Iran had shown interest in midget submarines in the 1980s.[2] According to the Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships, Iran assembled a midget in Bandar Abbas that was completed in 1987 in an unsuccessful attempt.[2] Iran reportedly purchased a second midget of another design from North Korea, delivered in 1988.[2] It is alleged that by 1993, nine midget submarines –able to displace 76 tons surfaced and 90 tons submerged, with a top speed between 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) and 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)– were imported from North Korea.[2]
Existence of Ghadir class was first known in February 2004.[3] An unclassified 2017 report by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence stated that Iran purchased at least one Yono class submarine from North Korea in that year.[4]
In May 2005, Iran announced that it has started mass production of its own indigenous midget submarines, and aired footage of one cruising at sea level on television.[1] Later that month, the submarine was tested during the third phase of military exercise Ettehad 84.[5] In November 2007, commander of the IRIN Commodore Habibollah Sayyari said the second ship in the class has been completed after ten years of construction.[6] Iranian supreme leaderAli Khamenei was quoted saying to Iran's navy commanders on the day the submarine was launched: "Today, you have been able to design and build many of the military requirements. We have become self-sufficient from other countries."[6]
Sources are inconsistent about the class which Ghadir submarines are derived from. When it was first unveiled, some experts pointed that it is similar in appearance to Yugo-class submarines, while those who maintained a contradicting view said that they are about 1.5 times larger than the latter and more similar to the Sang-O class.[9] Other sources say they are based on the Yono class.[3][10]
Ghadir submarines displace 117 tonnes (115 long tons) when at the surface and 125 tonnes (123 long tons) while submerged.[3] The class design is 29 m (95 ft 2 in) long, would have a beam of 9 m (29 ft 6 in) and a draft of 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in).[3] The submarines have a maximum surface speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph).[3] They have a secondary retractable propeller and are powered by diesel–electric machinery,[3] and fitted with two 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes.[3][11]
Submarines in the class are equipped with sonars of an unknown type.[3] A Ghadir's crew totals seven officers and men.[3]
Ghadir submarines are alleged to have launched different types of torpedoes, namely Valfajr[11] and Hoot.[12] Anti-ship cruise missiles Nasr-1[12] and Jask-2[13] are both reportedly launched successfully, the latter being developed specifically for launch from submarines. The ships in the class are also capable of laying naval mines in addition to retrieving frogmen for special operations.[14] They are assumed to have "an extremely limited endurance",[15] while described as "very maneuverable", as well as being able to "sit silently submerged while waiting for its prey".[12] Considering that Ghadir submarines could possess only two torpedoes or missiles, Joseph Trevithick writes that Iranians may plan to use them "en masse to launch barrages of the missiles".[16]
Vijay Sakhuja, director of the National Maritime Foundation, comments that the class is "[the] most difficult to detect particularly when resting on the seabed and this could be the possible tactics that the Iranian Navy could employ during hostilities. Further, given their numbers, these could overwhelm enemy's technological superiority".[17]
A Ghadir-class submarine underway during an Iranian naval exercise in 2016
According to U.S. Navy Captain Tracy A. Vincent, Ghadir submarines can provide additional surveillance capability and create a new layer of defense for Iranian naval forces.[18]Commander Daniel Dolan maintains that the submarines are well-designed for the purpose of guerrilla warfare, ambush and anti-access/area denial (A2/AD), describing them as potentially more expendable in comparison to Kilo-class attack submarines. He argues that American fleet is prone to a high threat environment created by sheer number of these "small but lethal threats".[19] Royal Navy Commander Ryan Ramsey, who captained nuclear submarine HMS Turbulent in the Persian Gulf has stated that the submarines are a threat to western forces operating in the region, adding that "[t]he Ghadir-class are tiny submarines but have enough torpedoes to sink a couple of ships".[20]
Mark Episkopos opines that Ghadir submarines maintain "strong offensive capabilities" that contribute to the "dangerous" subsurface fleet of Iran.[21]
IRIN commander Hossein Khanzadi has said the class "can do what the U-boats did during World War II". Anyway it was not clear the purpose of building these submarines. It may have bien done as first step in being able to build domestically submarines and at same time send a signal to other countries in Gulf region with stronger navies. It also gives the possibility to train Iranian Navy in submarine operations. Fitting into Iranian naval guerrilla tactics will also allow Iran to operate bigger submarines in the future.[22]
Number built
Iran does not disclose the number of its submarines.[23] Sources differ in determining the number of Ghadir submarines built and operated, with estimates ranging between 10 and 21 units, as of 2019.[24]
On the report of Jane's Fighting Ships, one was lost in April 2014 during an exercise,[3] while American military intelligence says she was reportedly sunk on patrol, possibly due to collision with rocks.[4]
^Sakhuja, Vijay (January 2015), The Indian Ocean in 2015, PCS Special Report, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, p. 8, JSTORresrep09399
^Vincent, Tracy A. (May 2013), "A New Era: The Iranian Navy, Operational Expansion, and Soft Power", St Antony's International Review, 9 (1): 123–143, JSTOR26229106
^Cordesman, Anthony (2016), "The Gulf: How Dangerous is Iran to International Maritime Security?", in Krause, Joachim; Bruns, Sebastian (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Naval Strategy and Security, Routledge, p. 107, ISBN9781138840935
^"UPI Intelligence Watch", United Press International, 12 May 2005, ProQuest467559145
^"Iran launches second domestically-built submarine", BBC Monitoring Middle East, 28 November 2007, ProQuest459085863