Gratification

Gratification is the pleasurable emotional reaction of happiness in response to a fulfillment of a desire or goal. It is also identified as a response stemming from the fulfillment of social needs such as affiliation, socializing, social approval, and mutual recognition.^[1]

Gratification, like all emotions, is a motivator of behavior and plays a role in the entire range of human social systems.

Causes

The emotion of gratification is the result of accomplishing a certain goal or achieving a reward. Gratification is an outcome of specific situations and is induced through the completion of and as a consequence of these situations. Specifically, gratification may be experienced after achieving a long-term goal, such as graduating from college, buying one's first house, or getting one's dream job.^{[citation needed]}

Immediate and delayed gratification

The term immediate gratification is often used to label the satisfactions gained by more impulsive behaviors: choosing now over tomorrow.^[2] The skill of giving preference to long-term goals over more immediate ones is known as deferred gratification or patience, and it is usually considered a virtue, producing rewards in the long term.^[3] There are sources who claim that the prefrontal cortex plays a part in the incidence of these two types of gratification, particularly in the case of delayed gratification since one of its functions involve predicting future events.^[4]^[5]

Walter Mischel developed the well-known marshmallow experiment to test gratification patterns in four-year-olds, offering one marshmallow now or two after a delay.^[6] He discovered in long-term follow-up that the ability to resist eating the marshmallow immediately was a good predictor of success in later life. However, Tyler W. Watts, Greg J. Duncan, and Haonan Quan, published Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes^[7] debunking the original marshmallow experiment. Concluding that "This bivariate correlation was only half the size of those reported in the original studies and was reduced by two thirds in the presence of controls for family background, early cognitive ability, and the home environment. Most of the variation in adolescent achievement came from being able to wait at least 20 s. Associations between delay time and measures of behavioral outcomes at age 15 were much smaller and rarely statistically significant."

Criticism

While one might say that those who lack the skill to delay are immature, an excess of this skill can create problems as well; i.e. an individual becomes inflexible, or unable to take pleasure in life (anhedonia) and seize opportunities for fear of adverse consequences.^[8]

There are also circumstances, in an uncertain/negative environment, when seizing gratification is the rational approach,^[9] as in wartime.^[10]

Emotional gratification

Emotional gratification is a motivating force that results from the gratifying effects of emotions. The emotional reaction of emotional gratification is itself caused by emotions, resulting in a circular model of this complex interaction. Emotions themselves can instigate different varieties of gratification, ranging from hedonic outcomes to more psychologically beneficial outcomes.^[11]

Bipolar disorder

Gratification is a major issue in bipolar disorder. One sign of the onset of depression is a spreading loss of the sense of gratification in such immediate things as friendship, jokes, conversation, food and sex.^[12] Long-term gratification seems even more meaningless.^[13]

By contrast, the manic can find gratification in almost anything, even a leaf falling, or seeing their crush for example.^[14] There is also the case of the so-called manic illusion of gratification, which is analogous to an infant's illusion of obtaining food. Here, if the food is not given right away, he fantasizes about it and this eventually give way to stronger emotions such as anger and depression.^[15]

References

^ van Eimeren, W.; Engelbrecht, R.; Flagle, Ch.D. (2012). Third International Conference on System Science in Health Care: Troisième Conférence Internationale sur la Science des Systèmes dans le Domaine de la Santé. Berlin: Springer Verlag. p. 888. ISBN 9783642699412.
^ R. F. Baumeister/B. J. Bushman, Social Psychology and Human Nature (2010) p. 49
^ Baumeister, p. 120
^ Fuster, Joaquin (2008). The Prefrontal Cortex. London: Academic Press. pp. 263. ISBN 9780123736444.
^ Maciocia, Giovanni (2009). The Psyche in Chinese Medicine: Treatment of Emotional and Mental Disharmonies with Acupuncture and Chinese Herbs. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 303. ISBN 9780702029882.
^ Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (1996) p. 79-80
^ Watts, Tyler W.; Duncan, Greg J.; Quan, Haonan (2018). "Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes". Psychological Science. 29 (7): 1159–1177. doi:10.1177/0956797618761661. PMC 6050075. PMID 29799765.
^ Eric Berne, Sex in Human Loving (1970) p. 151
^ Frank Munger, Labouring Below the Line (2007) p. 274
^ James Holland, The Battle of Britain (2010) p. 735-9
^ Bartsch, Anne; Viehoff, Reinhold (2010-01-01). "The Use of Media Entertainment and Emotional Gratification". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. WCPCG 2010. 5: 2247–2255. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.444. ISSN 1877-0428.
^ Aaron T. Beck/Brad A. Alford, Depression (2009) p. 19
^ Beck, p. 28
^ Beck, p. 96
^ Welton, Welton; David, Koenig; Harold (2014). The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Pastoral Counseling: Community and Silence. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780789030429.