (1980 UBS)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA
Guduf–Cikide cluster
Mandara
Guduf–Cikide
Afkabiye (Lamang)
21,300 (1963)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA, east of Gwoza town in the mountains. Six main villages.
Guduf
Mandara
Guduf–Cikide
Guduf, Cikide (Chikide)
Kәdupaxa
Ɓuxe, Gbuwhe, Latәghwa (Lamang), Lipedeke (Lamang). Also applied to Dghwede.
Gava
Mandara
Guduf–Cikide
Gawa
Kәdupaxa
Linggava, Ney Laxaya, Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa, Yawotatacha, Yaxmare, Wakura
Cikide
Mandara
Guduf–Cikide
Cikide
Cikide
Gvoko
Mandara
Gәvoko
Ngoshe Ndaghang, Ngweshe Ndhang, Nggweshe
Ngoshe Sama
2,500 (1963); 4,300 (1973 SIL); estimated more than 20,000 (1990)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State , Michika LGA
Lamang cluster
Mandara
Lamang
Laamang
Waha
15,000 (TR 1970), 40,000 (1963)
Zaladva
Mandara
Lamang
Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuuɓa (Dzuuba), Lәghva (Lughva), Gwózà Wakane (Gwozo)
Zәlәdvә
Lamang North
Borno State , Gwoza LGA
Ghumbagha
Mandara
Lamang
Hә̀ɗkàlà (Xәdkala, Hidkala, Hitkala), Waga (Wagga, Woga, Waha)
Lamang Central
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State , Michika LGA;
Ghudavan
Mandara
Lamang
Ghudeven, Ghudәvәn
Lamang South
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State , Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
Glavda
Mandara
Ngoshe (Ngweshe)
Galavda, Glanda, Gelebda, Gәlәvdә
Wakura
20,000 (1963); 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; also in Cameroon
Hdi
Mandara
Hidé, Hide, Xide, Xedi
Xәdi
Gra, Tur, Turu, Tourou, Ftour
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State , Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
Vemgo–Mabas cluster
Mandara
Vemgo–Mabas
Vemgo
Mandara
Vemgo–Mabas
Borno State , Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State , Michika LGA; and in Cameroon
Mabas
Mandara
Vemgo–Mabas
A single village on the Nigeria/Cameroon frontier
Adamawa State , Michika LGA. 10 km. S.E. of Madagali
Wandala cluster
Mandara
Wandala
Mandara, Ndara
19,300 in Nigeria (1970); 23,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL)
Borno State . Bama, Gwoza LGAs.
Wandala
Mandara
Wandala
Wandala
Mandara
Used as a vehicular language in this locality of Nigeria and Cameroon
Mura
Mandara
Wandala
Mura
Mora, Kirdi Mora
An archaic form of Wandala spoken by non–Islamized populations
Uncertain if Mura is spoken in Nigeria
Malgwa
Mandara
Wandala
Gwanje
Mәlgwa
Malgo, Gamargu, Gamergu
10,000 (TR 1970)
Borno State , Damboa, Gwoza and Konduga LGAs
Afaɗә
Mandage
Afade, Affade, Afadee
Afaɗә
Kotoko, Mogari
Twelve villages in Nigeria, estimate Fewer than 20,000 (1990)
Borno State , Ngala LGA; and in Cameroon
Jilbe
Mandage
Jilbe
? 100 speakers (Tourneux p.c. 1999)
Borno State , a single village on the Nigeria Cameroon border, south of Dikwa
Yedina
Yedina
Yedina, Kuri (not in Nigeria)
Yídә́nà
Buduma
20,000 in Chad; 25,000 total (1987 SIL)
Borno State , islands of Lake Chad and mostly in Chad
Numerals
Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[ 6]
Classification
Language
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A, A.1, Eastern
Boga (Boka)
ɨrtà
cə̀p
məkkən
fwəɗà
ɗurmən
tyɛ̀xxɛɬ
mwut
fwotfwə̀ɗà (2 x 4)
hàhìrta (10–1)
kum
A, A.1, Eastern
Ga'anda
ar̃ta (r̃ is a trill)
sur̃r̃i
mahkə̀n
fwəɗà
ɗɨrmən
mɪca
mwùt(n)
fwətfwəɗà (2 x 4)
wə̀nhəhəʔar̃tà (10–1) ?
kum
A, A.1, Eastern
Hwana (Hwona)
tìtal
suɣurì
maxə̀n
faɗà
tuf(ù)
mɪ̀ki
mɨɗ(u)
(w)ùvwəɗà (2 x 4)
wùtàrè (10–1) ?
ɡumdìɗi / kum
A, A.1, Western
Tera (1)
dà / da
rāp / rap
kúnúŋ / kununɡ
vàt / vat
qúrmún / qurmun
ⁿjòŋ / njoŋ
mút / mut
mʲāsī / myaasi
mɨ̄ɮām / mu̠dlam
ɡʷàŋ / ɡwanɡ
A, A.1, Western
Tera (2)
da
rab
kunuk
fad
ɠurmun
njoŋ
mut
miyasi
milam
ɡwan
A, A.2
Nggwahyi (Ngwaxi)
tə̀ŋ
sɪɗà
makùr̃
fwə̀r̃
tufù
nkwɔ̀
mur̃fà
ncis
mɪða
kuma
A, A.2, 1
Bura (Bura-Pabir) (1)
ntànɡ
sùɗà
màkə̀r
fwàr
ntìfù
nkwà
mùrfà
cìsù
ùmðlà
kùmà
A, A.2, 1
Bura (Bura-Pabir) (2)
ntaŋ
suɗà
makùr̃
fwar̃
ntufù
ŋ̀kwà
murfà
ncɨsù
ḿðà
kuma
A, A.2, 1
Cibak (Bura-Pabir)
tə̀ŋ / patù / dukù
sudæ̀
makùr̃
fwòɗu
tufù
ŋ̀kwà
murɨfwæ̀
ntsisù
mɨðæ
kuma
A, A.2, 1
Putai (West Margi)
duku / təŋ / duɡu
suɗà / fɨɗɛ̀
makùr
fɔɗu / fwoɗu
tufù
kwa / kwɔ̀
muɗufā / muɗɨfɛ̀
cisù / ncɪsù
ḿðà / mðɛ̀
kuma / kumɛ
A, A.2, 2
Huba (Kilba)
dzàŋ
mətlù
màkə̀r / màkərù
fòɗù
tùfù
kwà
məɗəfà
cìsù
dlà
kùmà / kùm
A, A.2, 2
Central Marghi
taŋ / paɬu / tɪtɨkù
mɨɬù / sɪɗàŋ
makùr̃
fwoɗù
ntɪfù
ŋ̀kwà
mɪɗɪfù
ntsisù
ḿðù
kumu
A, A.3
Bana (1)
tánə̀
bákə̀
máhə̀kánə̀
fáɗə̀
cífə̀
kwáŋ
bə̀rfàŋ
də̀ɣə̀sə̀
mə̀ɬísɗə̀
mə̀ŋ
A, A.3
Bana (2)
kwətiŋ
bakə
mahkan
faɗə
cifə
kwaŋ
mbərfəŋ
dəghəs
məsliɗ
məŋ
A, A.3
Hya (Higi Ghye)
paðɛ / tanɛ
ɓaɡɛ
màŋkɛ
fwaɗɛ
wcivi
kwaŋəy
mbùr̃ùfəŋəy
tùɡùzi
wɨɬti
mùŋəy
A, A.3
Kafa (1)
ʔìkkòó
ɡùttòó
kèèmó
áwùddò
ʔùùttʃòó
ʃírìttòó
ʃábààttòó
ʃímìttòó
jììtʼijòó
ààʃìròó
A, A.3
Kafa (2)
ʔikko
ɡutto
keemo
ʔauddo
ʔuutʃtʃo
ʃiritto
ʃabaatto
ʃimitto
jiitʼijo
ʔaaʃiro
A, A.3
Kafa (3)
ʔikko
ɡutto
keemo
auddo
uuččo
širitto
šabaatto
šimitto
yiitʼtʼio
aaširo
A, A.3
Kwame (Fali of Kiria)
ɡutàn / tanəy
ɓwukuʔ
màkun(u)
fwaɗùʔ
(w)cɪfuʔ
ŋkwaŋ
mbùrùfūŋ
tùɣùsùʔ
ǹwɬti(ʔyì)
ɡwùm(ù)
A, A.3
Psikye (Kapsiki)
kwetɛŋe
bake
mahekene
wəfaɗe
mcɛfe
ŋkwaŋe
mberefaŋe
deɡhese
mesli
meŋe
A, A.4, Lamang
Hadi (Hdi)
tèkw
hìs
hə̀kə̀n
fwáɗ
hùtáf
mə̀kúʔ
ndə̀fáŋ
tə̀ɣás
tə̀mbáy / timbe
ɣwàŋ
A, A.4, Lamang
Lamang
tíuwá / tálá
χésá
χ̀kə́ná
ùfáɗá
χẁtáfá
m̀kwá / m̀kuwá
ə̀lfáŋá
tə̀ɣásá
tə̀mbáyá
ɣwáŋá
A, A.4, Lamang
Vemgo-Mabas
pál / tékw
hés
xə̀kə̀n
úfáɗ
xútáf
ŋ́ku
lə̀fàŋ
tə̀ɣàs
tə̀mbàj
ɣə̀wàŋ
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda
Cinene
pàlà
bùʷà
xə̀kə̀rɗà
ùfàɗà
ɮɨ̀ɓà
ŋkʷàxà
ùɗifà
tə̀ɣsà
vaslambàɗà
klawà
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda
Dghwede
tɨtɨkwì, tekwè
micè
xəkùrè
fiɗì
ðiɓi
ŋ́kwe
wuɗìfi
təɣə̀še / təxəse
təmbə̀
ɣwàŋɡa
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda
Glavda
páll
bwa
xkərɗ
ufáɗ
ɮəɓ
ŋkwax
uɗif
tə́xs
vaslambaɗ
klàáwá
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda
Guduf-Gava
tekʷè / kitakʷè
mitsè
xəkərɗè
ùfəɗè
ɮɨ̀ɓè
ŋkʷaxè
ùɗifè
tə̀ɣəsè
vaslambàɗè
kuləkè
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda
Gvoko
palò / tekò
xecò
xəkʷarò
fwaɗò
ɮaʔò
ŋkoyò
ntfaŋɡò
tə̀ɣasò
tɨ̀mbayò
ɣʷaŋɡò
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara
Wandala (Malgwa)
pálle
búwa
kəɠyé
ufáɗe
iiɮəbé
unkwé
vúye
tiise
másə́lmane
kəláwa
A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Podoko
Podoko
kutəra
səra
makəra
ufaɗa
zlama
məkuwa
maɗəfa
za
metɨrəce
jɨma
A, A.5
Cuvok (Tchouvok) (1)
ámə̀tà
át͡ʃèw
máákàr
fáɗ
ɮám
máákwà
tásə̀là
t͡ʃáákàr
t͡ʃʉ́ɗ
kùràw
A, A.5
Cuvok (Tchouvok) (2)
amta, mta
ɛt͡ʃəw
maakar
faɗ
ɮam
makwa
tasəla
tsaakar
t͡ʃyɗ
kuraw
A, A.5
Dugwor
bek
səla
makar
məfaɗ
zlam
mukwa
tsela
tsaamakar
tseuɗ
kurow
A, A.5
Zulgo-Gemzek
ilík
súla
màkər
əfáɗ
ə̀zləm
ndílík
təsəlá
tsàmàkə̀r
tswíɗ
kúrwá
A, A.5
North Giziga
ɓlà
cêw
màːkàr
m̀fàɗ
ɮòm
mérkêɗ
tàːrnà
dàːɡàfàɗ
nɡòltêr
krô
A, A.5
South Giziga
plá
cúw
máakə̀r
mə̀fáɗ
ɮúm
mérkéɗ
tàrnà
dàaŋɡàfáɗ (2 x 4) ?
nɡòltír
kúrú
A, A.5
Mada
ftek
séla
mahkaɾ
wfaàë
zzlaèm
mokkoà
slaasélaà
slalahkaàr
oàboèlmboè
dzmoèkw
A, A.5
Mafa
sə́táɗ
cew / cecew
makár
fáɗ
zlám
mokwa
tsáraɗ
tsamakaɗ
cœ́ɗ
kula
A, A.5
Matal (1)
dì / tēkùlā
sɨ̄là
màkɨ̀r
ùfàɗ
ɨ̀ɮù
mùkʷā
mɨ̀ɗɨf
m̀tìɡìʃ
làdɨ̀ɡà
kùlù
A, A.5
Matal (2)
dìì / tékùlá
sə̀là
mákə̀r
úfàɗ
ə́ɮùw
mə̀kwá
mə̀də̀f
mə̀tə̀ɡìʃ
ládə̀ɡá
kùlù
A, A.5
Mbuko
kərtek
tsew
maakaŋ
fuɗo
ɗara
mbərka
tsuwɓe
dzəmaakaŋ
dəsuɗo
kuro
A, A.5
Mefele
mə̀tá
cécèw
màhkár
fwàɗ
ɮàm
mòkwá
tsə̀làɗ
t͡ʃáhkàr
t͡ʃʉ́ɗ
dùmbók
A, A.5
Merey
nə̀tê
súlò
màkàr
fàɗ
ɮàm
m̀kô
tàsə́là
tsàːmàːkàr
cö̂ɗ
krôw
A, A.5
Mofu-Gudur
teɗ / ték (counting), pál (enumation)
t͡sew
máakar
məfaɗ
ɮam
maakwáw
maasála
daaŋɡafaɗ
ɮam-leték / ɮam-leteɗ
kúráw
A, A.5
North Mofu
nettey
suho
makar
fáɗ
ɮàm
mukó
taasə́lá
tsamakàŋ
tsəɗ
kuro
A, A.5
Moloko
bɪ̀lɛ́ŋ
tʃɛ́w
màkáɾ
ùfáɗ / mɔ̀fáɗ
ɮɔ̀m
mʊ̀kʷɔ̀
ʃɪ̀sɛ́ɾɛ́
ɬálákáɾ
hɔ́lɔ́mbɔ́
kʷʊ̀ɾɔ́
A, A.5
Muyang
bílìŋ
tʃỳ
màhkə̄r
fāɗ
ɮàm
mʊ̀kʷū
ādə́skə̄lā
āɮáláxkə̄r
āmbʊ́lmbō
krū
A, A.5
Ouldeme (Wuzlam)
ʃɛ̄lɛ́ŋ
brɛ̄tʃâw / tʃâw
mākár
mə̄fáɗ
ɮàm
mōkō
sə̄sə̄lā
fə̄rfáɗ
álɓìt
kōlō
A, A.5
Vame (Pelasla)
ɓìlɛ́
tʃâw
máŋɡàn
fúːɗàw
ɗáːrà
márkà
tʃíɓà
ʒíːrɛ̀
táhkɛ̀
dʒɛm
A, A.6
Sukur (1)
kə̀lí
bák
ma̋ken
fwáɗ
ɮám
mʊ́kwà
máɗáf
tə̀kə̀z
míçí / míɬí
ʔwàn
A, A.6
Sukur (2)
tá.í
bákʼ
máːkə̀n
fwáɗ
ɮám
mə́kkwà
máɗaf
tə́kkəz
məɬi
wàŋ
A, A.7
Buwal
tɛ́ŋɡʷʊ̄lɛ̀ŋ
ɡ͡bɑ́k
mɑ̄xkɑ́t̚
ŋ̀fɑ́t̚
dzɑ̄ɓɑ́n
ŋ̀ʷkʷɑ́x
ŋ̀ʃɪ́lɛ́t̚
dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3)
dzɑ́fɑ́t̚ (5 + 4)
wɑ́m
A, A.7
Daba
takan
səray
makaɗ
faɗ
jeɓin
koh
cesireɗ
cəfaɗcəfaɗ (4 + 4)
dərfatakan (10–1)
ɡuɓ təɓa təɓa
A, A.7
Gavar
ŋ̀tɑ́t̚
ɡ͡bɑ̀k
mɑ̄xkɑ̀t̚
ŋ̀fɑ̄t̚
dzɑ̄ɓə̄n
ŋ̀kʷɑ́x
ŋ̀ʃɪ́lít̚
dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3)
dzɑ́ŋfɑ́t̚ (5 + 4)
wɑ̄m
A, A.7
Mbedam
ntɑɗ
bɑk
mɑxkɑɗ
mfɑɗ
dʒəɓɑn
ŋkwɑx
diʃliɗ
dʒɑmɑxkɑɗ (5 + 3)
tsɑfɑɗ (5 + 4)
wɑm
A, A.7
Mina (Hina)
ǹtá
suloɗ
mahkaɗ
mfáɗ
dzəbuŋ
ǹkú
dìsùlùɗ
fáɗfáɗ (2 x 4)
varkanta
ɡə̀ɓ
A, A.8
Bacama (Bachama)
hiɗò
k͡pe
ḿwɔ̀kun
fwət
tuf
tukwə̀ltaka (5 + 1)
tukòluk͡pe (5 + 2)
fwɔ̂fwət (2 x 4)
ɗɔ̀mbiɗò (10–1)
bə̌w
A, A.8
Fali (Fali of Mucella)
tɛ̀n / ʔar̃mə
bek / buk
màxk(u)
fwəɗ
tuf
yiɗə̀w
mbùr̃fuŋ
tùɣus
mɪ̀ðɪŋ
ɡùm
A, A.8
Gude
tèen / rûŋ
bə̀ráʔy
màkk
ǹfwáɗ
tə́f
kùwà
mə̀ɗə̀f
tə̀ɣə́s
ìllíŋ
puʔ
A, A.8
Gudu (Gudo)
ǰə́ŋ
bœ̀k
māːkə́n
fwád
tùf
kwǎ
mīskàtā
fɔ̄rfwād (2 x 4)
žīɛ́tə́pə̀n
pú
A, A.8
Jimi (Mwulyen)
híɗò / tɛ̂n
búk / bíkə̌
mwàkɨ́n / maxkə́n
fwad / fwátʼ
túhf / tɯ́f
túkwàldèáká / bə̌rfǐŋ
túkwàlóʔpé / tɯ̀ʁɯ́s
fwáfwàɗ (2 x 4) / mìɮíɲ
táàmbíɗò / pó?
bù
A, A.8
Nzanyi
hɪɗè
buk
mɨ̀dɨfəl
fwət
tuf
kwɔx
mɨ̀skatə̀
fwəfwaɗè (2 x 4)
təmɓeɗè
pu
A, A.8
Zizilivakan
lɪm
sul
màxku
fwəy
mùxtyup
ŋ̀kwaʔ
mbùrfìŋ
tə̀ɣìs
mɨ̀ðì
ɡumù
B, B.1, Buduma
Buduma (Yedina)
ɡə̀tté
kí
ɡàkə́nnə́
híɡáy
híŋɟì
hə̀ràkkə́
tùlwár
wósə́kə́
hílíɡár
hákkán
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North
Afade
sə́rə̀jā
sɗā
ɡàrkə̀
ɡàɗē
ʃìʃí
və̀nārkə̄ (2 x 3)
kàtùl
vìyāɗē (2 x 4)
dìʃẽ̄
χkàn
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North
Mpade
pál
ɡāsì
ɡòkúrò
ɡāɗè
ʃénsī
ʃéskótē
túlùr < Kanuri
jìlìɡàɗè (2 x 4)
jìàtálà
kán
B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South
Lagwan
sə́ɣdia, tkú
χsɗá
ɡǎχkər
ɡǎɗe
ʃēʃí
vɛnǎχkər / vɛnǎχəkər (2 x 3)
kátul
vɛɲáɗe (2 x 4)
diʔiʃén
χkan
B, B.2
Mbara
kítáy, ɗów
mòk
ùhú
púɗú
íɬím
ɬírá
mìɡzàk / mùɡizàk
mìsílày / mùsílày
wáːŋá
dòːɡò / dòk
B, B.2
Musgu
kítáy, ɗáw
súlú
hú
púɗú
ɬím
ɬàːrà
mìɡzàk / mùɡzàk
mìtwìs / mìtìs
tíklá
dòːɡò
C
Gidar
tákà
súlà
hókù
póɗò
ɬé
ɬré
bùhúl
dòdòpórò (2 x 4) ?
váyták (10–1) ?
kláù
See also
Notes
References
Tera (A.1) Bura–Higi
Bura–Marghi (A.2) Higi (A.3) Others
Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
Mafa (A.5)
Northeast South (A) South (B) South (C) South (D) Others
Daba (A.7)
Bata (Gbwata) (A.8) Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
East– Central
Munjuk (B.2) Mida'a (< B.1) Others
Others