Extrusive rock

Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.^[1] In contrast, intrusive rock refers to rocks formed by magma which cools below the surface.^[2]

The main effect of extrusion is that the magma can cool much more quickly in the open air or under seawater, and there is little time for the growth of crystals.^[3] Sometimes, a residual portion of the matrix fails to crystallize at all, instead becoming a natural glass like obsidian.

If the magma contains abundant volatile components which are released as free gas, then it may cool with large or small vesicles (bubble-shaped cavities) such as in pumice, scoria, or vesicular basalt. Other examples of extrusive rocks are rhyolite and andesite.

Texture

The texture of extrusive rocks is characterized by fine-grained crystals indistinguishable to the human eye, described as aphantic. Crystals in aphantic rocks are small in size due to their rapid formation during eruption.^[3] Any larger crystals visible to the human eye, called phenocrysts, form earlier while slowly cooling in the magma reservoir.^[4] When igneous rocks contain two distinct grain sizes, the texture is porphyritic, and the finer crystals are called the groundmass.^[3] The extrusive rocks scoria and pumice have a vesicular, bubble-like, texture due to the presence of vapor bubbles trapped in the magma.^[5]

Extrusive bodies and rock types

Shield volcanoes are large, slow forming volcanoes^[6] that erupt fluid basaltic magma that cools to form the extrusive rock basalt. Basalt is composed of minerals readily available in the planet's crust, including feldspars and pyroxenes.^[2]

Fissure volcanoes pour out low viscosity basaltic magma from fissure vents to form the extrusive rock basalt.^[2]

Composite or stratovolcanoes often have andesitic magma and typically form the extrusive rock andesite. Andesitic magma is composed of many gases and melted mantle rocks.^[2]

Cinder or scoria cones violently expel lava with high gas content,^[2] and due to the vapor bubbles in this mafic lava, the extrusive basalt scoria is formed.^[6]

Lava domes are formed by high viscosity lava that piles up, forming a dome shape. Domes typically solidify to form the rich in silica extrusive rock obsidian and sometimes dacite domes form the extrusive rock dacite, like in the case of Mount St. Helens.^[2]

Calderas are volcanic depressions formed after an erupted volcano collapses. Resurgent calderas can refill with an eruption of rhyolitic magma to form the extrusive rock rhyolite like the Yellowstone Caldera.^[2]

Submarine volcanoes erupt on the ocean floor and produce the extrusive rock pumice.^[2] Pumice is a light-weight glass with a vesicular texture that differs from scoria in its silicic composition and therefore floats.^[5]

References

^ "Extrusive rock - geology". Retrieved 21 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Jain, Sreepat (2014). Fundamentals of Physical Geology. New Delhi, India: Springer. ISBN 9788132215394.
^ ^a ^b ^c Winter, John DuNann (2001). An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0132403420.
^ Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2004). Volcanism. New York City, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3540436502.
^ ^a ^b Németh, Károly, Martin, Ulrike (2007). Practical Volcanology: Lecture Notes for Understanding Volcanic Rocks from Field Based Studies. Geological Institute of Hungary.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Sen, Gautam (2014). Petrology : Principles and Practice. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9783642388002. OCLC 864593152.