Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the view that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals—i.e., "great scientists" or "geniuses".[1]

Competing hypothesis

A competing hypothesis (that of multiple discovery) is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists.

The multiple-discovery hypothesis may be most patently exemplified in the evolution of mathematics, since mathematical knowledge is highly unified and any advances need, as a general rule, to be built from previously established results through a process of deduction. Thus, the development of infinitesimal calculus into a systematic discipline did not occur until the development of analytic geometry, the former being credited to both Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, and the latter to both René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat.

See also

References

  1. ^ Epstein, Ralph C. (1926). "Industrial Invention: Heroic, or Systematic?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 40 (2): 232–272. doi:10.2307/1884619. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1884619.

Further reading

External links

Read other articles:

Laut tuangan. Ilustrasi dalam Jewish Encyclopedia 1906 Laut tuangan (ים מוצק laut logam cor; bahasa Inggris: molten sea atau brazen sea; laut kuningan) adalah bejana besar pada Bait Suci di Yerusalem yang dibuat oleh Salomo untuk pembasuhan para imam. Perangkat ini dicatat dalam 1 Raja–raja 7:23–26 dan 2 Tawarikh 4:2–5. Didirikan di sudut tenggara pada pelataran dalam. Catatan Alkitab Kitab 1 Raja-raja pasal 7:23-26 Kemudian dibuatnyalah laut tuangan yang sepuluh hasta dari tepi …

Lusapta Yudha Kurnia Lusapta Yudha Kurnia (lahir 1 September 1979) adalah seorang birokrat Indonesia. Ia merupakan putra dari Wali Kota Palembang periode 1993-2003 Husni dan adik ipar dari Gubernur Sumatra Selatan periode 2018-2023 Herman Deru.[1] Ia mengawali karir dengan menjabat sebagai Kepala Bidang Anggaran di Pemerintah Kabupaten OKU Timur. Pada 2015, ia pindah tugas menjadi staf di Pemerintah Kota atau Pemkot Palembang. Empat tahun kemudian, ia pindah ke Biro Perekonomian Pemperov…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Eine kleine Nachtmusik (SimfoniNo. 13 untuk dawai in G major), K. 525, adalah komposisi harmoni orkestra pada tahun 1787 dengan Musik Kamar oleh Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Dalama jerman berarti sebuah simfoni kecil,yang berarti mengacu pada artian kalimat s…

Target's original bullseye logo, used from 1962 until 1968[1] The history of Target Corporation first began in 1902 by George Dayton. The company was originally named Goodfellow Dry Goods in June 1902 before being renamed the Dayton's Dry Goods Company in 1903 and later the Dayton Company in 1910. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota in 1962 while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967. It became the Dayton-Hudson Corporation after merging with the…

Ассирийская цилиндрическая печать из известняка и современный гипсовый слепок её изображения, содержащего мотив поклонения богу Шамашу; Лувр Цилиндрическая печать — выточенный из камня небольшой цилиндр с продольным осевым отверстием, который использовался в Древн…

本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2018年3月17日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:羅生門 (電影) — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 此…

زراعة محميةمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من حراثةزراعة يستعمل دفيئة زراعية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات الزراعة المحمية تعني إنتاج الخضار أو نباتات الزينة ضمن أنفاق أو دفيئات أو بيوت محمية كبيرة من البلاستيك الخفيف لتوفير ظروف نمو ملائمة ولحماية المحاصيل من تقلبات الطقس …

Huruf Kiril Tse Penggunaan Fonetis:[ts]Nama:циNomor Kiril:900Sampel suaranoicon sumber · bantuan Alfabet KirilHuruf SlaviaАА́А̀А̂А̄ӒБВГҐДЂЃЕЕ́ÈЕ̂ЁЄЖЗЗ́ЅИИ́ЍИ̂ЙІЇЈКЛЉМНЊОŌПРСС́ТЋЌУУ́ У̀У̂ӮЎФХЦЧЏШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯHuruf non-SlaviaӐА̊А̃Ӓ̄ӔӘӘ́Ә̃ӚВ̌ҒГ̑Г̣Г̌ҔӺҒ̌ӶД̌Д̣Д̆ӖЕ̄Е̃Ё̄Є̈ӁҖӜҘӞЗ̌З̱З̣ԐԐ̈ӠӢИ̃ҊӤҚӃҠҞҜК̣ԚӅԮԒӍӉҢԨӇҤО́О̀О̆О̂О̃ӦӦ̄Ө…

Ancient Egyptian goddess of nourishment and the harvestRenenutetRenenutet sitting on a throne holding a papyrus staffMajor cult centerTerenuthis NarmuthisConsortGeb, Sobek, Shai (some accounts)OffspringNehebkau, NepriPart of a series onAncient Egyptian religion Beliefs Afterlife Cosmology Duat Ma'at Mythology Numerology Philosophy Soul Practices Funerals Offerings: Offering formula Temples Priestess of Hathor Pyramids Deities (list)Ogdoad Amun Amunet Hauhet Heh Kauket Kek Naunet Nu Ennead Atum G…

Zoarcoidei adalah subordo ikan bersirip pari laut yang termasuk dalam ordo Scorpaeniformes. Subordo termasuk ikan serigala, gunnels dan eelpouts. Subordo mencakup sekitar 400 spesies. Ikan-ikan ini sebagian besar ditemukan di laut boreal belahan bumi utara tetapi mereka telah menjajah belahan bumi selatan. Zoarcoidei Ikan serigala Atlantik Anarhichas lupus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Scorpaeniformes Subordo: ZoarcoideiGill, 1893[1] Na…

Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu LarëvatNative toVanuatuRegionCentral MalekulaNative speakers680 (2001)[1]Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianOceanicSouthern OceanicNorth-Central VanuatuCentral VanuatuMalakulaMalakula InteriorLarëvatLanguage codesISO 639-3lrvGlottologlare1249ELPLarëvatLarëvat is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Island of Malakula Larëvat is an Oceanic language of ce…

Test sur banc d'essai de la version CECE du moteur RL-10. Une tuyère (tuyère propulsive dans le domaine de l'astronautique) est un conduit de section droite variable placé à l'arrière d'un moteur produisant des gaz de combustion chauds qui permet de transformer l'énergie thermique de ceux-ci en énergie cinétique. Pour atteindre cet objectif et en fonction du contexte de mise en œuvre, une tuyère peut être convergente, divergente ou une combinaison de ces deux formes (tuyère de Laval)…

Municipality in Chalatenango Department, El SalvadorLa ReinaMunicipalityLa ReinaLocation in El SalvadorCoordinates: 14°11′N 89°9′W / 14.183°N 89.150°W / 14.183; -89.150Country El SalvadorDepartmentChalatenango DepartmentElevation1,486 ft (453 m) La Reina is a municipality in the Chalatenango department of El Salvador. This El Salvador location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte vte Chalatenango DepartmentCapital: Chalatena…

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Reggiana 1919. AC ReggianaStagione 1979-1980Sport calcio Squadra Reggiana Allenatore Franco Marini Presidente Franco Vacondio Serie C111º nel girone A Coppa Italia SemiprofessionistiOttavi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Erba e Pagani (33) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Mossini (8) StadioMirabello Abbonati1 300 Maggior numero di spettatori6 542 vs Cremonese(27 gennaio 1980) Minor numero di spettatori1 500 vs Novara(18 maggio 1980) Me…

Prussian general (1755–1816) For the nobility, see Bülow family. Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von BülowBorn(1755-02-16)February 16, 1755DiedFebruary 25, 1816(1816-02-25) (aged 61)FalkenbergBattles/warsNapoleonic Wars General Bülow, a highly capable Prussian corps commander who, in the campaign of 1813, defeated the French at Luckau, Großbeeren, and Dennewitz. He also played a prominent part at Waterloo in 1815. Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr[1] von Bülow, Graf[2] von Dennew…

Former lake in North AmericaLake StanleyGlacial Lakes Chippewa, Stanley, Early Erie and Early Ontario. Low level lake stages during the end of the Wisconsin Glacial era in North America. Based on Larsen map, 1987.Lake StanleyLocationNorth AmericaGroupGreat LakesCoordinates44°48′N 82°24′W / 44.8°N 82.4°W / 44.8; -82.4Lake typeformer lakeEtymologyGeorge M. StanleyPrimary inflowsLake Chippewa basinPrimary outflowsFrench River (Ontario)Basin countriesCanadaUnited…

Chemical compound SB-705498Identifiers IUPAC name 1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-[(3R)-1-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]urea CAS Number501951-42-4PubChem CID9910486DrugBankDB11883ChemSpider8086137UNIIT74V9O0Y2WChEMBLChEMBL207433CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID20198236 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H16BrF3N4OMolar mass429.241 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES C1CN(C[C@@H]1NC(=O)NC2=CC=CC=C2Br)C3=NC=C(C=C3)C(F)(F)F InChI InChI=1S/C17H16BrF3N4O/c18-13-3-1-2-4-14(13)2…

Yemeni Muslim Dynasty Rasulid dynastyبنو رسول (Arabic)Banū Rasūl1229–1454 Flag[1][2]Rasulid Kingdom around 1264 ADCapitalZabidCommon languagesArabicGovernmentSultanateSultan Historical eraMiddle Ages• Established 1229• Disestablished 1454 CurrencyDinar Preceded by Succeeded by Ayyubid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Today part ofYemenOman The Rasulids (Arabic: بنو رسول, romanized: Banū Rasūl) were a Sunni Muslim[3] dynasty w…

Defunct American soccer club This article is about the defunct NASL club. For the WPSL club, see Houston Stars (WPSL). Soccer clubHouston StarsFull nameHouston StarsFounded1967Dissolved1968StadiumAstrodomeCapacity62,000OwnerRoy Mark HofheinzHead coachMartim Francisco (1967) Geza Henni (1968)[1]LeagueUnited Soccer Association (1967)North American Soccer League (1968)19682nd of Gulf Division Home colors Away colors The Houston Stars were an American professional soccer team based out of Ho…

NASA satellite of the Explorer program Explorer 13Explorer 13 satelliteNamesS-55ANASA S-55AMission typeMicrometeoroid researchOperatorNASAHarvard designation1961 χ1COSPAR ID1961-022A SATCAT no.00180Mission duration2.5 days (achieved) Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftExplorer XIIISpacecraft typeScience ExplorerBusS-55ManufacturerGoddard Space Flight CenterLaunch mass86 kg (190 lb)Dimensions61 × 1.92 cm (24.02 × 0.76 in) cylinderPowerSolar cells and nickel-…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya