Hadharem

Hadharem
الحضارم
	Flag proposed by the 'Hadhrami League' in May 2013 to represent Hadramout Region as part of the federalization of Yemen.
	Hadhramout Region in Yemen
Regions with significant populations
	Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia Yemen (mainland); Saudi Arabia; Oman; Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; Sudan; Somalia ; Kenya; Tanzania (Zanzibar); India; United States; United Kingdom; Somaliland (de facto);
Languages
	Arabic
Religion
	Sunni Islam, mainly Shafi'i
Related ethnic groups
	Arabs, other Afro-Asiatic people

The Hadharem (Arabic: حضارم, romanized: ḥaḍārim) or the Hadhrami (Arabic: حضرمي, romanized: ḥaḍramī, singular) are an Arab sub-ethnic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in South Arabia, which is part of modern-day eastern Yemen and their own dialect, Hadhrami Arabic.^[1] Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.^[2]

Society

As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or sayyids, who trace their descent to Muhammad. These are followed by the sheikhs, tribesmen, townspeople, dhu'afa (farmers, fishers and builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants")^[3]

Hadhramaut was under Muslim rule and converted to the faith during the time of Prophet Muhammad.^[4] A religious leader from Iraq introduced the Hadharem to Ibadi Islam in the mid eighth century until in 951 AD when Sunnis took Hadhramaut and put it under their domain. To this day the Hadharem follow Sunni, specifically the Shafi' school. Hadharem women have had more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.^[2]

Language

The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.^[5]

Diaspora

The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami seamen to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.^[6] In the mid 1930s the Hadhrami Diaspora numbered at 110,000, amounting to a third of the total Hadhrami population.^[7]

Hadharem in the Persian Gulf

Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and on the coast of the Red Sea. The money changers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.^[8]

Hadhrami East Africans

The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.^[9] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.^[10] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.^[11]

Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.^[12]

Hadhrami Jews

The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.^[13]

List of Hadhrami Diaspora

Sri Lankan Moors^[14]
Arab Filipino
Arab Indonesian
Arab Malaysian
Arab Singaporean
Chaush, India
Sodagar (Gujarati Shaikh)
Konkani Muslims of the Konkani division of Maharashtra^[15] (partially)^[16]
Nawayath, of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka, India; Barkas, Hyderabad, India^[15]^[16]
Mappila of Kerala, India^[15]^[16]
Hadhrami Jews in Israel and abroad
The Surti Sunni Vohra Community in Gujarat that are partially of Hadhrami descent^[15]^[16]
Lemba people (Sena) who are of paternal Yemeni ancestry via Hadhramautic settlers in South East Africa; These Hadhrami settlers were primarily from the city of Sana.

Notable people

Yemen

Mohammed A. Al-Hadhrami, former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Yemen (2019-2020)
Waleed salam Bills wad Bin Hilabi
Abd Al-Rahman Ali Al-Jifri, politician
Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf, human-rights activist
Faisal Bin Shamlan, politician
Habib Ali al-Jifri, Islamic scholar
Habib Umar bin Hafiz, Islamic scholar
Habib Abdullah bin Alwi al-Haddad, Sufi saint
Imam Muhammad al-Faqih Muqaddam, founder of Ba'alawi Sufi order
Sayyid Abu Bakr Al-Aidarus (saint)
Syed Alwi Jamalullail, wali

Swahili Coast

Awadh Saleh Sherman, Kenya, businessman
Najib Balala, Kenya, former Minister of Tourism
Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, former President of Comoros
Habib Salih, Lamu, Kenya, religious scholar
Khadija Abdalla Bajaber, Mombasa, Kenya, poet and novelist
Mohamed Saleh Bawazir, businessman and philanthropist
Taib Ali Bajaber, former mayor of Mombasa
Bushra Mohamed, British-Kenyan, Architect, Academic & Writer

North Africa

Artega tribe, Babkeer, Sudan

Horn of Africa

Mohammed Al Amoudi, Ethiopia, businessman

Indonesia

Abdurrahman Baswedan, Journalist
Abdurrahman Shihab, Academic and Politician
Najwa Shihab, Journalist and tv presenter
Abu Bakar Bashir, founder of Jamaah Islamiyah
Ali Alatas, former Foreign Minister
Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Saqqaf, novelist and poet
Alwi Shihab, former Foreign Minister, special envoy to Middle East and OIC^[17]
Anies Baswedan, scholar, former Education Minister, Governor of Jakarta (2017-2022)
Nadiem Anwar Makarim, Minister of Education and Culture
Fadel Muhammad al-Haddar, former Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Fuad Hassan, Minister of Education and Culture
Hamid Algadri, a figure in Indonesian National Revolution and member of parliament
Sultan Hamid II, Pontianak Sultanate
Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier, religious leader
Habib Ali al-Habshi of Kwitang, religious leader
Habib Munzir Al-Musawa, Islamic cleric
Habib Rizieq Shihab, founder of FPI
Habib Usman bin Yahya, Mufti of Batavia
Jafar Umar Thalib, founder of Laskar Jihad
Sultan Badaruddin II, Sultan of Palembang
Munir Said Thalib Al-Kathiri, human rights activist
Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Islamic scholar
Quraish Shihab, Islamic scholar
Raden Saleh, Artist/painter
Said Naum, a philanthropist
Sayyid Abdullah Al-Aidarus, religious leader
Andi Soraya, Actress
Ahmad Albar, Musician
Siak Sultanate

East Timor

Mari Alkatiri, former Prime Minister

Malaysia

Habib Alwi bin Thahir al-Haddad, former Mufti of Johor Bahru
Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, philosopher
Syed Hussein Alatas, politician and sociologist
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, writer
Syed Hamid Albar, politician
Syed Jaafar Albar, politician
Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah, judge
Syarif Masahor, warrior
Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary businessman
Syed Nasir Ismail, politician
Tun Habib Abdul Majid, Grand Vizier
Zeti Akhtar Aziz, former governor of Central Bank
House of Jamalullail (Perak)
House of Jamalullail (Perlis)

Singapore

The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore.^[18]

Alsagoff family
Syed Abdul Rahman Alsagoff, merchant
Syed Mohamed Alsagoff, military leader
Syed Sharif Omar bin Ali Al Junied, merchant and namesake of Aljunied Road^[19]

South Asia

Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala, Indian politician
Ahmed Abdullah Masdoosi, Indian activist and lawyer
Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Indian Islamic scholar
Shah Jalal, Sufi saint in Bengal
Shah Paran, Sufi saint in Bengal
Subhani ba Yunus, Pakistani actor
Syed Ahmed El Edroos, Indian Army general of Hyderabad
Sulaiman Areeb, Indian poet
Awaz Sayeed, Indian writer and poet

Qatar

Bawazir family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Bayazid family
Bin Hilabi family
Bahantoush Al-Kindi family
Abu Futtaim family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Belgaith family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Bakhamees family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Al Attas family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Al Kathiri family ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Baharoon family ^[23]^[21]^[22]
Bin Shahbal family ^[23]^[21]^[22]
Al Jeenadi/Junaidi ^[20]^[21]^[22]
Al Amoodi ^[20]^[21]^[22]

Saudi Arabia

References

^ Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2024). Indigenous Peoples. ABC-CLIO. pp. 411–413.
^ ^a ^b Alghoul, Diana (2015). "Yemen's unnoticed but crucial province". middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
^ Boxberger, Linda (February 2012). On the Edge of Empire. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–36.
^ Area Handbook for the Peripheral States of the Arabian Peninsula. Stanford Research Institute. 1971. p. 11.
^ Al Kharusi, Aisha Sahar Waheed (17 June 2021). Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa. Lexington Books. p. 86.
^ Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244535. OCLC 123768411.
^ Freitag, Smith, Ulrike, William Clarence (1997). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s. Brill. p. 5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Seznec, Jean-François (1987). The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf. Croom Helm. ISBN 9780709954040. OCLC 18558231.
^ Cassanelli, Lee V. (1973). The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 24.
^ Gavin, R. J. (1975). Aden under British rule, 1839–1967. London, UK: Hurst. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-903983-14-3.
^ Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1993). Somalia: A country study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. pp. 10. ISBN 9780844407753. LCCN 93016246. OCLC 27642849.
^ Le Guennec, Francoise (1997). "Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa". In Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s. BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 978-9004107717.
^ Katz, Joseph. "The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia". www.eretzyisroel.org. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ "WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Khalidi, Omar (1996). "The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad". In Kulkarni; Naeem; De Souza (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-8-1715-4579-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wink, André (1991). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. Brill. p. 68. ISBN 978-9-0040-9249-5.
^ "IDBG President Receives Indonesia's Special Envoy". Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Tan, Joanna (20 July 2018). "Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley". Arab News. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
^ "Arab trader's role in Singapore landmark". The Straits Times. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?", The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia, Brill, 15 February 2009, ISBN 978-90-474-2578-6, retrieved 14 December 2023
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS". COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

Abaza, Mona (2009). "M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds". In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée. NUS Press. pp. 250–274. ISBN 9789971694241. OCLC 260294282.
Abushouk, Ahmed Ibrahim; Ibrahim, Hassan Ahmed, eds. (2009). The Hadhrami diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity maintenance or assimilation?. Brill. ISBN 9789004172319. ISSN 1385-3376. OCLC 568619869.
AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821
Ali, Shanti Sadiq (1996). "Chapter 9: The Importation of Arabs and Africans into Hyderabad". The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. pp. 193–202. ISBN 9788125004851.
Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin (2007). "The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation". Immigrants & Minorities. 25 (2): 163–183. doi:10.1080/02619280802018165. ISSN 0261-9288. S2CID 144316388.
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2008). "The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 9 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1080/13670050608668631. ISSN 1367-0050. S2CID 145299220.
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2012). "Arabic Literature in Diaspora: An Example from South Asia". In Raj, Rizio Yohannan (ed.). Quest of a Discipline: New Academic Directions for Comparative Literature. India: Foundation Books. pp. 191–212. doi:10.1017/cbo9788175969346.018. ISBN 9788175969339.
Bang, Anne K. (2003). Sufis and scholars of the sea: Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925. Routledge. ISBN 9780415317634. OCLC 51879622.
Boxberger, Linda (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791452172. ISSN 2472-954X. OCLC 53226033.
Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR 1596090.
Freitag, Ulrike (2009). "From Golden Youth in Arabia to Business Leaders in Singapore: Instructions of a Hadrami Patriarch". In Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, movement, and the Longue Durée. NUS Press. pp. 235–249. ISBN 9789971694241. OCLC 260294282.
Jacobsen, Frode F. (2008). Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature. Routledge. ISBN 9780203884614. OCLC 310362117.
Khalidi, Omar (1996). "The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad: Mystics, Mercenaries and Money-lenders". In Kulakarṇī, A. Rā; Nayeem, M. A.; Souza, Teotonio R. De (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Bombay, India: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171545797.
Manger, Leif; Assal, Munzoul A. M., eds. (2006). "A Hadrami Diaspora in the Sudan". Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, heterogeneity, variation. Stylus Pub Llc, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 61. ISBN 9789171065636. OCLC 74650767.
Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 35 (4): 405–433. doi:10.1163/156853107x240279. ISSN 1568-5314.
Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459789. OCLC 732958389.
Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies. 12 (1): 129–167. doi:10.1353/nas.2012.0035. ISSN 1535-6574. S2CID 143621961.
Mobini-Kesheh, Natalie (1999). The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942. SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277279. OCLC 43269837.
Romero, Patricia W. (1997). Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city. Markus Wiener. pp. 93–108, 167–184. ISBN 9781558761070. OCLC 35919259.
Talib, Ameen Ali (1997). "Hadramis in Singapore". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 17 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1080/13602009708716360. ISSN 1360-2004.
Walker, Iain (2008). "Hadramis, Shimalis and Muwalladin: Negotiating Cosmopolitan Identities between the Swahili Coast and Southern Yemen". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 2 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1080/17531050701846724. ISSN 1753-1055. S2CID 143463975.
Yimene, Ababu Minda (2004). An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 204. ISBN 9783865372062.

[1] Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2024). Indigenous Peoples. ABC-CLIO. pp. 411–413.

[:2-2] Alghoul, Diana (2015). "Yemen's unnoticed but crucial province". middleeastmonitor.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.

[3] Boxberger, Linda (February 2012). On the Edge of Empire. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–36.

[4] Area Handbook for the Peripheral States of the Arabian Peninsula. Stanford Research Institute. 1971. p. 11.

[5] Al Kharusi, Aisha Sahar Waheed (17 June 2021). Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa. Lexington Books. p. 86.

[6] Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520244535. OCLC 123768411.

[7] Freitag, Smith, Ulrike, William Clarence (1997). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s. Brill. p. 5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] Seznec, Jean-François (1987). The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf. Croom Helm. ISBN 9780709954040. OCLC 18558231.

[9] Cassanelli, Lee V. (1973). The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 24.

[10] Gavin, R. J. (1975). Aden under British rule, 1839–1967. London, UK: Hurst. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-903983-14-3.

[11] Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1993). Somalia: A country study (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: The Division. pp. 10. ISBN 9780844407753. LCCN 93016246. OCLC 27642849.

[12] Le Guennec, Francoise (1997). "Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa". In Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G. (eds.). Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s. BRILL. p. 165. ISBN 978-9004107717.

[13] Katz, Joseph. "The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia". www.eretzyisroel.org. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

[14] "WWW Virtual Library: From where did the Moors come?". www.lankalibrary.com. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

[Khalidi1996-15] Khalidi, Omar (1996). "The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad". In Kulkarni; Naeem; De Souza (eds.). Mediaeval Deccan History. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-8-1715-4579-7.

[Wink1991-16] Wink, André (1991). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. Brill. p. 68. ISBN 978-9-0040-9249-5.

[17] "IDBG President Receives Indonesia's Special Envoy". Retrieved 20 April 2017.

[18] Tan, Joanna (20 July 2018). "Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley". Arab News. Retrieved 11 December 2023.

[19] "Arab trader's role in Singapore landmark". The Straits Times. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

[sunypress.edu-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf

[:0-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation?", The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia, Brill, 15 February 2009, ISBN 978-90-474-2578-6, retrieved 14 December 2023

[:1-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS". COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2023.

[ReferenceA-23] ttps://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

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