The area, which was historically the south-eastern part of the parish and borough of St Pancras, has undergone significant regeneration since the mid-1990s. The introduction of the Eurostar rail service at St Pancras International and the rebuilding of King's Cross station helped stimulate the redevelopment of the long derelict railway lands to the north of the termini.
History
Origin
The area, historically the south-eastern part of the ancient parish and subsequent Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras, was previously known as Battle Bridge or Battlebridge after an ancient crossing of the River Fleet. The original name of the bridge was Broad Ford Bridge. The original parish church, St Pancras Old Church, located behind the stations, was built on a knoll on the west bank of the Fleet, and is believed to be one of the oldest Christian sites in Britain.
Boudica Legend
The corruption "Battle Bridge" led to a tradition that this was the site of a major battle in AD 60 or 61 between the Romans and the Iceni tribe led by Boudica (also known as Boadicea).[3] The tradition claims support from the writing of Publius Cornelius Tacitus, an ancient Roman historian, who described the place of action between the Romans and Boudica (Annals 14.31), but without specifying where it was; Thornbury addresses the pros and cons of the identification. Lewis Spence's 1937 book Boadicea – warrior queen of the Britons includes a map showing the supposed positions of the opposing armies. The suggestion that Boudica is buried beneath platform 9 or 10 at King's Cross station seems to have arisen as urban folklore since the end of World War II.[4] The area had been settled in Roman times, and a camp here known as The Brill was erroneously attributed to Julius Caesar, who never visited Londinium.[5] There is still a small area named "Battle Bridge Place" between King's Cross and St Pancras stations, and "Brill Place", a road leading towards Euston from St Pancras station. An art installation named the Identified Flying Object (IFO) stands in Battle Bridge Place,[6] part of the RELAY King's Cross Arts programme.[7]
Development and the name "King's Cross"
The countryside north of Bloomsbury and Holborn, with the hamlets of St Pancras and Battle Bridge, on John Rocque's map of London (1746)The 19th century monument to George IV, since demolished, that gave the area its name
The Roque map of 1746 shows the area as entirely undeveloped, however the opening of the new Euston Road (originally New Road) in 1756, opened the area up for development. The current name has its origin in a monument to King George IV which stood from 1830 to 1845 at "the king's crossroads" where New Road (later Euston Road), Gray's Inn Road, and Pentonville Road met.[8] The monument was sixty feet (18 m) high and topped by an eleven-foot-high (3.4 m) statue of the king; it was described by Walter Thornbury as "a ridiculous octagonal structure crowned by an absurd statue".[3] The statue itself, which cost no more than £25, was constructed of bricks and mortar, and finished in a manner that gave it the appearance of stone "at least to the eyes of common spectators".[9] The architect was Stephen Geary,[10] who exhibited a model of "the Kings Cross" at the Royal Academy in 1830.[11] The upper storey was used as a camera obscura while the base housed first a police station, and later a public house. The unpopular building was demolished in 1845, though the area kept the name of King's Cross.[3] A structure in the form of a lighthouse was built on top of a building almost on the site about 30 years later. Known locally as the "Lighthouse Building", the structure was popularly thought to be an advertisement for Netten's Oyster Bar on the ground floor, but this seems not to be true.[12] It is a grade II listed building.[13]
King's Cross station now stands by the junction where the monument stood and took its name.[8] The station, designed by architect Lewis Cubitt and opened in 1852, succeeded a temporary earlier station, erected north of the canal in time for the Great Exhibition of 1851.
St Pancras railway station, built by the Midland Railway, lies immediately to the west. They both had extensive land ("the railway lands") to house their associated facilities for handling general goods and specialist commodities such as fish, coal, potatoes and grain. The passenger stations on Euston Road far outweighed in public attention the economically more important goods traffic to the north. King's Cross and St Pancras stations, and indeed all London railway stations, made an important contribution to the capital's economy.
Post-war decline
After World War II the area declined from being a poor but busy industrial and distribution services district to a partially abandoned post-industrial district. By the 1980s it was notorious for prostitution and drug abuse.[14] This reputation impeded attempts to revive the area, utilising the large amount of land available following the decline of the railway goods yard to the north of the station and the many other vacant premises in the area.
Relatively cheap rents and a central London location made the area attractive to artists and designers and both Antony Gormley and Thomas Heatherwick established studios in the area. In the late 1980s, a group of musicians, mechanics, and squatters from Hammersmith called Mutoid Waste Company moved into Battlebridge Road warehouse.[15] They built huge industrial sculptures out of scrap metal and held raves. In 1989 they were evicted by police.[16]
In 1992, the Community Creation Trust took over the disused coach repair depot and built it into the largest Ecology Centre in Europe with ecohousing for homeless youngsters, The Last Platform Cafe, London Ecology Centre (after its demise in Covent Garden), offices and workshops, gardens and ponds. It was destroyed to make a car park for the Channel Tunnel Regeneration. Bagley's Warehouse was a nightclub venue in the 1990s warehouse rave scene on the site of Goods Yard behind King's Cross stations, now part of the redevelopment area known as the Coal Drops adjacent to Granary Square.
In the 1990s, the government established the King's Cross Partnership[17] to fund regeneration projects, and the commencement of work on High Speed 1 in 2000 provided a major impetus for other projects. In 2001, Argent was selected as the development partner. The London terminus of the Eurostar international rail services to Paris and Brussels moved to St Pancras station in November 2007.
Following the opening of the High Speed 1 to the station, redevelopment of the land between the two major stations and the old King's Cross railway lands to the rear commenced. In 2008, Argent, London & Continental Railways and DHL formed a joint partnership: Kings Cross Central Limited Partnership.[18] Outline planning permission, prepared by Allies and Morrison and Porphyrios Associates, was granted for the whole site in 2006. Detailed planning applications[19] for each part of the site are being made on a rolling programme basis.
The area remains a major focus of redevelopment in the second decade of the 21st century. In 2017, Google, which already occupy a large new building between St. Pancras and King's Cross stations, announced plans for a further £1 billion building stretching along the west side of King's Cross station towards the Regents canal.
The area has also been for many years home to a number of trades union head offices (including the NUJ, RMT, UNISON, NUT, Community and UCU).
Education, culture and heritage
Canalside regeneration at King's Cross has seen many modern buildings erected, together with the preservation of most heritage assets.
The area has increasingly become home to cultural establishments. The London Canal Museum opened in 1992,[20] and in 1997 a new home for the British Library opened next to St Pancras station. There was a small theatre, the Courtyard, that closed in late 2006 as a result of the gentrification of the area caused by a number of regeneration projects there, in this case, Regent's Quarter, across the boundary in Islington. The Gagosian Gallery moved their main London premises to the area in 2004.[21] The London Sinfonietta and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment are based in King's Place, on Battlebridge Basin next to the Regent's Canal. King's Place is also the home of The Guardian and The Observer newspapers, and of the UK Drug Policy Commission.
In September 2011 the University of the Arts London moved to the Granary Complex. A whole series of new public squares and gardens have opened, among them Granary Square with its spectacular fountains, Lewis Cubitt Park and Square and the new Gasholder Park.
The station's redevelopment led to the demolition of several buildings, including the Gasworks.[22]
Location
King's Cross forms the south-east part of the ancient parish and subsequent borough of St Pancras, which is now the major part of the London Borough of Camden. The importance of King's Cross station means that use of the place name term spills over into neighbouring parts of the London Borough of Islington.
The King's Cross ward covers part of southern King's Cross.
The eastern boundary of the parish and borough of St Pancras has become the boundary of the larger modern borough and is locally formed, in part, by the course of the River Fleet. The southern boundary of the parish and borough ran along Guilford Street and in places slightly further south where, on the north side of Long Yard and along Roger Street it followed the course of a now culverted tributary of the Fleet, a tributary which was historically dammed to form Lamb's Conduit.[23]
The London Borough of Camden has an electoral ward called King's Cross, but this only includes a part of southern King's Cross; south of Euston Road and north of Guilford Street.[24] In 2021 it was proposed that this ward be extended north of Euston Road as far as the North London line, to take in the King's Cross and St Pancras termini as well as the large redeveloped area to the north of those stations.[25]
In the Harry Potter books, King's Cross station is where the protagonist boards the train for Hogwarts. However, author JK Rowling later admitted she had confused it with nearby Euston station.[26] The railway station has put up a sign for the fictional "Platform 9+3⁄4" described in the books, and embedded part of a luggage trolley halfway into the wall. Film adaptations have used platforms 4 and 5, with the nearby St Pancras station and hotel acting as exteriors.[27]
Iin 1972 it was the setting for Kings Cross Lunch Hour, one of four plays set in different parts of London, written by John Mortimer for the BBC drama series Thirty-Minute Theatre.[30]
"Vale Royal", an epic poem in 700 triads by Aidan Andrew Dun probes into this zone of London; "Vale Royal" was launched at the Albert Hall in 1995. A triad of Dun's, excerpted from another poem, "The Brill", has been installed at the western end of Granary Square in a small grove of trees beside the new Central Saint Martins. It reads: "Kings Cross, dense with angels and histories, there are cities beneath your pavements, cities behind your skies. Let me see!"[31]
The British pop music duo Pet Shop Boys recorded a song featured on their 1987 album Actually named "King's Cross": the melancholy track discusses the hopelessness of the AIDS epidemic during that time and uses the King's Cross area as the "backdrop" of the story, trading on the area's associations with drug use and prostitution.[33]Tracey Thorncovered the song in 2007. Songwriter David Gedge also wrote a song called "King's Cross" while recording under the name Cinerama.[34]
Rail
King's Cross station
King's Cross is a famous railway interchange, and King's Cross station is a focal point in the district.
In fiction, the station is the London terminus of the Hogwarts Express, which carries Harry Potter to Hogwarts. In the Harry Potter films, however, the exterior shots of the station are those of neighbouring St Pancras station. Some interior shots were filmed at York railway station.[39]
The Goods Yard complex, part of the King's Cross Central development, was a rail freight terminal. The Yard was designed by Lewis Cubitt in 1852. The nearby Granary Square is named after the Granary building. Trains carried Lincolnshire wheat to King's Cross, where the wheat would then be stored in the Granary building to be used by London's bakers.[40]
A business partnership group has designed a "Wellbeing Walk" between Euston and St Pancras stations. The route avoids Euston Road, and the group claims that their route, compared to the Euston Road route, reduces pedestrians' exposure to air pollution by 50%.[44]
The Piccadilly line links King's Cross directly to Heathrow Airport and the West End, whilst the Circle, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan, and Northern lines link the area to the City.
Euston tube station is nearby, which is served by both branches of the Northern line, and the Victoria line.
Cycleway 6 runs north–south along Midland Road (between St Pancras station and the British Library) and Judd Street. Northbound, Cycleway 6 passes east of Camden Town en route to Kentish Town. Southbound, the route links King's Cross to Farringdon, the City, and Elephant & Castle.[48]
Cycling infrastructure is also provided along Mabledon Place (towards Bloomsbury), York Way (towards Barnsbury and Kentish Town), Pentonville Road (towards Farringdon), Goods Way (between St Pancras International and York Way), and Argyle Street (between Gray's Inn Road and Euston Road).
^Museum of London - Learning on Line (1 March 2009). "Boudica and King's Cross Station". Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Walter H. Godfrey and W. McB. Marcham (editors) (1952). "Euston Road". Survey of London: volume 24: The parish of St Pancras part 4: King’s Cross Neighbourhood. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 24 May 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^Algernon Graves (1905). The Royal Academy: A Complete Dictionary of Contributors from its Foundations in 1769 to 1904. Vol. 4. London: Henry Graves. p. 220.
^"History « Mutate Britain". Mutatebritain.com. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Mutoid Must Remain (21 February 2014). "Mutoid Must Remain". Meeting Benches. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
^Built in the 1860s and rebuilt in the 1880s, the gasholders (of unique linked triplet design) were still in use until 1999. Several gasholders (the site was originally a gasworks) that had dominated the area behind station for over a century were taken down during the building works and placed in storage; three are now re-erected and converted to other use, one a pocket park and others inventively converted to housing.
^The History of the River Fleet, UCL Fleet Restoration Team, 2009
Marco Antonio BragadinNama dalam bahasa asli(it) Marcantonio Bragadin BiografiKelahiran21 April 1523 Venesia Kematian17 Agustus 1571 (Kalender Masehi Gregorius) (48 tahun)Famagusta Penyebab kematianFlaying Tempat pemakamanSanti Giovanni e Paolo (en) Gubernur Famagusta KegiatanPekerjaanPolitikus dan personel militer Tiziano Aspetti, Marcantonio Bragadin (sekitar tahun 1571) Marcantonio Bragadin beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Marcantonio Bragadin (disambiguasi)…
L'Agnello apre il Libro coi sette sigilli, nella Bibbia di Ottheinrich illustrata da Matthias Gerung «E nella mano destra di Colui che sedeva sul trono vidi un rotolo scritto dentro e fuori, chiuso da sette sigilli» (Apocalisse di Giovanni, 5.1[1]) I Sette sigilli sono quelli che l'apostolo ed evangelista Giovanni dichiara di aver scorto in una visione descritta nell'ultimo libro della Bibbia, l'Apocalisse: in essa Giovanni parla di sette sigilli simbolici che tengono chiuso un libro (…
Basilika Kunjungan Santa Perawan MariaBasilika Minor Kunjungan Santa Perawan Mariabahasa Slowakia: Bazilika navštívenia Panny MárieBasilika Kunjungan Santa Perawan MariaLokasiLevočaNegara SlowakiaDenominasiGereja Katolik RomaArsitekturStatusBasilika minorStatus fungsionalAktif Basilika dilihat dari Levoča Peziarahan tahunan di bukit Maria Plakat untuk memperingati kunjungan Paus Yohanes Paulus II Basilika Kunjungan Santa Perawan Maria (bahasa Slowakia: Bazilika navštívenia Panny …
Ikan Sargassum Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Lophiiformes Famili: Antennariidae Genus: HistrioFischer, 1813 Spesies: H. histrio Nama binomial Histrio histrio(Linnaeus, 1758) Ikan Sargassum, Histrio histrio adalah ikan kodok pada famili Antennariidae dan genus Histrio. Ikan ini dapat ditemui di permukaan di antara sargassum yang mengapung di seluruh samudra subtropis. Ikan ini memiliki panjang hingga 20 cm. Referensi Froese, Rainer and…
Institut Agama Islam Syekh Maulana Qori BangkoLambang IAI SMQ BangkoNama sebelumnyaSekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Syekh Maulana Qori BangkoJenisPerguruan tinggi Islam swasta di IndonesiaDidirikan1996Lembaga indukKementerian Agama Republik IndonesiaAfiliasiIslamRektorM. Thoiyibi, S.Sos., M.H.AlamatJalan Prof. Muhammad Yamin, Kelurahan Pasar Atas, Kecamatan Bangko, Kabupaten Merangin, Jambi, IndonesiaWarnaHijau TuaNama julukanIAI SMQ BangkoSitus webhttps://iaismqbangko.ac.id Institut Agama Islam Syekh…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir TNT. La télévision numérique terrestre (TNT) est une évolution technique en matière de télédiffusion, fondée sur la diffusion de signaux de télévision numérique par un réseau de réémetteurs hertziens terrestres. Par rapport à la télévision analogique terrestre à laquelle elle se substitue, la télévision numérique terrestre permet de réduire l'occupation du spectre électromagnétique tout en multipliant le nombre de chaînes par fréquence,…
Part of the Politics seriesDirect democracy Referendum types Optional referendum Legislative referral Popular initiative Recall referendum Popular referendum Mandatory referendum Referendums by country Australia Canada Czechia EU France Germany Italy Iran Israel Kenya Lithuania Netherlands New Zealand Poland Philippines Sweden Slovakia Switzerland Turkey Taiwan UK Ukraine USA Referendums by issue Civil rights Finance Mining War Independence EU Referendums by method E-referendum History of direct…
Letak suku Herul tahun 125. Suku Herul adalah suku Jerman nomaden yang ditundukkan oleh Ostrogoth, Hun, dan Bizantium antara abad ke-3 dan ke-5. Salah seorang Herul, Odoacer, merupakan tokoh yang menjatuhkan Kaisar Romawi Barat, Romulus Augustus. Penulis kronik abad ke-6, Jordanes, melaporkan bahwa mereka diusir dari tanah air mereka oleh orang-orang Dani. Mereka diduga berasal dari pulau-pulau Denmark atau Swedia selatan. Pranala luar This article incorporates some information taken from http:/…
Таджикские и памирские девочки в афганской провинции Бадахшан Памиро-ферганская раса, раса Среднеазиатского междуречья (англ. Pamirid, Pamir-Fergana race) — самая восточная субраса европеоидной расы, распространенная в Средней Азии. К ней относятся в основном узбеки, уйгуры[1]&…
Norse gods For the Manowar EP, see The Sons of Odin. This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Sons of Odin – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Various gods and men appear as sons of Odin (Old English: Wōden, Old Norse: Óðinn) in Old Norse and Old English texts. Thor, Bal…
مسجد جمكران، أحد المساجد المهمة عند الشيعة، ويعتقد الشيعة أن له صلة بالإمام المهدي، ويقع هذا المسجد في إيران.[1] مسجد جمكران صورة للمسجد إحداثيات 34°35′02″N 50°54′53″E / 34.583888888889°N 50.914722222222°E / 34.583888888889; 50.914722222222 معلومات عامة الموقع جمكران[2] القرية أو ال…
American prelate His Excellency, The Most ReverendFrancis Patrick KeoughArchbishop of BaltimoreSeeArchdiocese of BaltimoreAppointedNovember 29, 1947InstalledFebruary 24, 1948Term endedDecember 8, 1961PredecessorMichael Joseph CurleySuccessorLawrence ShehanOrdersOrdinationJune 10, 1916by John Joseph NilanConsecrationMay 22, 1934by Amleto Giovanni CicognaniPersonal detailsBorn(1890-12-30)December 30, 1890New Britain, Connecticut, USDiedDecember 8, 1961(1961-12-08) (aged 70)Baltimore…
История Грузииსაქართველოს ისტორია Доисторическая Грузия Шулавери-шомутепинская культураКуро-араксская культураТриалетская культураКолхидская культураКобанская культураДиаухиМушки Древняя история КолхидаАриан-КартлиИберийское царство ФарнавазидыГрузия…
Moses Malone Moses Malone nel 2005 Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza 208 cm Peso 118 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Centro / Ala grandeAllenatore Termine carriera 1995 - giocatore2009 - allenatore Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (2001) Carriera Giovanili Petersburg High School Squadre di club 1974-1975 Utah Stars83 (1.557)1975-1976 Spirits of St. Louis43 (614)1976 Buffalo Braves2 (0)1976-1982 Houston Rockets464 (11.119)1982-1986 Philadelphia 76ers302 (7.217)1986-198…
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Alessandro Banfi Nazionalità Italia Calcio Ruolo Terzino Carriera Squadre di club1 1930-1932 Monza11 (0)1932-1933 Comense17 (0)1933-1938 Monza123 (6)1938-1943 Como119 (1)1945-1946 Casatese? (?) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato…
City in Massachusetts, United StatesFitchburg, MassachusettsCityDowntown Fitchburg seen from the south. FlagSealNickname(s): City by the River, The Burg, The Dirty 'Burg (Derogatory, occasionally endearing)Location in Worcester County and the state of Massachusetts.Fitchburg, MassachusettsLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°35′00″N 71°48′10″W / 42.58333°N 71.80278°W / 42.58333; -71.80278CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyWorcesterSettled…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Journal of Moral Philosophy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academic journalJournal of Moral PhilosophyDisciplinePhilosophyLanguageEnglishEdited byS. Matthew LiaoPublication detailsHist…
Fergie beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk penyanyi, lihat Fergie (penyanyi). SarahDuchess of YorkDuchess pada tahun 2008Kelahiran15 Oktober 1959 (umur 64)London, Inggris[1]WangsaWangsa Windsor (melalui pernikahan)Nama lengkapSarah Margaret[2]AyahMayor Ronald FergusonIbuSusan BarrantesPasanganPangeran Andrew, Adipati York(m. 1986, c. 1996)AnakPutri Beatrice dari YorkPutri Eugenie dari YorkAgamaGereja InggrisPekerjaanPekerja sosial, pembicara, penulis, produser film, selebriti Sara…
.jpg)
