John Newton (engineer)

John Newton
John Newton
	John Newton
Born	August 24, 1823; Norfolk, Virginia
Died	May 1, 1895 (aged 72); New York City, New York
Place of burial	West Point National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America; Union
Service/branch	United States Army; Union Army
Years of service	1842–1886
Rank	Major General
Commands held	I Corps; US Army Corps of Engineers;
Battles/wars	American Civil War Peninsula Campaign Maryland Campaign Battle of South Mountain Battle of Antietam Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Salem Church Battle of Gettysburg Atlanta Campaign Battle of Peachtree Creek Battle of Natural Bridge;
Other work	Commissioner of Public Works, New York City (1886–1888); President, Panama Railroad Company (1888–1895);

John Newton (August 24, 1823 – May 1, 1895) was a career officer in the United States Army, a Union general in the American Civil War, and Chief of the Corps of Engineers.

Early life

Newton was born in Norfolk, Virginia, a city his father Thomas Newton, Jr. represented in the U.S. Congress for 31 years. He ranked second in the United States Military Academy class of 1842 and was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers. He taught engineering at the Military Academy (1843–46) and constructed fortifications along the Atlantic coast and Great Lakes (1846–52). He was a member of a special Gulf Coast defense board (1856) and Chief Engineer, Utah Expedition (1858).

Civil War

Though a fellow Virginian, Newton stood firm for the Union. He helped construct Washington defenses and led a brigade in the Peninsula Campaign. In the Maryland Campaign, at South Mountain, he led a bayonet charge that resulted in taking the enemy position, and also fought at the Battle of Antietam.

As a division commander in the VI Corps, he participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg. After that disastrous defeat, he and other generals journeyed to see President Abraham Lincoln and informed him of their lack of confidence in Army of the Potomac commander, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside. This was one of the causes of Burnside's relief in January 1863, but it also damaged Newton's career. He was promoted to major general on March 30, 1863, but Congress never officially confirmed it and the promotion expired a year later.

In the Chancellorsville Campaign, Newton was wounded at Salem Church. At Gettysburg, George Meade named Newton to command of the I Corps after John F. Reynolds was killed in the battle. Command of the corps had fallen to Abner Doubleday, the ranking division commander, but Meade had little regard for Doubleday's fighting ability, dating back to South Mountain, so Meade preferred Newton to command it instead. Newton commanded the I Corps until the start of the Overland Campaign in the spring of 1864, when the I Corps was dissolved and its remnants divided among the II and V Corps. At this point, Newton reverted to the rank of brigadier general and was sent west to serve with William T. Sherman.

In the Atlanta Campaign, he commanded the 2nd Division, IV Corps, in Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's command. He served under Sherman, who regarded him highly. At the Battle of Peachtree Creek, he prevented a dangerous Confederate movement against Sherman and his rapidly constructed works allowed him to turn back the Confederate thrust, a victory that put his official military career back on track.

After the capture of Atlanta, Newton left active field duty and commanded the District of Key West and the Tortugas of the Department of the Gulf from 1864 to 1866. His last campaign resulted in a defeat at the Battle of Natural Bridge in Florida in March 1865, which temporarily enabled the Confederates to hold on to the state capital.

Postbellum career

Returning to the Corps of Engineers, Newton oversaw improvements to the waterways around New York City, into Vermont, and to the Hudson River above Albany. This work is covered in detail in the 2021 book by Thomas Barthel Opening the East River: John Newton and the Blasting of Hell Gate. He also had charge of New York Harbor defenses until he was appointed Chief of Engineers in 1884. He is famed for blowing up two of New York's Hell Gate Rocks, the three acre Hallet's Point Reef with 50,000 pounds of a nitroglycerine compound and the nine acre Flood Rock with 282,730 pounds of dynamite on October 10, 1885, that detonation destroying 730,935,900 pounds of rock. For his extraordinary achievements, he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Sciences. Newton retired from the Army in 1886 after forty-four years of service, a year short of mandatory retirement at age 64.^[1] He served as Commissioner of Public Works, New York City (1886–88), and as President of the Panama Railroad Company (1888–95). Newton died in New York City on May 1, 1895, of complications from heart disease and rheumatism. He was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, Queens on May 4, 1895, and then reburied at West Point on June 14, 1895.^[2]^[3]

In 1886, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.^[4] Newton had converted to Catholicism from Protestantism.^[5]

In 1899, the Corps of Engineers named a 175-foot paddlewheeler in Newton's honor; the boat was later used as the Minnesota Centennial Showboat until its destruction by fire in 2000.

References

^ ^a ^b "Gen. Newton's Eligibility" (PDF). The New York Times. August 26, 1886. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Gen. John Newton Dead" (PDF). The New York Times. May 2, 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Newton, John". Army Cemeteries Explorer. U.S. Army. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ "Recipients | The Laetare Medal". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
^ Gordon-Gorman, William James (1885). Converts to Rome: A List of About Four Thousand Protestants Who Have Recently Become Roman Catholics. Saint Mary's College of California. London: W. Swan Sonnenschein. p. 82.

Barthel, Thomas. Opening the East River: John Newton and the Blasting of Hell GateMcFarland 2021.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
History of Corps of Engineers at the Wayback Machine (archived December 18, 2007)
Biographical sketch in The Popular science monthly 1886
Art. 4. The Blasting of Rocks Underwater Without Drilling. Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. Volume 27, 1852
Smith, Gustavus W. (1895). "John Newton". Twenty-Sixth Annual Reunion of the Association of Graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, June 10th, 1895. Saginaw, Michigan: Seeman & Peters, Printers and Binders. pp. 97–111.

External links

John Newton (engineer) — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences

Military offices
Preceded by Abner Doubleday	Commander of the I Corps (Army of the Potomac) July 2, 1863 – March 12, 1864	Succeeded by James S. Wadsworth
Preceded by James S. Wadsworth	Commander of the I Corps (Army of the Potomac) March 14, 1864 – March 24, 1864	Succeeded by Command absorbed into V Corps (Army of the Potomac)
Preceded by Horatio Wright	Chief of Engineers March 6, 1884 – August 27, 1886	Succeeded by James Chatham Duane