Calne is on a small river, the Marden, that rises 2 miles (3 kilometres) away in the Wessex Downs, and is the only town on that river. It is on the A4 road national route 19 mi (31 km) east of Bath, 6 mi (10 km) east of Chippenham, 13 mi (21 km) west of Marlborough and 16 mi (26 km) southwest of Swindon. Wiltshire's county town of Trowbridge is 15 mi (24 km) to the southwest, with London 82 mi (132 km) due east as the crow flies. At the 2021 Census, Calne had 19,074 inhabitants.[1]
History
In 978, Anglo-Saxon Calne was the site of a large two-storey building with a hall on the first floor. It was here that St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury met the Witenagemot[4] to justify his controversial organisation of the national church, which involved the secular priests being replaced by Benedictinemonks and the influence of landowners over churches on their lands being taken away. According to an account written about 1000, at one point in this meeting Dunstan called upon God to support his cause, at which point the floor collapsed killing most of his opponents, whilst Dunstan and his supporters were in the part that remained standing. This was claimed as a miracle by Dunstan's supporters.[5]
Early market town
In 1086 Calne may already have been, as it was later, a market town on the main Bristol-London road, with 114 households and a church.[6] 74 or more households were held almost outright by burghal tenure (as citizens of a borough), and the lordship of its large outlying land was divided between the king (of whom 45 burgesses were tenants) and the church.[5]
In the Middle Ages the king's successor as the lord of Calne manor and, as owner of the church's revenues, the treasurer of Salisbury Cathedral, each had the right to hold a market and a fair in the town, with two triangular market places or fair grounds. A modest hospital was provided on a modest endowment from 1248 until it provided no accommodation in 1546 and was sold two years later by the Crown.[5]
Reflecting the large area of the king's estate, until the late 19th century Calne had tithings at Eastmead Street, Quemerford, Whetham, Whitley, and part of Beversbrook, all now within Calne parish; and furthermore Blackland, Calstone, Stock, Stockley and Studley, all now in Calne Without parish.[7][8]
Industry
Calne had a significant woollenbroadcloth industry in the 18th century, and evidence of this can be seen set around the triangular green by the parish church, where 24 listed buildings remain, five at Grade II* including the Tounson almshouses for the neediest poor[9][10][11][12][13] and Georgian era clothiers' houses. Nearby are some of the 14 original mills along the Marden. St Mary's church was extended by the generous donations of rich clothiers and wool merchants in the 15th century.
Houses of the 17th and 18th centuries have external walls of stone and timber-framed walls inside. Most of the stone is limestone rubble, laid with ashlar dressings in houses of higher quality; the walls of many houses were rendered smooth. Until the 19th century, quarries beside the London road northwest and southeast of the town were sources of stone for building.[5]
A relic of 19th century lime extraction, a kiln, exists in the grounds of St Mary's School. This solid marine deposition is chiefly one chemical, calcium carbonate, and is dug in nearby pits for its main use in cement and as fertiliser on acid ground.[14][15]
Calne railway station opened in 1863, the terminus of its own branch line of the Great Western Railway running east from Chippenham, with one intermediate stop: Stanley Bridge Halt. The opening of Black Dog Halt in the early 20th century provided insufficient demand to slow a progressive decline. The branch closed as a result of the Beeching Axe in September 1965, having made the biggest loss per mile of any line in the country.[citation needed]
Subsequently, Calne's main industry other than being a small market town was the imposing C&T Harris porkprocessing factory. It is said that the pork-curing industry developed because pigs reared in Ireland were landed at Bristol and then herded across England on drovers' roads to Smithfield, London. One resting place for the pigs was at Black Dog Hill, just west of the town, and the Harris family of butchers took the pigs that would not survive the onward journey.
C&T Harris
The Harris business began in the second half of the 18th century, when widow Sarah Harris and her son John relocated from Devizes and began trading as pork butchers in Church Street (Butchers Row). Brothers John and Henry Harris, sons of John Harris, continued separately in business, at High Street and the original Church Street location respectively. John Harris and his wife Mary Perkins had eleven children, with three, Thomas, George, and Charles continuing to expand the family business.[16] The businesses of Charles and Thomas merged in 1888 as C. & T. Harris & Co.[16] C&T Harris documented their work in a company magazine between 1927 and 1939,[17] each issue containing an article by their managing director, Sir John Bodinnar.[18]
C&T Harris built a five-storey factory in the centre of the town in the 1930s,[19] which at its height employed 2,000 people to process 5,000 pigs each week into bacon, pies, sausages and cooked meats.[20] The business declined in the 1970s, due in part to competition from Danish bacon. The company (by now Farmers Meat Company Ltd) closed in 1982,[20] and the factory was demolished over the next two years.[21] Its site was later redeveloped as housing and the town's public library.
Economy
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Calne saw rapid expansion compared to most other towns in the South West region, with a population which the district council projected to peak at around 19,000 by 2015 but which has since been surpassed. The Lansdowne Park housing development (completed in early 2007[22]) has substantially increased the size of the town, creating a new northwestern suburb, including a new primary school, a medical centre and a small shopping area. This area has attracted professional workers from traditionally more expensive areas such as Bath, Bristol, Marlborough and as far afield as the 'silicon valley' towns of central Berkshire. The development's name reflects its proximity to the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne, whose family have owned the nearby Bowood House country estate since 1784.[23]
The Porte Marsh Industrial Estate on the north side of the town provides the bulk of the town's internal employment, and is home to around 100 companies in predominantly light industries and information technology. The Belgian company Deceuninck has invested considerably in this area and operates two large facilities for production and distribution. Another significant employer is the Exception Group, an electronics manufacturer which, as of 2013, was the town's largest employer with some 220 employees. In 2006, plans to build a cement production plant on the Porte Marsh site were vigorously opposed by local residents and planning permission was refused by the council.[24]
Aside from the completion of Lansdowne Park, smaller pockets of new housing were built. In May 2009, the 94-acre Beversbrook Sports Facility was opened. This facility is managed by Calne Town Council was built with £1.2 million funding from Hills Property, provided as part of the planning agreement for their King Edward Close development. The facility boasts fourteen age appropriate football pitches, one-ten wicket cricket square, an artificial cricket wicket, archery range, floodlit tennis courts and indoor facilities, including a badminton court.
Retail
Calne has Sainsbury's, Tesco and Iceland supermarkets, and an intermediate-sized Tesco store on the northern edge of the town and an intermediate- sized Asda Express on the southern edge. As part of the New Heart of Calne initiative, a section of the Phelps Parade was redeveloped in 2009, using part Cotswold stone and part red brick, a new glass roof section and roof lining.
Arts and tourism
Tourism is described in nearby places of interest below, with details of the surrounding historic and landscape attractions. Within the town the annual Calne Music & Arts Festival was established in 1975.
In 2014 the town entered the South West in Bloom area of the Britain in Bloom competition and won a Gold Award for the first time. The award is judged on both the town council's floral displays and those of the community projects whose groups have entered in the 'It's Your Neighbourhood' category of the awards.
Calne is home to approximetely twenty pieces of public art ranging from bronze and ceramics to murals and mixed-media structures. These pieces have been documented in detail, mapped and made available as a Public Art Trail for residents and tourists alike.[25]
Landmarks
Notable buildings in the town include St Mary's Church, Calne's only Grade I listed structure, an array of houses on The Green and Calne Town Hall.
An inn in the centre of the town – now the Lansdowne Strand Hotel – is a Grade II* listed building, dating in part from the 17th century and re-fronted in the 18th.[26]
Of particular note is Calne Library which has won awards for its innovative design and was opened by the Queen in 2001.[27]
Since the demolition of the Harris pork factory and the completion of the first phase of redevelopment/regeneration in 2001, Calne has seen Cotswold stone, similar to local limestone, being used together with smart red brickwork, formerly reserved for fine historical buildings.
Transport and infrastructure
The town centre suffers traffic congestion, with the A4 through the town close to gridlock during rush hour, due to single-file traffic between Curzon Street and Wood Street, with eastbound traffic having priority. A northern bypass road (a re-routing of the A3102) was completed in 2000.
Calne is equidistant (12 mi or 19 km) from the M4 motorway at Junction 16 (Wootton Bassett/Swindon West) to the northeast of Calne, and the westbound M4 junction 17 just north of Chippenham to the northwest. The nearest main passenger airport is Bristol, 38 mi (61 km) to the southwest. The nearest railway stations are Chippenham, Melksham and Pewsey. Bus operators Stagecoach West, Faresaver and Swindon's Buses provide services to towns and cities such as Chippenham, Devizes, Marlborough, Swindon and Bath.
Education
Bentley's School opened in the town in 1664 using an endowment left by John Bentley in 1662. In 1901 this was amalgamated with Calne Technical School as a school of science for boys aged 9–17, which became known as Calne County School and later Calne County Secondary School. Girls were admitted from 1903 and in 1908–09 new buildings were added to the nucleus of buildings dating from 1842. The school was later called the Bentley Grammar School. In 1957 it moved to a new building in the angle of the London and Melksham roads.[28] In 1974, Wiltshire County Council closed the grammar school and the Fynemore Secondary Modern School in Silver Street and created a new school, the John Bentley Comprehensive School, on both sites. This was later called the John Bentley School, and in 2019 was renamed as the Kingsbury Green Academy. Until 1998 both sites were used. After the buildings in Silver Street were given up, new buildings were erected on the site of Bentley Grammar, and existing ones improved.
St Mary's School, Curzon Street, is an independent school for girls established in 1873.[29]
Calne had other small schools, some based in houses, such as one in Curzon Street in which girls were trained for domestic service. Another example was a small boarding school for boys open in 1842 on the site of a former factory in Silver Street, called William Jacob's School. This was attended by Reg Birkett, the international sportsman, who played football and rugby for England in the 1870s,[30][n 1] and by Charlie Absolom who played cricket for the England cricket team in a Test match in 1879.[31]
St Mary's church has a central position in the town and dates from the 12th century. The building was greatly expanded in the 14th and 15th centuries, and its tower rebuilt in the 17th. It is a Grade I listed building.
Holy Trinity church at Quemerford, on the London Road southwest of the town, was built in 1852–3. Its churchyard became the parish graveyard, as St Mary's was full.
Catholic
St Edmund's Catholic Church, Oxford Road, was built in 1962. The font has tiles from Stanley Abbey (which was visited by Saint Edmund Rich) [38] and the church received stained glass from the demolished St Joseph's Church at RAF Lyneham.[39]
A Presbyterian chapel was built in Back Road c. 1695. The congregation became Unitarian after 1770, being influenced by Joseph Priestley who lived in the town from 1773 to 1780 and preached at the chapel. The chapel had been closed by the late 1830s and was re-used by the Primitive Methodists and later by the Salvation Army. It was demolished in the 1960s.[40]
The Baptist church in Castle Street was built in the late 17th century, rebuilt in 1704 and again in 1817. The church continues in use.[41]Particular Baptists built Zion chapel in 1836 on the street now called The Pippin; this too remains open, and is a feature of Calne's pedestrian precinct.[42]
Wesleyan Methodists built a chapel in Back Road in 1811, and opened a larger church at Silver Street in 1867, which continues in use.[43]Primitive Methodists used the former Unitarian chapel from the late 1830s, and moved to the former Wesleyan chapel in Back Road in 1887. In 1965 both congregations came together in the Silver Street building and the chapel in Back Road was later demolished.
There is an Evangelical church in Oxford Road.[45] First built in the early 1930s, and rebuilt at a later date, this was an Open Brethren Gospel Hall until at least the late 1990s.
There is a non-conformist cemetery alongside the Curzon Street section of the A4 leading towards Chippenham. The cemetery was opened in 1867 and is available to people of any faith.[46]
Demography
At the 2021 Census, Calne parish had a population of 19,074.[1] There were 19,732 in the built-up area, which extends further south to include those parts of Quemerford lying in Calne Without parish, as well as Stockley hamlet.[47]
Earlier statistics for Calne parish are shown below. Figures from 1911 to 1961 are for the successor Metropolitan Borough which covered a slightly smaller area. In 2011 the population reached 17,274 living in 7,113 homes.[48]
In local radio, BBC Radio Wiltshire and Heart West are supplemented by two Internet-only stations: Eartunes Radio (Calne's long-established community station),[51] and White Horse Radio (music, advertiser-supported).[52]
Following boundary changes which came into effect at the 2024 general election, the four electoral divisions covering Calne civil parish are split between two Westminster constituencies. Calne North, Calne Chilvester & Abberd, and Calne Central are within the Chippenham constituency, while Calne South (covering a southern part of the town, as well as Quemerford and a large rural area to the south) is part of Melksham and Devizes.[53] The former is represented by Sarah Gibson[54] and the latter by Brian Mathew,[55] both Liberal Democrats.
At a parish level, Calne is run by Calne Town Council which has responsibility for allotments, play areas, open spaces, town events, cemeteries, tourist information and more.[56] It elects 19 town councillors, from four wards.[57]
The country estate of Bowood House, which dates from 1725, lies approximately 3 mi (5 km) southwest of the town. It is the family seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne; the current Marquess is Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice. It was at Bowood that Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen in 1774; there is a plaque in the town centre commemorating this. Jan Ingenhousz repeated Joseph Priestley's experiments and found it was sunlight which acted upon the plants to create oxygen (photosynthesis). There is a pavement display outside the Millennium Library in Calne in his honour.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge stayed from 1814 to 1816 as part of the Morgan household whilst writing his Biographia Literaria. A plaque on the house commemorates this visit.
Walter Goodall George (1858–1943) was an athlete who set numerous world records as an amateur and then as a professional. In one of his races, he set a mile record which was not surpassed for almost 30 years. George held more than 13 world records for running at the time and still holds a world record simply for holding the mile record longer than anyone else. There are two plaques in Calne to commemorate his life, one in front of the town hall and one at ground level just inside the recreation grounds.
Frederic Hicks Beaven (11 April 1855 – 22 January 1941) was Bishop of Mashonaland from 1911 – 1915 when his title was changed to Bishop of Southern Rhodesia, until his retirement in 1925.
Sarah Grand (1854–1943), a feminist activist and writer, settled in Calne in 1942 after her house in London was damaged by a German bomb. She died a year later on 12 May 1943, at age 88. She coined the phrase 'The New Woman' and advocated new rights for women, notably in marriage.
The singer-songwriter-author Julian Cope resided in nearby Yatesbury until 2006, and lived in Calne itself for some years before he moved with his family to the village.
The actor David Hemmings lived in the Old Mill in Calne for many years until his death in December 2003.[60]
In common with the surrounding villages, hotels cater to the following attractions:
Cherhill White Horse – 3.4 mi (5.5 km) east of central Calne, carved into the south face of Cherhill Down in 1780, situated south of Cherhill village and clearly visible from the A4 Calne – Marlborough Road. Cherhill Down rises to 860 feet (260 metres).
Lansdowne Monument – situated close to the summit of Cherhill Down, the 125 ft (38 m) stone needle provides views of Calne and the surrounding landscape. The mountains of South Wales and Cleeve Hill in the western Cotswolds can be seen on exceptionally clear days, as well as the cities of Bath and Bristol.
Bowood House (including the 2⁄3 mi (1.1 km) Bowood Lake) – is 3.1 mi (5.0 km) to the west of Calne, accessible via the village of Derry Hill. Bowood House is privately owned by the Marquis and Marchioness of Lansdowne and is grade I listed.
Aveburystone circle & Avenue (UNESCO World Heritage Site) – Europe's largest neolithic stone circle site is 7+1⁄2 mi (12.1 km) east of Calne on the A4361 route towards Wroughton.
Silbury Hill, the largest neolithic structure in Europe, is situated 7 mi (11 km) east of the town on the A4 route 1⁄2 mi (800 m) east of Beckhampton.
North Wessex Downs AONB – the range's highest summit is the Tan Hill-Milk Hill ridge near Allington, at 968 ft (295 m) above sea level, 9 mi (14 km) southeast of Calne. This area is popular with hill walkers, and several hills over 820 ft (250 m) high are situated adjacent to Calne.
Salisbury Plain – the northernmost point of the plain is 12 mi (19 km) to the southeast of Calne, slightly to the southeast of Devizes.
Blackland Lakes is a large camping site on the southern edge of Calne which is popular with anglers and tourists alike. The 'lakes' themselves are in fact large angling pools.
Sports clubs
Calne Town F.C.
Founded in 1886, Calne Town F.C. play in the Western Football League First Division at the tenth highest tier of the English league system. Their Bremhill View ground is located on the north side of the town close to the A3102 bypass.
Calne R.F.C.
According to their website, the rugby club was formed in the late 1920s, in part due to the influx of Welsh to the area during the depression. The Junior Imperial League, forerunners of the Young Conservatives formed the club under the presidency of either Mr Drewett or Mr L. Taylor.[62]
The team's first match was probably in Drewett ’s field where now stands Braemor Road. Their inaugural game against a Bath XV team was played on the Recreation Ground to which Calne returned in the late 1970s as a permanent home, which despite ground disputes and uncertainty – remains their home to date. It appears that a lack of local interest forced the club to fold in the late 1930s. In 1960 the club was re-formed as Old Bentlians; though it was not exclusively an "old boys" club it did use the pitches at Bentley Grammar School.
The club currently fields a 1st and 2nd XV, alternating home games on Saturdays, and also a junior team who play on Sundays.
Calne SMaRTT
Calne SMaRTT Running and Triathlon Team was formed in 2007. They organise an annual 10 km multi-terrain running race called the SMaRTT Smasher, on an out-and-back route along the cycle path towards Chippenham.[63]
Calne Running Club
Formed in 1992 by Mike Tawn and Dave Balkwill, Calne Running Club has members of all abilities. They also organise the Compton Bassett 5-miler and Heddington 5k races yearly.
Basketball
As of 2011, due to the work of local sports enthusiast Shaun Preen, Calne is represented in the West of England Basketball Association (WEBBA), although home games are played at the Olympiad Leisure Centre, Chippenham, home of the 'Olympiad Flames' with which Calne basketball is officially affiliated. The club provides the local community the opportunity to participate in competitive basketball.
Suburbs
Calne's suburbs and housing developments include Quemerford, Calne Marsh, Lansdowne Park, Curzon Park, Castlefields, Lickhill, Sand Pit Estate, Sands Farm Estate and Regent Park Estate.
Ordnance Survey maps published in 1959–61 show Quemerford village along the A4 east of the town, a few houses at Calne Marsh along the Swindon road on the northeastern outskirts, and Lickhill Farm standing in farmland to the northwest.[64][65][66]
^At the time his sports, football and rugby, had different codes regarding remuneration of players and profession, therefore he was described as dual-code.
^Census Returns of England and Wales, 1861. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Record Office (PRO), 1861. Class: RG9; Piece: 1286; Folio: 97; Page: 15; GSU roll: 542789.
2019 video gameWolfenstein: CyberpilotDeveloper(s)Arkane LyonMachineGamesPublisher(s)Bethesda SoftworksSeriesWolfensteinPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 4ReleaseJuly 26, 2019Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player Wolfenstein: Cyberpilot is a first-person shooter video game developed by Arkane Lyon in conjunction with MachineGames and published by Bethesda Softworks. A spin-off in the Wolfenstein series, Cyberpilot is a virtual reality experience. The game was released for Window…
Gada-gada (juga disebut kantong angin atau kerucut angin) adalah tabung tekstil berbentuk kerucut yang menyerupai kaus kaki raksasa. Ini dapat digunakan sebagai tolok ukur kecepatan dan arah angin, atau sebagai hiasan. Gada-gada biasanya digunakan di bandara untuk menunjukkan arah dan kekuatan angin kepada pilot, dan di pabrik kimia di mana terdapat risiko kebocoran gas. Mereka juga terkadang terletak di sepanjang jalan raya di lokasi berangin. Gada-gadaGada-gada di JermanKlasifikasiInstrumen me…
Un sottomarino sovietico Il sottomarino è un mezzo navale progettato per operare principalmente in immersione e questa caratteristica lo distingue dal sommergibile di cui costituisce un'evoluzione. Un sottomarino può essere impiegato per scopi militari, scientifici e di soccorso, i diversi ambiti d'impiego ne determinano le caratteristiche.[1] Lo sviluppo del mezzo subacqueo ha avuto impulso a partire dal 1850 in conseguenza dell'interesse militare per le sue potenzialità belliche[…
Month-long fasting event in Islam This article is about the 9th month of the Islamic calendar, a month of fasting for Muslims. For the Islamic calendar month, see Ramadan (calendar month). For other uses, see Ramadan (disambiguation). RamadanرَمَضَانFrom top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan; Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran; community iftar meal in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tarawih prayers in a …
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Barracuda (homonymie). Fairey Barracuda Mk II Un Barracuda Mk II. Constructeur Fairey Aviation Company Westland aircraft Boulton Paul Aircraft Blackburn Aircraft Rôle Bombardier-torpilleurBombardier en piquéReconnaissance Premier vol 7 décembre 1940 Mise en service 10 janvier 1943 Date de retrait 1945 Nombre construits 2 607 (de 1941 à 1945) Équipage 3 (pilote, navigateur-radio et mitrailleur) Motorisation Moteur Rolls-Royce Merlin 32 Nombre 1 Type V12 en l…
ريبيرو داس نيفيس علم Ribeirão das NevesعلمOfficial seal of Ribeirão das Nevesشعار الاسم الرسمي Ribeirão das Neves Location in the state of Minas Gerais and البرازيل الإحداثيات 19°46′01″S 44°05′13″W / 19.766944444444°S 44.086944444444°W / -19.766944444444; -44.086944444444 [1] تقسيم إداري Country البرازيل خصائص جغرافية [2] المساح…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جون كوين (توضيح). جون كوين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 11 فبراير 1882 أناركشاير الوفاة 15 يوليو 1946 (64 سنة) وينيبيغ الإقامة وينيبيغ (1906–1946) مواطنة كندا المملكة المتحدة المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا (–12 أبريل 1927) الحياة العملية ال…
Katedral Bunda dari Fatima, Karaganda Katedral Syafaat Suci Theotokos, Karaganda Ini adalah daftar katedral di Kazakhstan diurutkan berdasarkan denominasi. Katolik Katedral Gereja Katolik di Kazakhstan:[1] Katolik Latin Katedral Bunda Penolong Abadi di Astana Katedral Tritunggal Mahakudus di Almaty Katedral Bunda Maria dari Fátima di Karaganda Katedral Transfigurasi Tuhan Kita di Atyrau Bekas katedral Katedral Santo Yosef, Karaganda Katolik Timur Katedral Perlindungan Kudus Bunda Allah,…
Province of Panama Province in PanamaColón Province Provincia de ColónProvince FlagCoat of armsLocation of Colón Province in PanamaCoordinates: 9°10′N 80°10′W / 9.167°N 80.167°W / 9.167; -80.167CountryPanamaFounded1855Capital cityColónArea • Total4,575.5 km2 (1,766.6 sq mi)Population (2023 census) • Total281,956 • Density62/km2 (160/sq mi) official estimate[1]GDP (PPP, constant 2015 valu…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati della Lombardia non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento geografia ha problemi di struttura e di organizzazione delle informazioni. Motivo: Non segue Wikipedia:Modello di voce/Centro abitato, nell'impaginazion…
Sanskrit text, linked to Shukla Yajurveda Trishikhibrahmana UpanishadShiva is realizable with yoga, states the Upanishad.[1][2]Devanagariत्रिशिखब्राह्मणIASTTriśikhi-brāhmaṇaTitle meansThree-flamed or Trident Brahman[3]TypeYoga[4]Linked VedaShukla Yajurveda[4]Chapters2Verses164[5]PhilosophyYoga, Vedanta[6] The Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad (Sanskrit:त्रिशिखब्राह्मण उपनिष…
La marca del Nord (rossa) all'incirca all'inizio dell'XI secolo, tra la marca di Billung a nord e la marca orientale sassone (Marca di Lusazia) a sud. La marca del Nord (in tedesco Nordmark) fu creato dalla divisione della vasta Marca Geronis nel 965. Inizialmente comprendeva la parte settentrionale della Marca (approssimativamente corrispondente allo stato moderno del Brandeburgo) e faceva parte dell'organizzazione territoriale delle aree conquistate dai Venedi. La marca era incentrata attorno …
English act after the 1641 Irish Rebellion United Kingdom legislationAct of ParliamentParliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for the Setling of Ireland.DatesCommencement12 August 1652Repealed1662Other legislationRepealed byAct of Settlement 1662Status: Revoked Map of land west of the River Shannon allocated to the native Irish after expulsion from their lands. Note that all islands were cleared of Irish and a belt one mile wide around the coastline was reserved for English settlers. The Act for t…
1984 book by Eileen Barker The Making of a Moonie The Making of a MoonieAuthorEileen BarkerCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSubjectreligious conversionGenreUnification ChurchPublisherBlackwell PublishersPublication dateNovember 1984ISBN0-631-13246-5OCLC10923532Dewey Decimal289.9 19LC ClassBX9750.S4 B37 1984 The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? is a 1984 book written by British sociologist Eileen Barker. The book describes the religious conversion process to the Unification Chu…
Chaufour-Notre-Dame La mairie. Administration Pays France Région Pays de la Loire Département Sarthe Arrondissement Le Mans Intercommunalité Le Mans Métropole Maire Mandat Patrice Leboucher 2020-2026 Code postal 72550 Code commune 72073 Démographie Gentilé Calidofournien Populationmunicipale 1 156 hab. (2021 ) Densité 103 hab./km2 Population agglomération 2 752 hab. (2021) Géographie Coordonnées 48° 01′ 31″ nord, 0° 04′ 30″…
Численность населения республики по данным Росстата составляет 4 003 016[1] чел. (2024). Татарстан занимает 8-е место по численности населения среди субъектов Российской Федерации[2]. Плотность населения — 59,00 чел./км² (2024). Городское население — 76,72[3] % (2022)…