Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau

Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau
Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau
Born	19 February 1846; Paris, France
Died	15 February 1923 (aged 76)
Nationality	French
Known for	Orientalist and archaeologist
Notable work	involvement with stele of Mesha (Moabite Stone),; Palestine inconnue (1886), discovery of Azal (Zechariah 14:5)
Movement	Middle Eastern archaeology
Relatives	Simon Ganneau (father)

Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (19 February 1846 – 15 February 1923) was a noted French Orientalist and archaeologist.^[1]

Biography

Clermont-Ganneau was born in Paris, the son of Simon Ganneau, a sculptor and mystic who died in 1851 when Clermont-Ganneau was five, after which Théophile Gautier took him under his wing.^[2]^[3] After an education at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, he entered the diplomatic service as dragoman to the consulate at Jerusalem, and afterwards at Constantinople.^{[citation needed]} He laid the foundation of his reputation by his involvement with the Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone),^{[citation needed]} which bears the oldest Semitic inscription known.^[4]

In 1871, Clermont-Ganneau identified the biblical city of Gezer (Joshua 16:11) with that of Abu Shusha, formerly known as Tell el Jezer.^[5] In the same year he discovered the Temple Warning inscription in Jerusalem. In 1874 he was employed by the British government to take charge of an archaeological expedition to Palestine.^[6] Among his discoveries there was the rock-cut tomb of the Biblical Shebna.^[7] He explored/discovered many tombs in Wady Yasul, a valley immediately south of Jerusalem, which he claimed served as an auxiliary cemetery for Jerusalem at some ancient period(s). Based on geographic and linguistic evidence he theorized that this valley was Azal mentioned in Zechariah 14:5 in the Bible.^[8] He was the first to make archeological soundings at Emmaus-Nicopolis. He was subsequently entrusted by his own government with similar missions to Syria and the Red Sea. He was made chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1875. After serving as vice-consul at Jaffa from 1880 to 1882, he returned to Paris as secrétaire interpréte for oriental languages, and in 1886 was appointed consul of the first class. He subsequently accepted the post of director of the École des Langues Orientales and professor at the Collège de France.^[9]

In 1889 he was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, of which he had been a correspondent since 1880. In 1896 he was promoted to be consul-general, and was minister plenipotentiary in 1906.^[9]

Crusades against archaeological forgeries

In 1873, after the Jerusalem antiquities dealer Moses Wilhelm Shapira offered a set of Moabite artifacts (known as the Shapira Collection) for sale, Clermont-Ganneau attacked the collection as a forgery. In 1883, Shapira offered the so-called "Shapira Strips," fragments of ancient parchment allegedly found near the Dead Sea, for sale to the British Museum, which exhibited two of the strips. Clermont-Ganneau attended the exhibition, and was the first person in England to attack their authenticity.^[10] In 1903 he took a prominent part in the investigation of the so-called Tiara of Saitaferne. This tiara had been purchased by the Louvre for 200,000 francs, and exhibited as a genuine antique. Much discussion arose as to the perpetrators of the fraud, some believing that it came from southern Russia. It was agreed, however, that the whole object, except perhaps the band round the tiara, was of modern manufacture.^[9]

Works

Clermont-Ganneau's chief publications, besides a number of contributions to journals, were:

Palestine inconnue (Paris: Leroux, 1876)
Mythologie Iconographique (Paris: Leroux,1878).
L'Imagerie phénicienne et la mythologie iconologique chez les Grecs (Paris: Leroux, 1880)^[11]
Etudes d'archéologie orientale (1880, etc.)
Les Fraudes archéologiques en Palestine (Paris: Leroux, 1885)
Recueil d'archéologie orientale (Paris: Leroux, 1885, etc.)
Album d'antiquités orientales (Paris: Leroux, 1897, etc.)
(1896): Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, [ARP], translated from the French by J. McFarlane, Palestine Exploration Fund, London. Volume 1
(1896): Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, [ARP], translated from the French by J. McFarlane, Palestine Exploration Fund, London. Volume 2

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 498–499.

^ Deane, Sidney N. (1924-01-01). "Archaeological News". American Journal of Archaeology. 28 (1): 81–116. doi:10.2307/497575. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 497575.
^ André Dupont-Sommer, "Un dépisteur de fraudes archéologiques : Charles Clermont-Ganneau (1846-1923), membre de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres", Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, April 1974, pp. 591-592
^ Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains, 5th edition (Paris, Hachette, 1880), p. 444
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 498.
^ Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-1874, vol. II, London 1896, pp. 251-255; 275.
^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 498–499.
^ The Necropolis from the Time of the Kingdom of Judah at Silwan, Jerusalem, David Ussishkin, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May, 1970), pp. 33-46,
^ Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine, Vol. 1. pg. 420, 1899; Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement, April 1874, pg. 102
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm 1911, p. 499.
^ Tigay, Chanan (2017). The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for the World's Oldest Bible. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-220642-8.
^ Je m'appelle Byblos, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, 2005, p. 162.