Indigenous church mission theory

Indigenous churches are churches suited to local culture and led by local Christians. There have been two main Protestant strategies proposed for the creation of indigenous churches:

  1. Indigenization: Foreign missionaries create well-organized churches and then hand them over to local converts. The foreign mission is generally seen as a scaffolding which must be removed once the fellowship of believers is functioning properly. Missionaries provide teaching, pastoral care, sacraments, buildings, finance and authority, and train local converts to take over these responsibilities. Thus the church becomes indigenous. It becomes self-supporting, self-propagating and self-governing.
  2. Indigeneity: Foreign missionaries do not create churches, but simply help local converts develop their own spiritual gifts and leadership abilities and gradually develop their own churches. Missionaries provide teaching and pastoral care alone. The church is thus indigenous from the start. It has always been self-supporting, self-propagating and self-governing.[1]

Proponents

Nineteenth century

Henry Venn (Anglican, Church Missionary Society) (1796–1873)[2] and Rufus Anderson (Congregationalist, American Board) (1796–1880) simultaneously developed a strategy of Indigenization in response to the extreme paternalism exercised by western missionaries of the early 19th century, particularly in Asia. They perceived that "rice" Christians were completely dependent on missionaries and loyal to the church only as long as they were receiving free food. In exchange, missionaries expected complete loyalty from the "natives" and resisted giving up authority and control. The system was thought to foster an unhealthy parent–child relationship between the missionaries and national believers.

Anthony Norris Groves (1795–1853)[3] attempted to avoid this problem in pioneer areas by guarding against any form of dependency from the start. He chose to represent no foreign denomination or missionary society, and he encouraged full co-operation between all Protestant missionaries for the encouragement of indigenous initiatives. He predated Roland Allen by eighty years as an advocate of Indigeneity rather than Indigenization. Looking directly to God for guidance and provision, he was a formative influence on Hudson Taylor and the "faith mission" movement, but the direct influence of his indigenous strategy is more evident in the remarkable movements associated with Bakht Singh in India and Watchman Nee in China.[4] Nee, however, eschewed the label indigenous, saying that the organizing principle of a church was locality and not nationality, so that all believers in a given city were members of the church in that city regardless of national origin.[citation needed]

Hudson Taylor

John Ross (1848-1915), a Scottish missionary to Manchuria, established indigenous churches along the lines of the three-self principles among those of Korean descent beginning from 1874.[5]

John Livingstone Nevius (1829–1893) served as a Presbyterian missionary to the Shandong province in China and later in Korea in the late 1800s.[6] After questioning the methods of western missionaries of his time, he wrote a book published in 1886, The Planting and Development of Missionary Churches, which called for discarding old-style missions and the adoption of his new plan to foster independent, self-supporting local churches. He criticized the missionaries' practice of paying national workers out of mission funds, believing the healthy local church should be able to support its own local workers.[7]

Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) was a Protestant missionary from England to China and founder of the China Inland Mission. He became disillusioned with other Protestant missionaries in China that lived in compounds and employed indigenous people as servants. Taylor subsequently learned local dialects, adopted local dress, and went up and down rivers in China preaching. He sought to distance himself from any paternal organizations or denominations[citation needed] in favour of "faith missions"[8] which relied on the support of nationals and individuals. He also sought to train indigenous leaders to lead churches and mission stations in China, rather than have them run by foreigners.

Dixon Edward Hoste (1861–1946) succeeded Hudson Taylor as director of the China Inland Mission. Hoste is credited with making the Chinese churches apply the three-self principle of self-government, self-support, and self-propagation. This threefold motto was later adopted by the Three-Self Patriotic Movement after missionaries were expelled from China.

Twentieth century

Nicolás Zamora

Roland Allen (1868–1947) also attempted to apply indigenous church principles to the missions of his day. After serving as an Anglican missionary in China from 1895 to 1903, he returned to England and spent 40 years writing about missions principles. Two of his books, Missionary Methods: St. Paul's or Ours? (1912) and The Spontaneous Expansion of the Church: And Causes that Hinder It, are still in print.

Alice Luce (1873–1955), first an Anglican missionary in India, and subsequently an Assemblies of God missionary among Hispanics along the US–Mexico border, was influenced by Allen's theory of missions and in 1921 she wrote a series of articles, "Paul's Missionary Methods", for the Pentecostal Evangel. Due to her advocacy, indigenous church principles became normative for Assemblies of God missions during the early part of the 20th century.

Nicolás Zamora (1875–1914) founded on 28 February 1909 the first Indigenous Evangelical Church in the Philippines. Behind the founding of the IEMELIF, nationalist and subsequent independence movements. Filipinos wanted full autonomy, including in the realm of religion, as the 333 years of Spanish rule were marked by the Catholic Church's control over both temporal and spiritual affairs. His vision and motivation was faith in God's providence, and belief that the Filipino was capable of erecting a self-sustaining, autonomous, and self-propagating evangelical church. In 1903, he was assigned to be a pastor at Knox Memorial Church becoming the first Filipino Protestant pastor. Zamora took up law at the University of Santo Tomas where he honed his skills in debate and oration, then entered a seminary in Shanghai.

Many speakers at the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh emphasized indigenization of churches raised up by mission work, including the lone native Chinese attendee, Cheng Jingyi, who later became the general secretary of the National Christian Council of China and the first moderator of the Church of Christ in China.[9]

John Wesley Haley (1878–1951), Free Methodist Church in Canada missionary to South Africa 1902–1909, 1917–1934, and Ruanda-Urundi 1934–1946. Haley left South Africa after several decades of ministry disillusioned with traditional mission practice and initiated new ministry in Burundi following the indigenous mission approach, involving Burundian converts in the leadership, decision-making process "from the beginning". He felt a special kinship with the work of Nevius and Allen, despite limited understanding from his mission board.

Melvin Hodges (1909–1988), an Assemblies of God missionary to Nicaragua,[10] again popularized the idea in the 1950s with his book, On the Mission Field: The Indigenous Church. He defined the indigenous church as "a native church ... which shares the life of the country in which it is planted and finds itself ready to govern itself, support itself, and reproduce itself." Hodges believed that foreign money creates dependence and establishes paternalistic patterns within mission movements, leading to an unhealthy, anemic church. His experience as a missionary no doubt influenced his presentation of the three-self principle. He emphasized the need for flexibility and tailoring the principles to fit the need of the local believers.

In his book Transforming Mission,[11] David Bosch (1929–1992), a Dutch Reformed Afrikaner missiologist,[12] echoed Paul G. Hiebert's suggestion that a fourth "self" needed to be added to the Venn–Anderson framework: "self-theologizing".[13] Though much self-theologizing had already taken place in mission churches, much of it has been left unnoticed or considered syncretistic.[14] Bosch suggested that in order to not fall into the two extremes of syncretism or "Babylonian captivity", self-theologizing must be in dialogue with the universal invisible church. Only then would a truly indigenous church exist.[15]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ The two concepts were first contrasted and discussed by Robin Daniel (2014), Biblical Missiology: A University Course (Tamarisk), pp.79-81. ASIN 0953856542 ISBN 978-0-9538565-4-1.
  2. ^ Shenk 1985, p. 25.
  3. ^ Dann 2005, p. 198.
  4. ^ Dann 2005; Dann 2007.
  5. ^ Bae 2001.
  6. ^ Hunt 1991, pp. 120–122.
  7. ^ Tiedemann 2010, p. 418-419; Terry 2000, p. 483-485.
  8. ^ Kane 1984, p. 75.
  9. ^ Cheng 1910a, p. 352-353; Cheng 1910b, p. 196; Stanley 2009, p. 107-111.
  10. ^ McGee 1998, p. 20.
  11. ^ Bosch 2011.
  12. ^ Livingston 2014, pp. 3–4.
  13. ^ Bosch 2011, pp. 460–462; Cathcart & Nichols 2009, p. 211.
  14. ^ Bosch 2011, p. 462.
  15. ^ Bosch 1997, pp. 450–457.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Raj, P. Solomon (2003). The New Wine-Skins: The Story of the Indigenous Missions in Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. ISBN 978-81-7214-730-3.

Read other articles:

Elissa LandiTrailer untuk After the Thin Man (1936)LahirElizabeth Marie Christine Kühnelt(1904-12-06)6 Desember 1904Venesia, ItaliaMeninggal21 Oktober 1948(1948-10-21) (umur 43)Kingston, New York, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1926–1943Suami/istriJohn Cecil Lawrence (m. 1928; bercerai pada 1936) Curtiss Thomas (m. 1943)Anak1 Landi pada 1932 Elissa Landi (nama lahir Elisabeth Marie Christine Kühnelt; 6 Desember 1904 – 21 Oktober 1948) adalah seorang pemer…

Prima Divisione 1923-1924 Competizione Prima Divisione Sport Calcio Edizione 24ª Organizzatore Lega Nord + Lega e Comitati Regionali Sud Date dal 7 ottobre 1923al 7 settembre 1924 Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 24 (Lega Nord)21 (Lega Sud)45 (totale) Formula 2 gironi, finale e finalissima Risultati Vincitore Genoa(9º titolo) Retrocessioni Lega Nord Virtus BolognaNovese Lega Sud(le squadre scritte in corsivo sono poi state riammesse) Salernitanaudax Juventus Audax Foggia. Statistiche Mi…

Common form of local government Not to be confused with survey township. This article is part of a series onPolitical divisions ofthe United States First level State (Commonwealth) Federal district Territory (Commonwealth) Indian reservation (list) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off-reservation trust land / Tribal Jurisdictional Area Second level County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District (USVI) / District (AS) Consolidated ci…

Mladen Petrić Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Mladen PetrićTanggal lahir 1 Januari 1981 (umur 43)Tempat lahir Dubrave, Brčko, SFR YugoslaviaTinggi 1,85 m (6 ft 1 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini PanathinaikosNomor 33Karier junior1986–1996 FC Neuenhof1996–1998 BadenKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1998–1999 Baden 22 (4)1999–2004 Grasshopper 114 (30)2004–2007 Basel 72 (38)2007–2008 Borussia Dortmund 29 (13)2008–2012 Hamburger SV 98 (38)20…

Field of sexual orientation research Sexual orientation Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Related terms Allosexuality Androphilia and gynephilia Bi-curious Gray asexuality Demisexuality Non-heterosexual Pansexuality Plurisexuality Queer Queer heterosexuality Research Biological Birth order Epigenetic Neuroscientific Prenatal hormones Demographics Environment Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Kinsey scale Klein Grid Queer studies Sexology Timeline of sexual or…

Volleyball tournament 1996 NCAA women's Division I volleyball tournament1996 NCAA Final Four logoChampionsStanford (3rd title)Runner-upHawaiʻi (5th NCAA (9th national) title match)SemifinalistsNebraska (5th Final Four)Florida (3rd Final Four)Winning coachDon Shaw (3rd title)Most outstanding playerKerri Walsh (Stanford)Final Four All-Tournament TeamKristin Folkl (Stanford)Lisa Sharpley (Stanford)Anjelica Ljungquist (Hawaiʻi)Robyn Ah Mow (Hawaiʻi)Lisa Reitsma (Nebraska) «1995  19…

Guy RitchieGuy Ritchie, September 2008LahirGuy Stuart RitchiePekerjaanFilmmaker, penulis skenarioTahun aktif1995–sekarangSuami/istriMadonna (2000–2008) (cerai) Guy Stuart Ritchie (lahir 10 September 1968) merupakan seorang sutradara berkebangsaan Inggris. Film yang ia sutradarai pertama kali ialah The Hard Case pada tahun 1995. Dia memulai kariernya di dunia film sejak tahun 1995. Filmografi Tahun Judul 1995 The Hard Case 1998 Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels 2000 Snatch 2001 The Hir…

Sea on the south of Eastern Europe linked to the Black Sea Sea of AzovSea of Azov shoreline at Yalta, Donetsk OblastSea of AzovShow map of Black SeaSea of AzovShow map of EuropeSea of Azov, upper rightCoordinates46°N 37°E / 46°N 37°E / 46; 37TypeSeaPrimary inflowsDon and KubanBasin countriesRussia, UkraineMax. length360 km (220 mi)[1]Max. width180 km (110 mi)[1]Surface area39,000 km2 (15,000 sq mi)[1][…

On Your Wedding DayPoster teatrikalNama lainHangul너의 결혼식 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanNeoui Gyeolhonsik SutradaraLee Seok-geunProduserCha Sang-minDitulis olehLee Seok-geunPemeranPark Bo-youngKim Young-kwangPenata musikLee Jin-heeSinematograferLee Seong-jaePenyuntingLee Gang-heePerusahaanproduksiFilmmaker R & K[1]DistributorMegabox Plus MOpus PicturesTanggal rilis 22 Agustus 2018 (2018-08-22) Durasi110 menitNegaraKorea SelatanBahasaKoreaPendapatankotorUS$21…

Untuk film Hindi 2009, lihat Road, Movie. Road MovieNama lainHangul로드무비 Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanRodeu mubiMcCune–ReischauerRodŭ muni SutradaraKim In-sikProduserCha Seung-jaeDitulis olehKim In-sikPemeranHwang Jung-minJung ChanSeo LinPenata musikLee Han-naSinematograferKim Jae-hoPenyuntingLee Jae-woongDistributorBig Blue Films[1]Tanggal rilis 18 Oktober 2002 (2002-10-18) Durasi114 menitNegaraKorea SelatanBahasaKoreaPendapatankotorUS$100,500[2] Road…

New York City Subway station in Brooklyn New York City Subway station in Brooklyn, New York Montrose Avenue  New York City Subway station (rapid transit)Station statisticsAddressMontrose Avenue & Bushwick AvenueBrooklyn, NY 11206BoroughBrooklynLocaleEast WilliamsburgCoordinates40°42′27″N 73°56′24″W / 40.707612°N 73.939877°W / 40.707612; -73.939877DivisionB (BMT)[1]Line   BMT Canarsie LineServices   L  (all ti…

Voce principale: Turn- und Spielvereinigung Koblenz 1911. Turn- und Spielvereinigung Koblenz 1911Stagione 2008-2009Sport calcio SquadraTurn- und Spielvereinigung Koblenz 1911 Allenatore Uwe Rapolder All. in seconda Colin Bell Uwe Koschinat 2. Bundesliga14º posto Coppa di GermaniaPrimo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Cha (33)Totale: Cha (34) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Krontiris (8)Totale: Krontiris (8) StadioStadion Oberwerth Maggior numero di spettatori15 000 vs Kaiserslautern (5 otto…

2nd century AD Roman grammarian De verborum significatu Sextus Pompeius Festus, usually known simply as Festus, was a Roman grammarian who probably flourished in the later 2nd century AD, perhaps at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul. Work He made a 20-volume epitome of Verrius Flaccus's voluminous and encyclopedic treatise De verborum significatione. Flaccus had been a celebrated grammarian who flourished in the reign of Augustus. Festus gives the etymology as well as the meaning of many words, and his w…

Genus of carnivorous plants It has been suggested that Australian pitcher plant be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2023. Not to be confused with Cephalotes. Cephalotus Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Oxalidales Family: CephalotaceaeDumort.[2] Genus: CephalotusLabill. Species: C. follicularis Binomial name Cepha…

Juan Carrizo Carrizo di 2008Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Juan Pablo CarrizoTanggal lahir 6 Mei 1984 (umur 39)[1]Tempat lahir Villa Constitución, ArgentinaTinggi 1,89 m (6 ft 2+1⁄2 in)[1]Posisi bermain Penjaga GawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini InternazionaleNomor 30Karier junior2001–2005 River PlateKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2005–2008 River Plate 69 (0)2008–2013 Lazio 25 (0)2009–2010 → Zaragoza (pinjaman) 16 (0)2010–2011 → River P…

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Certaines informations figurant dans cet article ou cette section devraient être mieux reliées aux sources mentionnées dans les sections « Bibliographie », « Sources » ou « Liens externes » (avril 2016). Vous pouvez améliorer la vérifiabilité en associant ces informations à des références à l'aide d'appels de notes. Pour l’article homonyme, voir Lamoricière. Louis Juc…

برج الحصان برج الحصان (馬) هو أحد الأبراج الصينية الأثني عشر و يرمز في الصّين القديمة إلى الحرّيّة والمهنة المتميّزة ، يكافئ برج الجوزاء في الأبراج الغربية .[1] الأعوام والعناصر الموافقة للبرج يقال إن المولودين ضمن التواريخ أدناه من برج الحصان حسب من يعتقد بالأبراج الصيني…

XIX campionati europei di atletica leggera2006 European Athletics Championships Competizione Campionati europei di atletica leggera Sport Atletica leggera Edizione 19ª Organizzatore European Athletic Association Date 7-13 agosto 2006 Luogo Göteborg,  Svezia Partecipanti 1.288 atleti Nazioni 48 Discipline 47(24 maschili + 23 femminili) Impianto/i Ullevi Sito web www.goteborg.com Statistiche Miglior medagliato Francis Obikwelu (2/2/0) Kim Gevaert (2/2/0) Miglior nazione  Russ…

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando singolo di Rose Villain, vedi Michelle Pfeiffer (singolo). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento attori statunitensi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Michelle Pfeiffer alla prima di Ant-Man and the Wasp nel 2018 Michelle Marie Pfeiffer (pron. [ˈfaɪfər]; Sa…

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)[2…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya