This article is missing information about Russian America. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(April 2021)
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2022)
The modern administrative-territorial structure of Russia is a system of territorial organization which is a product of a centuries-long evolution and reforms.
Early history
The Kievan Rus' as it formed in the 10th century remained a more or less unified realm under the rule of Yaroslav the Wise (d. 1054), but in the later part of the 11th century, it disintegrated into a number of de facto independent and rivaling principalities, the most important of which were Galicia–Volhynia, the Novgorod Republic, and Vladimir-Suzdal.
Following the advance of the Mongols and the establishment of the Golden Horde in 1240, many parts of the former Kievan Rus' came under the direct administration of Sarai, while others became its dependencies. The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later gradually and completely coming under the direct administration of the Crown of Poland. The Novgorod Republic was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The grand duchies of Lithuania and Moscow practically divided the former territories of Kievan Rus' between each other, both struggling to gain the seat of the Metropolitan of Kiev.
From the 13th century, the Russian principalities used an administrative subdivision into uyezds, with each such uyezd being subdivided into several volosts, some areas used division of pyatina. Voivodes were the officials appointed to administer and defend the uyezds.
By the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was recognized as a direct successor of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. It gradually incorporated all left out adjacent smaller duchies such as the Principality of Yaroslavl, Principality of Rostov and successfully conquered the Principality of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal, the Principality of Tver as well as the Novgorod Republic. Near the end of the 15th century the Golden Horde fell apart into several smaller khanates and Muscovy for the first time became a sovereign state.
At the start of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to annex the Pskov Republic and conquer the Grand Duchy of Ryazan as well as secure number of territories that belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania such as the Upper Oka Principalities and Sloboda Ukraine, thus extending its territory far south. In 1708, the Oka principalities and Sloboda Ukraine were incorporated into the first Kiev Governorate. During the second half of the 16th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed to conquer number of West-Siberian and Volga duchies and khanates such as Kazan Khanate, Siberia Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Great Nogai Horde and many others. Some of the territorial acquisitions, however, were lost during the Time of Troubles.
Prior to the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia was divided into a system of territorial units called razryads (literally order of units) as part of military reform of 1680.[1]
During the 1680s, the Tsardom of Russia acquired a substantial expansion in Transbaikal after signing the Treaty of Nerchinsk with China (Qing dynasty). By this time (at the end of the 17th century), an extensive territory from Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk was secured through colonization. The discovery of the Bering Strait in 1728 confirmed the eastern borders of modern Russia. The eastward advance through Siberia extended the Tobol Razryad transforming it into overstretched territory that was initially in 1708 included into Siberia Governorate.
Imperial Russia
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2022)
Technically, the territorial-administrative reform started out in the Tsardom of Russia before the Imperial period. On December 29 [O.S. December 18], 1708, in order to improve the manageability of the vast territory of the state, TsarPeter the Great issued an ukase (edict) dividing Russia into eight administrative divisions, called governorates (guberniyas), which replaced the 166 uyezds and razryads which existed before the reform:[2]
The reform of 1708 established neither the borders of the governorates nor their internal divisions.[2] The governorates were defined as the sets of cities and the lands adjacent to those cities.[2] Some older subdivision types also continued to be used.[2] Between 1710 and 1713, all governorates were subdivided into lots (Russian: доли), each governed by a landrat (ландрат).[2] Every governorate was administered by an appointed governor, who also headed a board of landrats. The lots' primary purpose was fiscal, and each one was supposed to cover 5,536 homesteads.[3]
In 1719, Peter enacted another administrative reform to fix the deficiencies of the original system, as the governorates were too big and unmanageable. This reform abolished the system of lots, dividing most of the governorates into provinces (провинции), which were further divided into districts (Russian: дистрикты).
During this time, territories were frequently reshuffled between the governorates, and new governorates were added to accommodate population growth and territorial expansion.
in 1721 the Russian Empire possessed a multinational population of about 17.5 million population in all administrative districts. Out of the 13.5 million Russians, 5.5 million men were liable to the poll tax; 3 percent of them were townsmen and 97 percent peasants. Of the peasants, 25 percent cultivated church lands, 19 percent state lands, and the remainder worked the estates of some 100,000 families of secular landowners. Russia’s territory of about 4,633,200 square miles (12,000,000 square km) included some recent and valuable acquisitions.[4]
Russia in 1682–1762
Subsequent reforms
In 1727, soon after Peter the Great's death, Catherine I enacted another reform, which rolled back many of the previous reform's developments. The system of districts was abolished, and the old system of uyezds was restored. A total of 166 uyezds was re-established; together with the newly created uyezds, the Russian Empire had approximately 250.
The following years saw few changes. In 1728, Ufa Province was transferred from Kazan Governorate to Siberia Governorate, and in 1737, Simbirsk Province was created within Kazan Governorate.
Administrative reforms by Catherine the Great
By 1775, the existing system of administrative divisions proved inefficient, which was further underlined by Pugachev's Rebellion, and Catherine the Great issued a document known as Decree on the Governorates (Russian: Учреждение о губерниях).[5] The second part of the same decree was issued in 1780, which, however, contained very few significant changes with respect to the first part.[6]
A major administrative territorial restructuring of the Russian Empire after vast land acquisition from the Ottoman Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. The reform saw introduction of the office of viceroy (gosudarev namestnik) which later were transformed into a general governor. Gosudarev namestnik literally means an imperial representative to the land. During the reform several already existing governments (guberniya) were combined under the office of the Russian viceroy and were called namestnichestvo. Those namestnichestvo were introduced onto the expanded territory as well, the only exclusion were the governments of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In 1796 all namestnichetvo were officially renamed into general governments. General governments exercised a small degree of autonomy as certain laws varied from general government to another.[7]
Western part of the Governorates of the Russian Empire on the eve of the Russian RevolutionGovernorates of the Russian Empire on the eve of the Russian Revolution
After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, volosts became a unit of peasant's local self-rule. A number of mirs were united into a typical volost, which had an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. The self-government of the mirs and volosts was tempered by the authority of the police commissaries (stanovoy) and by the power of general oversight given to the nominated "district committees for the affairs of the peasants".
Reforms in the 20th century
By the 1910s, 104 administrative governorate units existed.
Uyezds and volosts were abolished by the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929. Raions may be roughly called a modern equivalent of the uyezds, and selsoviets may be considered a modern equivalent of the volosts.
The subdivision type of Federal District was created in May 2000 by Vladimir Putin as a part of a wider program designed to reassert federal authority. The original division was into seven federal districts, but in 2010 the North Caucasian Federal District was split off from the Southern Federal District, bringing the number to eight. In 2014, the annexation of Crimea resulted in the creation of a new Crimean Federal District, bringing the number to nine, but it was later merged into the Southern Federal District. Amidst the invasion of Ukraine, four southern Ukrainian regions of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia would later be annexed into Russia in 2022 but were not integrated into the Southern Federal District. All of the six regions that are under Russian occupation are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.
Harald BluetoothHarald dibaptis oleh Poppo sang biksu, di relief yang berasal dari sekitar tahun 1200an.[1]Raja DenmarkBerkuasasekitar 958 M – sekitar 986 MPendahuluGorm yang TuaPenerusSweyn ForkbeardRaja NorwegiaBerkuasasekitar 970 M – sekitar 975/986 MPendahuluHarald GreycloakPenerusSweyn ForkbeardWaliHaakon Sigurdsson (pemimpin sebenarnya)Informasi pribadiKematian986/87WangsaWangsa GormAyahGorm yang TuaIbuThyraPasanganGyrid Olafsdottir (L)Tove (L) Harald Blåtand Gormsson atau Har…
Untuk pendahulu klub Depok City FC, lihat Persebam Babakan Madang. Depok City FCNama lengkapDepok City Football ClubJulukanPendekar MargondaNama singkatDCBerdiri18 November 2020; 3 tahun lalu (2020-11-18)[1]StadionStadion Merpati Depok, Jawa Barat(Kapasitas: 13,000)PemilikPT. Adhidaya Gunung Merapi (AGM)CEO Supari SyahriManajer Angga Dipa BahariPelatih Bambang WarsitoLigaLiga 32023ke-4 (Jawa Barat seri 1) Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Depok City FC adalah klub sepak bola Indonesia y…
Bandar Udara AkureyriAkureyrarflugvöllurBandar Udara Akureyri dan sekitarnya, musim dingin 2011IATA: AEYICAO: BIAR AEYLokasi bandar udara di IslandiaInformasiJenisPublikPemilikIsaviaMelayaniAkureyriLokasiAkureyriKetinggian dpl2 mdplKoordinat65°39′35.98″N 18°04′21.73″W / 65.6599944°N 18.0727028°W / 65.6599944; -18.0727028Situs webisavia.isLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan m kaki 01/19 2,400 7,874 Aspal Statistik (2011)Pergerak pesawat[1]13…
Giffoni Sei CasaliKomuneComune di Giffoni Sei CasaliLokasi Giffoni Sei Casali di Provinsi SalernoNegara ItaliaWilayah CampaniaProvinsiSalerno (SA)Luas[1] • Total35,08 km2 (13,54 sq mi)Ketinggian[2]250 m (820 ft)Populasi (2016)[3] • Total5.262 • Kepadatan150/km2 (390/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos84090Kode area telepon089Situs webhttp://www.comune.gi…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Artyom BogomolovInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Artyom Igorevich BogomolovTanggal lahir 18 Juli 1992 (umur 31)Tinggi 1,83 m (6 ft 0 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini FC TyumenNomor 28Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (…
Peta dunia yang menunjukkan letak lima anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB. Anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terdiri dari Amerika Serikat, Britania Raya, Tiongkok, Rusia dan Prancis. Pada saat didirikannya Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, kelima negara ini merupakan kekuatan utama Blok Sekutu yang memenangkan Perang Dunia II, yaitu Empat Polisi ditambah Prancis.[1] Kelima negara ini memiliki kursi tetap di Dewan Keamanan PBB dan masing-masing memiliki hak veto, yaitu hak u…
Political and scientific views of the American activist and his followers This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2018) Lyndon LaRouche, 2006 Lyndon LaRouche (1922–2019) and the LaRouche movement have expressed controversial views on a wide variety of topics. The LaRouche movement is made up of activists who follow LaRouche's views. …
Tokugawa Yoshinobu est un nom japonais traditionnel ; le nom de famille (ou le nom d'école), Tokugawa, précède donc le prénom (ou le nom d'artiste) Yoshibonu. Tokugawa Yoshinobu徳川 慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu en shogun (1867). Données clés Nom de naissance Matsudaira Shichirōmaro (松平七郎麻呂) Alias Keiki Naissance 28 octobre 1837 (天保8年9月29日) Mito, Province de Hitachi Décès 22 novembre 1913 (à 76 ans) Bunkyō, Tokyo Nationalité Japonaise Pays de rés…
Iron(II) acetate Names IUPAC name Iron(II) acetate Other names Ferrous acetate Identifiers CAS Number 3094-87-9 Y 3D model (JSmol) coordination form: Interactive imageionic form: Interactive image ChemSpider 17323 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.019.492 PubChem CID 18344 RTECS number AI3850000 UNII L80I7M6D3Q Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID5037656 InChI InChI=1S/2C2H4O2.Fe/c2*1-2(3)4;/h2*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;+2/p-2 YKey: LNOZJRCUHSPCDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L YInChI=1/2C2H4O2.Fe/c2*…
American LGBT political organization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Join the Impact – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 20…
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Elio Canonico Nazionalità Italia Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Termine carriera 1958 Carriera Squadre di club1 1945-1947 Vogherese58 (23)1947-1948 Novara25 (5)1948-1952 Bari113 (22)1952-1955 Pisa78 (20)1955-1958 Sammargheritese56 (10) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti seg…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Neumark (disambigua). Neumark La Marca di Brandeburgo nel tardo medioevo con il Neumark a est dell'Uckermark e del Mittelmark. Lo stemma è quello della regione quando apparteneva al Brandeburgo. Stati Polonia CapoluogoSoldinKüstrin Linguepolacco NeumarkDati amministrativiCapitaleKüstrin PoliticaForma di StatoMonarchia Nascita1535 con Giovanni I Fine1571 Territorio e popolazioneReligione e societàReligioni preminentiluteranesim…
American writer (1935–2011) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Carl Oglesby – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Carl Preston Oglesby Carl Preston Oglesby (July 30, 1935 – September 13, 2011) was an American writer, academic, …
This article is about the Australian Paralympic cyclist. For the English golfer, see Felicity Johnson (golfer). Australian Paralympic cyclist Felicity Johnson2012 Australian Paralympic team portrait of JohnsonPersonal informationNationality AustraliaBorn30 May 1971Canberra, Australian Capital TerritorySportDisability classB3 Medal record Women's cycling Representing Australia Paralympic Games 2012 London 1 km Time Trial B VI 1–3 2008 Beijing 1 km Time Trial B VI 1–3…
Collective head of state of Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency of Bosnia and HerzegovinaPredsjedništvo Bosne i HercegovineПредсједништво Босне и Херцеговине IncumbentDenis Bećirović Željka Cvijanović Željko Komšićsince 16 November 2022SeatPresidency Building, SarajevoAppointerDirect electionTerm lengthFour yearsrenewable once every individual termFirst holderAlija Izetbegović Momčilo Krajišnik Krešimir ZubakSalary3,091 EUR per month[1]Websit…
United States historic placeSt. Andrew's Episcopal ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesNYC Landmark St. Andrews Episcopal Church, March 2009Show map of New York CityShow map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation2067 5th Ave. New York City, New YorkCoordinates40°48′28″N 73°56′33″W / 40.80778°N 73.94250°W / 40.80778; -73.94250Built1872ArchitectHenry M. CongdonArchitectural styleGothicNRHP reference No.80002717 [1]Sign…
306 Pulo Nangka Halte TransjakartaHalte Pulo Nangka pada Januari 2024LetakKotaJakarta BaratDesa/kelurahanCengkareng Timur, CengkarengKodepos11730AlamatJalan Daan MogotKoordinat6°09′16″S 106°44′17″E / 6.154570°S 106.738040°E / -6.154570; 106.738040Koordinat: 6°09′16″S 106°44′17″E / 6.154570°S 106.738040°E / -6.154570; 106.738040Desain HalteStruktur BRT, median jalan bebas 1 tengah Pintu masukJembatan penyeberangan di sud…