The earliest documented generation of the family was represented in the later twelfth and early thirteenth centuries by four brothers:
William de Burgh (c. 1160–1205/6) who played a major role in the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and gave rise to one of the most prominent Anglo-Irish families of the later Middle Ages.[3] His direct descendants still carry his surname (and its variants) today;
The grant of the Earldom of Kent to Hubert de Burgh was limited to himself and any male heirs born to his final wife, Princess Margaret of Scotland, but their only child was a daughter who was herself childless. Though the earldom of Kent became extinct on Hubert's death, his sons from a previous marriage, John and Hubert, inherited his lands and their descendants passed into relative obscurity until 1487, when Thomas Burgh (c.1431–1496) of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire (thought to be descended from Hubert, Earl of Kent's younger son Hubert) was summoned to Parliament as Baron Burgh (or Borough) of Gainsborough, though he never took his seat and the creation of this barony is therefore disputed.[8][9]
Thomas Burgh's son, Sir Edward Burgh (c.1463–1528), did not sit in Parliament. However, his son, Thomas Burgh (c.1488–1550), was summoned to Parliament in 1529 and this was deemed as the creation of the barony. In this barony, Thomas, 3rd Baron Burgh was Lord Deputy of Ireland (1597), and his younger brother, Sir John Burgh (d. 1594), was a distinguished soldier and sailor. Robert, 6th Baron Burgh died as a young child in 1602, and the barony fell into abeyance among his four sisters.[8][9]
William's son, Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connacht (c.1194–1242/3), received the land of "Connok" (Connacht) as forfeited by its king, whom he helped to fight (1227). He was Justiciar of Ireland (1228–32). In 1234, he sided with the crown against Richard, Earl Marshal, who fell in battle against him. Richard Mór's eldest son, Sir Richard de Burgh (d. 1248) succeeded him, briefly, as Lord of Connacht.[10]
Richard Mór's second son, Walter de Burgh (c.1210–71), continued warfare against the native chieftains and added greatly to his vast domains by obtaining, from Prince Edward, a grant of "the county of Ulster" (c. 1255) in consequence of which he was styled later Earl of Ulster.[11]
Walter, 1st Earl of Ulster was succeeded by his son, Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster. In 1286, he ravaged and subdued Connacht, and deposed the chief native king, (Brian O'Neill), substituting his own nominee. He also attacked the native king of Connacht, in favour of the branch of O'Conors that his family supported. He led his forces from Ireland to support Edward I in his Scottish campaigns, and on Edward Bruce's invasion of Ulster (1315), Richard marched against him, despite having given his daughter, Elizabeth, in marriage (c. 1304) to King Robert I of Scotland, Edward's older brother. Occasionally summoned to English parliaments, Richard spent most of his forty years of activity in Ireland, where he was the greatest noble of his day, usually fighting the natives or his Anglo-Norman rivals to expand his family's land. The patent roll of 1290 shows that in addition to his lands in Ulster, Connacht and Munster, he held the Isle of Man, but later surrendered it to the king.[12][13][14]
Elizabeth was married in childhood to Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence (third son of Edward III) who was recognized in her right as Earl of Ulster. It is from them that the YorkistPlantagenets later derived their claim to the throne of England.
Their descendant, Edward, 4th Duke of York, ascended the throne in 1461 as King Edward IV of England, since then the Earldom of Ulster has been only held by members of the British royal family.[17][18]
However, the Bruce would soon be separated from his English allies upon the murder of John Comyn, his greatest rival for the Scottish throne, in the "Chapel of the Greyfriars". Aware that he would be excommunicated for killing someone inside a church, Robert rushed to Scone before a papal bull could be issued, 6 weeks later being crowned as Robert I, King of Scots with Elizabeth by his side as his consort.[13]
They had four children including David II, King of Scots, who himself would go on to become King of Scots in 1329.
On the murder of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d.1333), his male kinsmen (who had a better right to the succession than his daughter, according to native Irish ideas), adopting Irish names and customs, became virtually native chieftains and succeeded in holding the bulk of the de Burgh territories. After the fourteenth century, some branches of this Anglo-Irish family gaelicised their surname in Irish as de Búrca which gradually became Búrc then later Burke or Bourke, and these surnames and their variants have been associated with Connacht for more than seven centuries. Some branches returned to their original surname of 'de Burgh' in the eighteenth century.[2]
The Gaelic title Mac William Uachtar (meaning "son of the upper William (de Burgh)") came to denote the head of the Burke family of Upper or south Connacht but the chief of this family was more popularly known by another Gaelic title, Clanricarde (meaning "(head of) Richard's family").[20] In 1543, the Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) chief, Ulick na gCeann Burke (alias, MacWilliam) surrendered his lands in Connacht to Henry VIII, receiving these properties back to hold them, by English custom, as Earl of Clanricarde and Lord Dunkellin (1543).[21][19]
In 1603, the 19th Lord of Mac William Íochtar, Tiobóid na Long (Theobald) Bourke (d. 1629), resigned his territories in Mayo, and received them back to hold them by English tenure and was later created Viscount Mayo (1627).[27] Miles, 2nd Viscount (d. 1649) and Theobald, 3rd Viscount (d. 1652) suffered at Cromwell's hands, but Theobald, 4th Viscount was restored to his estates (some 50,000 acres) in 1666. The peerage became extinct or dormant on the death of John, 8th Viscount (1767).[19][28]
The baronies of Bourke of Castleconnell (1580) and Bourke of Brittas (1618), both forfeited in 1691, were bestowed on branches of the family which still has representatives in the baronetage and landed gentry of Ireland.[32][33][19]
Arms (Heraldry)
Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent
Clarence Ellis noted that there were three known versions of Hubert de Burgh's arms: (1) Lozengy Gules and Vair; (2) Masculy Vair and Gules (as given in the Grimaldy Roll of c. 1350); and (3) Gules seven Mascles 3:3 and 1 Vair.[34]
William de Burgh
The original de Burgh coat of arms was adopted during the beginnings of the age of heraldry in the thirteenth century. It was blazoned as Or, a cross gules (a red cross on a gold shield). According to attributed legend, the arms originated during the Crusades while an ancestor of the de Burghs was fighting for King Richard the Lionheart. Given that this ancestor did not yet have a crest of his own, he carried a plain gold shield and it is said that, following a successful battle, the Lionheart marked a cross of blood on his shield stating "for your bravery, this shall be your crest".[35] Origin stories such as this were attributed to noble and Royal families at the time with questionable historicity.
However, at a time when heraldry was only beginning to be established, these arms were identical with those of the Bigods, the ruling family of Norfolk. The Bigod arms had been adopted by Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk (d.1221) in the early thirteenth century but his great-grandson Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (d.1306) ceased using these arms after 1269. Glover's Roll (British Library Add MS 29796), a sixteenth-century copy of a roll of arms of the 1250s, includes a depiction of the Or, a cross Gules of the Earl of Norfolk.[36] The de Burgh claim to these arms may have been linked to the fact that Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster was the son of Aveline FitzJohn (d.1274), daughter of Sir John FitzGeoffrey (d.1258) and his wife Isabel Bigod (c. 1212–1250), daughter of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (c. 1182–1225).
Variations on this original shield were adopted by different branches of the family. For instance, the arms of the Burke/de Burgh family of Clanricarde added a black lion to the upper-left quadrant (Or, a cross gules in the first quarter a lion rampant sable).[37][1] Another Burke family added a fleur-de-llys to the cross (Or, on a cross gules a fleur-de-llys of the first), and the arms of the Burkes or Bourkes, Viscounts Mayo, was Party per fess Or and Ermine, a cross gules the first quarter charged with a lion rampant sable and the second with a dexter hand couped at the wrist and erect gules.[37][1]
The crest is a seated and chained 'mountain cat'.[37][1] This is said to represent liberty and courage and is believed to have been awarded for a de Burgh's courage and skill in battle during the Crusades.
The motto has varied between A cruce Salus (Latin: 'salvation from the cross'), which would have originated in the Crusades, and un roy, une foy, une loy (archaic French: 'one king, one faith, one law'), originating when the family moved to Ireland.[37][1]
Genealogy
de Burgh Genealogy: Lords of Connacht, Earls of Ulster and Earls of Kent
^ abWoulfe, Patrick (1923). Irish Names and Surnames (in English and Irish). Dublin: M. H. Gill & Sons Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
^Chambers, Anne (2007). Shadow Lord: Theobald Bourke, Tibbott-Ne-Long, 1567–1629: Son of the pirate queen Grace O'Malley. Dublin: Ashfield Press. pp. 65–66.
^Ellis, Clarence (1952). Hubert de Burgh: A Study in Constancy. London: Phoenix House Ltd. pp. 183–202.
^Bourke, Eamonn (1995). Burke: People and Places. Whitegate and Castlebar: Ballinakilla Press and de Búrca Rare Books. p. 8.
^T.D. Tremlett, 'Rolls of Arms of Henri III' in Aspilogia II, Society of Antiquaries of London (1958).[1]Archived 20 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Chambers, Anne (2007). Shadow Lord: Theobald Bourke, Tibbott-Ne-Long, 1567–1629: Son of the pirate queen Grace O'Malley. Dublin: Ashfield Press. ISBN978-1-90-165865-1.
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