List of geochronologic names
This is a list of official and unofficial names for time spans in the geologic timescale and units of chronostratigraphy . Since many of the smallest subdivisions of the geologic timescale were in the past defined on regional lithostratigraphic units, there are many alternative names that overlap. The body concerned with standardizing the names of geochronologic units is the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In 2008 however, even though the Phanerozoic eon is almost completely divided into internationally recognizable units, local subdivisions are often still preferred over the international ones.
List
Name (English )[ 1]
base/start (Ma )[ 2]
top/end (Ma )[ 2]
status
subdivision of
usage
named after
author, year
Aalenian
175.6 ± 2.0
171.6 ± 3.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Aalen (Germany)
Mayer-Eymar, 1864
Abereiddian
471.8 ± 1.6
464
age
Ordovician
regional
Abereiddy (Wales)
Fortey et al., 1995
Actonian
454
453
age
Ordovician
regional
Acton Scott (England)
Bancroft, 1929
Adelaidean
1,300
542
age
Proterozoic
Australia
Adelaide
Aegean
245 ± 1.5
244
age
Triassic
Europe
Aegean Sea
Tozer, 1967
Aeronian
439.0 ± 1.8
436.0 ± 1.9
age
Silurian
ICS
Cwm-coed-aeron (Wales)
Cocks et al. , 1971
Aftonian
0.6
0.48
age
Pleistocene
North America
Chamberlin, 1895
Agenian
23
20.4
ELMMZ
Miocene
Europe
Agen (France)
Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Aimchanian
1100
age
Proterozoic
Siberia
Aksayan
493
491.5
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Ergaliev, 1980
Alaunian
216
211
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Albertan
epoch
Cambrian
North America
Dawson, 1895
Albian
112.0 ± 1.0
99.6 ± 0.9
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Albia , Latin name of the river Aube (France)
d'Orbigny , 1842
Alding(i)an
36
30
age
Eocene
Australia
Algonkian
543
age
Proterozoic
international
Algonquian native peoples of Canada
Powell, 1890
Allerød
13,350 BP
12,700 BP
chronozone
Weichselian
Northern Europe
Allerød (Denmark)
Haltz & Milthers, 1901
Alportian
324.5
318.1 ± 1.3
age
Carboniferous
regional
Alport (England)
Ramsbotton, 1979
Altonian
19.0
15.9
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Alton Burn , Southland Region
Frye & Wilmann, 1960
Amazonian
~1,800
present
Martian epoch
Martian epoch
Mars
Amazonis Planitia
Greeley & Spudis, 1981
Amgan
513.0 ± 2.0
502
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Guarari, 1955
Amstelian
2.588
2.40
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
river Amstel
Harmer, 1896
Anglian
0.465
0.418
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
East Anglia
Animikean
2,225
1,400
age
Proterozoic
North America (obsolete)
Hunt, 1873
Anisian
245.0 ± 1.5
237.0 ± 2.0
age
Triassic
ICS
Anisus , Latin name for the river Enns (Austria)
Mojsisovics, 1869
Antian
~2.12
~2.0
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
River Ant (England)
West, 1962
Antwerpian
± 21
± 12
age
Miocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Antwerp
Gogels, 1879
Aphebian
2500
1600
age
Proterozoic
North America
Stockwell, 1964
Aptian
125.0 ± 1.0
112.0 ± 1.0
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Apt (France)
d'Orbigny , 1840
Aquatraversian
2.588
2.4
age
Pleistocene
Italy
Aquilan
85.2
82.2
NALMA
Cretaceous
North America
Russell, 1975
Aquitanian
23.03
20.43
age
Miocene
ICS
Aquitaine
Mayer-Eymar, 1857
Archean
4,000
2,500
eon
ICS
Dana, 1876
Arenig (-ian)
epoch
Ordovician
Europe
Arenig Fawr (Wales)
Sedgwick , 1847; Fearnsides 1905
Arikareean
30.8
20.6
super-age
Oligo-Miocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Arnold
43.0
34.3
epoch
Paleogene
New Zealand
Arnold River
Kingma, 1962
Arnsbergian
326
325
sub-age
Carboniferous
regional
Hudson & Cotton, 1943
Arowhanan
95.2
92.1
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Arowhana
Wellman, 1959
Arshantan
52.1
46.2
ALMA
Eocene
Asia
Romer, 1966
Artinskian
284.4 ± 0.7
275.6 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Arti (Russia)
Karpinsky , 1874
Arundian
341
339
age
Carboniferous
regional
from Hobbyhorse Bay, Castlemartin, Pembrokeshire , Wales (arundo is Latin for hobbyhorse)
Ramsbotton, 1974
Asbian
337.5
333
age
Carboniferous
regional
Little Asby Scar, Cumbria, England
Ramsbotton, 1979
Ashbyan
age
Ordovician
North America
Ashgill(-ian)
epoch
Ordovician
Europe
Ash Gill near Coniston, Cumbria [ 3]
Marr, 1905
Asselian
299.0 ± 0.8
294.6 ± 0.8
age
Permian
ICS
river Assel (Kazakhstan)
Ruzhenchev, 1954
Astaracian
15
11.1
ELMMZ
Miocene
Europe
The Astarac (France)
Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Asturian
305
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Asturias
Stille, 1920
Atdabanian
530
524
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Pelman, 1977
Atlantic
5,660 BP
9,220 BP
chronozone
Holocene
Northern Europe
the Atlantic Ocean
Blytt , 1876
Atokan
age
Carboniferous
North America
Spivey & Roberts, 1946
Aurelucian
460.9
457
age
Ordovician
Europe
Austinian
age
Cretaceous
south and east of the US
Austin, Texas
Murray, 1961
Autunian
~300
~275
age
Carboniferous-Permian
Europe
Autun (France)
Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Avernian
29.2
23.03
ELMMZ
Oligocene
Europe
Awamoan
20.0
17.5
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Thompson, 1916
Ayusokkanian
501.0 ± 2.0
494.5
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Geyer & Shergold, 2000
Azoic see Archean
Badenian [ 4]
16.3
12.8
age
Miocene
Paratethys
Baden (Austria)
Papp & Cicha, 1968
Baikalian
850
650
age
Proterozoic
Siberia
Lake Baikal
Pavloski, 1948
Bairnsdalian
15.0
10.5
age
Miocene
Australia
Baishaean
433
429
age
Silurian
China
Lu et al., 1974
Bajocian
171.6 ± 3.0
167.7 ± 3.5
age
Jurassic
ICS
Bayeux (France)
d'Orbigny ,1844
Balcombian
15.5
15.0
age
Miocene
Australia
Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Baotan
460.9
454.5
age
Ordovician
China
Barremian
130.0 ± 1.5
125.0 ± 1.0
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Barrême (France)
Coquand , 1873
Barruelian
age
Carboniferous
Europe
George & Wagner, 1972
Barstovian
16.3
13.6
age
Miocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Bartonian
37.2 ± 0.1
40.4 ± 0.2
age
Eocene
ICS
Barton-on-Sea (South England)
Mayer-Eymar , 1857
Bashkirian
318.1 ± 1.3
311.7 ± 1.1
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Bashkortostan
Semikhatova, 1934
Basin Groups 1-9
4,150
3,850
subperiod
Prenectarium
Moon (unofficial)
groups of impact basins
Batesfordian
16.5
15.5
age
Miocene
Australia
Chapman & Singleton, 1923
Bathonian
167.7 ± 3.5
164.7 ± 4.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Bath (England)
D´Orbigny, 1852
Batyrbayan
491.5
488.3
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Apollonov & Chugaeva, 1983
Bavel Interglacial
1.03
0.96
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Bavel
Zagwijn & De Jong, 1964
Bavelian
1.03
0.85
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Bavel
Zawijn & De Jong, 1964
Baventian
~2.0
~1.87
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Easton Bavents (England)
West , 1961
Bedoulian
129.97
125.0
sub-age
Cretaceous
regional
Toucas, 1873
Beestonian
1.77
~0.8
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Beeston, Norfolk (England)
West & Wilson, 1966
Belvédère Interglacial
0.338
0.324
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
quarry "Belvédère" (Maastricht )
Bendigonian
473.5
471.8
age
Ordovician
Australia
Bendigo, Victoria
Benson & Keble, 1935
Berriasian
145.5 ± 4.0
140.2 ± 3.0
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Berrias (France)
Coquand, 1871
Biber Glacial
~2.5
2.35
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Biber (Germany)
Schaefer, 1953
Biber-Donau
age
Pleistocene
Alps
Blancan
4.9
1.8
age
Plio-Pleistocene
North America
Wood "et al", 1941
Black River(-an)
age
Ordovician)
North America
Vanuxem, 1842
Bolderian
<21
>16
age
Miocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Bolderberg
Dumont , 1850
Bolindian
450
443.7
age
Ordovician
Australia
Webby, 1976
Bølling
13,730 BP
13,480 BP
chronozone
Weichselian
Northern Europe
Bølling Sø (Denmark)
Iversen, 1942
Bolsovian
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Bolsover (England)
Jongsmans, 1928
Boomerangian
504
501
age
Cambrian
Australia
Öpik, 1979
Boreal
10,640 BP
9,220 BP
chronozone
Holocene
Northern Europe
boreal zone in ecology
Blytt , 1876
Bortonian
43.0
37.0
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Bortons
Hornibrook, 1961
Botomian
524
518.5
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Repina, 1964
Bramertonian
~2.12
~2.0
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Bramerton Pits (England)
Funnell, Norton, West and Mayhew, 1979
Bridgerian
50.3
46.2
age
Eocene
North America
Wood et al., 1941
Brigantian
336
326.4 ± 1.6
age
Carboniferous
North America, Europe
Brigantes (Celtic tribe)
Ramsbotton, 1979
Brioverian
~680
~600
age
Neoproterozoic
Armorican Massif , France
Barrois, 1899
Brüggenian
2.588
2.4
chronozone
Pleistocene
Northwest Europe
Brunssumian
5.3
3.6
chronozone
Pliocene
Northwest Europe
Brunssum (The Netherlands)
Zagwijn, 1960
Bulitian
55.8
53
age
Eocene
California
Mallory, 1959
Bumbanian
55.7
52.1
ALMA
Eocene
Asia
Russell & Zhai, 1987
Buntsandstein [ 5]
251.0 ± 0.4
246.6[ 6]
epoch/subperiod
Triassic
Europe
German : bunte Sandstein = coloured sandstone
Von Alberti , 1834
Burdigalian
20.43
15.97
age
Miocene
ICS
Latin : Burdigala = Bordeaux (France)
Depéret , 1892
Burrellian
457
455
age
Ordovician
Europe
Glenburrell (England)
Fortey "et al.", 1995
Burzyan
1,400
1,375
age
Proterozoic
Russia
Kefler, 1952
Caerfai
542 ± 0.2
513 ± 2
age
Cambrian
Europe (obsolete)
Caerfai Bay (Wales)
Cowie "et al.", 1972
Calabrian
1.806
0.781
age
Pleistocene
Southern Europe
Calabria
Gignoux , 1913
Callovian
164.7 ± 4.0
161.2 ± 4.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Kellaways (England)
d'Orbigny , 1849
Calymmian
1,600
1,400
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Cambrian
542.0 ± 1.0
488.3 ± 1.7
period
Paleozoic
ICS
Cambria (Latin for Wales )
Sedgwick , 1835
Campanian
83.5 ± 0.7
70.6 ± 0.6
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Champagne (France)
Coquand , 1857
Canadian
epoch
Ordovician
North America
Cantabrian
305
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Wagner, 1965
Capitanian
265.8 ± 0.7
260.4 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Capitan Reef (Texas, US)
Richardson, 1904
Caradocian
460.9
449.5
epoch
Ordovician
Europe
Caradoc (Welsh king)
Murchison, 1839
Carboniferous
359.2 ± 2.5
299.0 ± 0.8
period
Paleozoic
ICS
carbon
Conybeare & Phillips , 1822
Carixian
189.6 ± 1.5
sub-age
Jurassic
regional
Lang, 1913
Carnian
228.0 ± 2.0
216.5 ± 2.0
age
Triassic
ICS
Carnic Alps (Austria)
Mojsisovics , 1869
Carpentarian
1,800
1,300
age
Proterozoic
Australia
Gulf of Carpentaria
Dunn et al., 1966
Casamajoran
54
48
age
Eocene
South America
Pascual, 1965
Cassian
1.1
0.8
age
Pleistocene
Italy
Mayer-Eymar, 1888
Cassinian
473
471.8
sub-age
Ordovician
North America
Flower, 1957
Castlecliffian
1.63
0.34
age
Pleistocene
New Zealand
Castlecliff
Thompson, 1916
Castlemanian
471
470
age
Ordovician
Australia
Castlemaine
Strachan, 1972
Cautleyan
447.5
446.5
age
Ordovician
Europe
Cautley Spout (England)
Marr, 1914
Cayugan
421.3 ± 2.6
416.0 ± 2.8
age
Silurian
North America
Clark & Schuchert, 1898
Cenomanian
99.6 ± 0.9
93.5 ± 0.8
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Latin : Cenomanium = Le Mans (France)
d'Orbigny , 1847
Cenozoic
65.5 ± 0.3
present
era
Phanerozoic
ICS
new life
Phillips , 1847
Cernaysian
55.9
55.0
ELMMZ
Paleocene
Europe
Lemoine, 1880
Chadian
345.3 ± 2.1
341
age
Carboniferous
regional
St Chad , Chatburn , Lancashire
Ramsbotton, 1979
Chadronian
38.0
33.9
age
Eocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Chamovnicheskian
306
305
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Champlanian
epoch
Ordovician
North America
Emmons, 1842
Changhsingian
253.8 ±0.7
251.0 ± 0.4
age
Permian
ICS
Changxing (China)
Sheng, 1963
Changlangpuan
523
518
age
Cambrian
China
Changshanian
496.8
492.5
age
Cambrian
China
Walcott, 1913
Chapadmalalan
4.0
3.0
age
Pliocene
South America
Kraglievich, 1930
Chasicoan
10.0
9.0
age
Miocene
South America
Cabrera & Kraglievich, 1928
Chatauquan
370
359.2 ± 2.5
age
Devonian
South America
Clark & Schuchert 1898
Chattian
28.4 ± 0.1
23.03
age
Oligocene
ICS
Chatti (ancient Germanic tribe)
Fuchs , 1894
Chautauquan
age
Devonian
North America
Chazyan
age
Ordovician
North America
Kay, 1958
Cheltenhamian
5.0
4.3
age
Pliocene
Australia
Mayer-eymar, 1881
Cheneyan
455
452
age
Ordovician
Europe
Cheremshankian
314.5
313.4
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Aisenverg, 1979
Chesterian
333
318.1
age
Carboniferous
North America
Worthen, 1860
Chewtonian
473
471
age
Ordovician
Australia
Harris & Thomas, 1938
Chokierian
325
324.5
sub-age
Carboniferous
regional
Chokier , Belgium
Hodson (1957)
Cincinnatian
451
443.7 ± 1.5
epoch
Ordovician
North America
Cincinnati
Meek & Worthen, 1865
Cisuralian
299.0 ± 0.8
270.6 ± 0.7
epoch
Permian
ICS
Waterhouse, 1982
Clansayesian
115.0
112.0
sub-age
Cretaceous
Breistroffer, 1947
Clarendonian
13.6
10.3
age
Miocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Clarkforkian
56.8
55.4
age
Paleo-Eocene
North America
Granger, 1914
Clifdenian
15.9
15.1
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Clifden
Fleming, 1959
Colhuehuapian
21.0
17.5
age
Miocene
South America
Flynn " et al.", 1995
Colloncuran
15.5
13.8
age
Miocene
South America
Groeber, 1929
Coniacian
89.3 ± 1.0
85.8 ± 0.7
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Cognac (France)
Coquand , 1857
Copernican
1,100
present
period
Moon
Copernicus
Costonian
460.9
459
age
Ordovician
regional
Bancroft, 1933
Couvinian
397.5 ± 2.7
391.8 ± 2.7
age
Devonian
Belgium (obsolete)
Couvin
d'Omalius d'Halloy , 1862
Cressagian
488.3 ± 1.7
486
age
Ordovician
Europe
Cretaceous
145.5 ± 4.0
65.5 ± 0.3
period
Mesozoic
ICS
Crete ; Latin creta =chalk
d'Omalius d'Halloy , 1822
Croixan
epoch
Cambrian
North America
Cromerian
0.85
0.465
super-age/age
Pleistocene
Netherlands, Great Britain
Cromer (England)
Reid, 1882
Cryogenian
850
635.5 ± 1.2[ 7]
period
Proterozoic
ICS
frozen beginning
Plumb, 1991
Cryptic
4,567
4,150
epoch
Prenectarian
Moon (unofficial)
hidden
Dacian
5.332 ± 0.005
3.600 ± 0.005
age
Pliocene
Paratethys
Dacia (Roman province)
Teisseyre, 1907
Dalanian (Dalaun)
313
310
age
Carboniferous
China
Danian
65.5 ± 0.3
61.7 ± 0.2
age
Paleocene
ICS
Denmark
Desor , 1847
Dannevirke
65.0
43.0
epoch
Paleogene
New Zealand
Dannevirke
Kingma, 1962
Dapingian
471.8 ± 1.6
468.1 ± 1.6
age
Ordovician
ICS
Daping (China)
Huang & Zhu, 1948
Darriwilian
468.1 ± 1.6
460.9 ± 1.6
age
Ordovician
ICS
Darriwil (Australia)
Hall , 1899
Datangian
345
333
age
Carboniferous
China
Ding, 1931
Datsonian
488.3 ± 1.7
485
age
Ordovician
Australia
Jones et al., 1971
Dawanian
472
471.8
age
Ordovician
North America
Xiang "et al.", 1980
Deerparkian
age
Devonian
North America
Cooper et al., 1942
Delamaran
512
504
age
Cambrian
North America
Palmer, 1998
Delmontian
7.5
2.9
age
Plio-Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1938
Demingian
478.6
475
sub-age
Ordovician
North America
Flower, 1957
Derryan
311.7 ± 1.1
308
age
Carboniferous
North America
Thmpson, 1942
Deseadan
29.0
21.0
age
Oligo-Miocene
South America
Flynn & Wisher, 1995
Desmoinesian
age
Carboniferous
North America
Keyes, 1893
Deurnian
age
Miocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Deurne
de Heinzelin (1955)
Devensian
0.116
0.0115
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Devenses, Celtic tribe by the Deva (England and Wales)
Godwin, 1956
Devonian
416.0 ± 2.8
359.2 ± 2.5
period
Paleozoic
ICS
Devon (England)
Murchison & Sedgwick , 1839
Dewuan
333
318.1 ± 1.3
age
Carboniferous
China
Yang "et al.", 1962
Dinantian
359.2 ± 2.5
326.4 ± 1.6
epoch/sub-period
Carboniferous
Northern Europe
Dinant
Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Dittonian
418
age
Devonian
Wales and England (obsolete)
Ditton Priors , Shropshire, England
King, 1921
Divisaderan
42
36
age
Eocene
South America
Pascual, 1983
Dogger [ 5]
175.6 ± 2.0
161.2 ± 4.0
epoch
Jurassic
Northern Europe
dogger =ironrich sediment type
Naumann, 1854
Dolgellian
492.5
488.3 ± 1.7
age
Cambrian
regional
Dolgellau , Wales
Harland et al., 1989
Domerian
183.0 ± 1.5
sub-age
Jurassic
regional
Bonarelli, 1894
Donau Glacial
1.7
1.35
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Danube
Eberl, 1930
Donau-Günz
>2.35
age
Pleistocene
Alps
Dorogomilovskian
305
303.9 ± 0.9
age
Carboniferous
regional
Ivanov, 1926
Drenthian
0.238
0.17
chronozone
Pleistocene
Northwest Europe
Drenthe
Van Der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Dresbachian
501
496.8
age
Cambrian
North America
Howell, 1944
Drumian
506.5
503
age
Cambrian
ICS
Drum Mountains (Utah, US)
Peng & Robinson, 2000
Duchesnean
42.0
38.0
age
Eocene
North America
Wood "et al"., 1941
Duckmantian
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Duckmanton Railway Cutting, England
Jongmans, 1928
Duntroonian
27.3
25.2
age
Oligocene
New Zealand
Duntroon
Fleming, 1959
Dyeran
524.5
512
age
Cambrian
North America
Palmer, 1998
Eaglefordian
age
Cretaceous
Gulf and Atlantic coast of the US
Eagle Ford, Dallas, Texas
Murray, 1961
Early Imbrian
3850
3800
period
Moon
Mare Imbrium
Eastonian
456
450
age
Ordovician
Australia
Packham, 1968
Eburonian
1.80
1.45
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Eburones , Germanic tribe
Zagwijn, 1963
Ectasian
1,400
1,200
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Edenian
age
Ordovician
North America
Twenhofel, 1954
Ediacaran
635.5 ± 1.2[ 7]
542.0 ± 1.0
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Ediacara Hills (Australia)
Cloud, 1972
Edmontonian
80.8
70.7
NALMA
Cretaceous
North America
Russel, 1975
Eemian
0.130
0.116
age
Pleistocene
Northern Europe
river Eem (Netherlands)
Harting , 1875
Eifelian
397.5 ± 2.7
391.8 ± 2.7
age
Devonian
ICS
the Eifel (Germany)
Beyrich , 1837
Egerian
25.8
20.3
age
Oligo-Miocene
Paratethys
Eger (Hungary)
Báldi & Seneš, 1968
Eggenburgian
20.8
18.3
age
Miocene
Paratethys
Eggenburg (Austria)
Steininger & Seneš, 1968
Eildonian
433
428.2 ± 2.3
age
Silurian
Australia
Thomas, 1947
Elsterian
0.465
0.418
age
Pleistocene
Northern Europe
river Weißen Elster (Germany)
Keilhack, 1911
Elvirian
326
324.5
age
Carboniferous
regional
Emilian
1.5
0.781
sub-age
Pleistocene
Italy
Ruggeri & Selli, 1948
Emscherian
89.5
83.5
age
Cretaceous
Germany
Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Emsian
407.0 ± 2.8
397.5 ± 2.7
age
Devonian
ICS
Bad Ems (Germany)
de Dorlodot , 1900
Ensenadan
1.2
0.8
age
Pleistocene
South America
Ameghino, 1889
Eoarchean
none
3.600
era
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Eocene
55.8 ± 0.2
33.9 ± 0.1
epoch
Paleogene
ICS
earliest recent
Lyell , 1847
Eratosthenian
3,200
1,100
period
Moon
Eratosthenes
Ergilian
35.1
33.8
ALMA
Oligo-Eocene
Asia
Russell & Zhai, 1987
Erian
391.8 ± 2.7
388
age
Devonian
North America
Dawson, 1871
Famennian
374.5 ± 2.6
359.2 ± 2.5
age
Devonian
ICS
the Famenne (Belgium)
Dumont , 1855
Fassanian
237 ± 2.0
233
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Mojsisovics, 1895
Fengshanian
492.5
488.3 ± 1.7
age
Cambrian
China
Lu, 1962
Fennian
473
471.8
age
Ordovician
Europe
Fortey & Owens, 1987
Festiniogian
496.8
492.5
age
Cambrian
regional
(anglicised spelling of) Ffestiniog , Wales
Harland et al., 1990
Flaminian
0.5
0.3
age
Pleistocene
Italy
Flandrian
0.01
present
age
Holocene
Western Europe (obsolete)
Flanders
Rutot & Van den Broeck, 1885
Floian
478.6 ± 1.7
471.8 ± 1.6
age
Ordovician
ICS
Flo (Sweden)
Gradstein "et al", 2004
Florian
508
504
age
Cambrian
Australia
Fortunian
542.0 ± 1.0
528
age
Cambrian
ICS
Fortune Head (Canada)
Brassier "et al.", 1994
Franconian
496.8
492.5
age
Cambrian
North America
Lapparent, 1893
Frasnian
385.3 ± 2.6
374.5 ± 2.6
age
Devonian
ICS
Frasne (Belgium)
d'Omalius d'Halloy , 1862
Friasian
16.3
15.5
age
Miocene
South America
Kraglievich, 1930
Fujian
11.1
9.5
age
Miocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Fupingan
3,100
2,600
age
Archaean
China
Furongian
501.0 ± 2.0
488.3 ± 1.7
epoch
Cambrian
ICS
Furong (China)
Cowie & Bassett, 1989
Gallic
130.0 ± 1.5
89.3 ± 1.0
epoch
Cretaceous
obsolete
Smith, 1815
Gargasian
121.0
115.0
sub-age
Cretaceous
regional
Kilian, 1887
Gashatan
56.9
55.7
ALMA
Paleo-Eocene
Asia
Romer, 1966
Gaultian
sub-age [Gault]
Cretaceous
regional
Smith, 1817
Gedinian
416.0 ± 2.8
411.2 ± 2.8
age
Devonian
Belgium (obsolete)
Gedinne
Dumont , 1848
Geiseltalian
48.5
42.7
ELMMZ
Eocene
Europe
Franzel & Haubold, 1986
Gelasian
2.588
1.806
age
Pleistocene
ICS
Gela (Italy)
Rio et al. , 1998
Geringian
30.8
26.3
age
Oligocene
North America
Schultz & Falkenbach, 1968
Gisbornian
460.9
456
age
Ordovician
Australia
Thomas, 1960
Givetian
391.8 ± 2.7
385.3 ± 2.6
age
Devonian
ICS
Givet (France)
d'Omalius d'Halloy , 1839
Gleedonian
425.4
422.9 ± 2.5
age
Silurian
regional
Bassett "et al.", 1975
Gorstian
422.9 ± 2.5
421.3 ± 2.6
age
Silurian
ICS
Gorsty (farm at Ludlow , England)
Holland et al. , 1980
Gramian
10.3
8.5
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Hinsch, 1952
Grauvian
50.8
48.5
ELMMZ
Eocene
Europe
Savage & Russell, 1977
Greenlandian
0.0117
0.0082
age
Holocene
ICS
North Greenland Ice Core Project
[ 8]
Guadalupian
270.6 ± 0.7
260.4 ± 0.7
epoch
Permian
ICS
Guadalupe Mountains (Texas, US)
Girty, 1908
Guandian
425.5
422
age
Silurian
China
Ting & Wang, 1937
Gulf(-ian)
epoch
Cretaceous
south and east of the US
the Mexican Gulf
Cobban & Reeside, 1952
Günz Glacial
2.35
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Günz (Germany)
Penck & Bruckner, 1909
Günz-Mindel
age
Pleistocene
Alps
Gushanian
596.8
501
age
Cambrian
China
Kobayashi, 1935
Guzhangian
503
499
age
Cambrian
ICS
Guzhang (China)
Peng, 1992
Gzhelian
303.9 ± 0.9
299.0 ± 0.8
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Gzhel (Russia)
Nikitim, 1890
Hadean
none
4000
eon
ICS
Hades , hell
Cloud , 1972
Hadrynian
850
542
age
Neoproterozoic
North America
Fahrig "et al.", 1971
Hallian
~10.000
0
age
Holocene
California
Haranoyan
18.2
15.97
age
Miocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Harnagian
459
458
age
Ordovician
regional
Bancroft, 1929
Harrisonian
24.8
20.6
age
Oligo-Miocene
North America
Wilson, 1960
Hastarian
359.2 ± 2.5
348
age
Carboniferous
regional
Conil, 1977
Haumurian
84
65.5
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Haumuri Bluff
Hautawan
3.1
2.2
sub-age
Plio-Pleistocene
New Zealand
Hauterivian
136.4 ± 2.0
130.0 ± 1.5
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Hauterive (Switzerland)
Renevier , 1873
Haweran
0.01
present
age
Holocene
New Zealand
Hāwera
Thompson, 1917
Headonian
37.2
33.8
ELMMZ
Oligo-Eocene
Europe
Bosma, 1974
Helikian
1,600
850
age
Proterozoic
North America
Stockwell, 1964
Hemingfordian
20.6
16.3
age
Miocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Hemmoorian
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Kautsky, 1925
Hemphillian
10.3
4.9
age
Mio-Pliocene
North America
Wood "et al.", 1941
Heretaungan
49.5
46.2
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Heretaunga Plains
Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Hesperian
~3,500
~1,800
Martian epoch
Mars
Hesperia Planum
Hettangian
199.6 ± 0.6
196.5 ± 1.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Hettange-Grande (France)
Renevier , 1864
Hirnantian
445.6 ± 1.5
443.7 ± 1.5
age
Ordovician
ICS
Cwm Hirnant (Wales)
Bancroft , 1933
Holkerian
339
337.5
age
Carboniferous
regional
Ramsbotton, 1979
Holocene
11,800 BP
present
epoch
Quaternary
ICS
Greek : totally new
Gervais , 1867
Holsteinian
0.418
0.386
age
Pleistocene
Northern Europe
Holstein (Germany)
Jung, 1957
Homerian
426.2 ± 2.4
422.9 ± 2.5
age
Silurian
ICS
Homer (England)
Bassett et al. , 1975
Honghuayuanian
478.6
472
age
Ordovician
China
Yang, 1990
Houldjinian
37.2
33.9
ALMA
Asia
Meng "et al.", 1998
Houthalenian
<21
>16
age
Miocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Houthalen
Hirsch, 1952
Hoxnian
0.418
0.386
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Hoxne (Suffolk )
West & Donner , 1956
Hsandgolian
33.8
24.0
ALMA
Oligocene
Asia
Meng "et al"., 1998
Huashibanian
318.1 ± 1.3
313
age
Carboniferous
China
Jin "et al.", 1962
Huayquerian
9.0
6.8
age
Miocene
South America
Pascual & Odreman, 1971
Hutchinsonian
21
20
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Fleming, 1959
Huronian
2,500
1,400
age
Proterozoic
worldwide (obsolete)
Logan & Murray, 1855
Ibexian
~505
471.8
age
Cambrian-Ordovician
North America
Ross, 1951
Icenian
2.4
~2
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands, England (obsolete)
Iceni , ancient tribe (England)
Harmer, 1900
Idamean
497
494
age
Cambrian
Australia
Öpik, 1963
Ilfordian
age
Pleistocene
British Isles
Ilford (England)
Bowen, 1978
Illinoian
0.17
0.125
age
Pleistocene
North America
Chamberlin, 1896
Illyrian
240 ± 2.0
237 ± 2.0
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Tozer, 1967
Induan
251.0 ± 0.4
249.7 ± 0.7
age
Triassic
ICS
river Indus
Kiparisova & Popov, 1956
Ionian
0.781
0.126
age
Pleistocene
Southern Europe
Ionian Sea (between Greece and Italy)
Carianfi, 1995
Ipswichian
0.130
0.116
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Ipswich (England)
West , 1957
Irdinmanhan
46.2
40.4
ALMA
Eocene
Asia
Russell & Zhai, 1987
Irvingtonian
1.8
age
Pleistocene
North America
Irvington
Wood "et al.", 1941
Isuan
3,800
3,500
age
Archaean
Europe
McGregor, 1968
Itaboraian
59
57
age
Paleocene
South America
Paula-coutos, 1946
Ivorean
348
345.3 ± 2.1
age
Carboniferous
regional
Conil, 1977
Jacksonian
age
Eocene
southern US
Heilprin, 1882
Janjukian
30.0
27.5
age
Oligocene
Australia
Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Jeffersonian
475
473
sub-age
Ordovician
North America
Flower, 1979
Jiangshanian
494
489.5
age
Cambrian
ICS
Jinningian
1,750
800
age
Proterozoic
China
Peng, 2000
Jiusian
age
Carboniferous
China
Jin "et al"., 2000
Johannian
48
35
age
Eocene
Australia
Singleton, 1955
Judithian
82.2
80.8
NALMA
Cretaceous
North America
Russell, 1975
Julian
229.6 ± 2.0
222.5
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Tozer, 1967 [Mojsisovics, 1895]
Jurassic
199.6 ± 0.6
145.5 ± 4.0
period
Mesozoic
ICS
Jura mountains
Brongniart , 1829
Kaburan
13.5
11.1
age
Miocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Kaiatan
37.0
36.0
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Kaiata
Fleming, 1959
Kalimnan
4.3
3.4
age
Pliocene
Australia
Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Kansan
0.48
0.26
age
Pleistocene
North America
Geikie, 1894
Kapitean
6.5
5.0
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Kapitea Creek , West Coast Region
Fleming, 1959
Karatau
1,100
800
age
Proterozoic
Russia
Karoo Ice Age
~360
~260
ice age
Phanerozoic
Karoo (South Africa)
Karpatian
17.0
16.0
age
Miocene
Paratethys
the Carpathian Mountains
Cicha et al. , 1967
Kashirskian
309.2
308.0
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Stepanov, 1962
Kasimovian
306.5 ± 1.0
303.9 ± 0.9
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Kasimov (Russia)
Theodorovich, 1949
Kasterlian
~4.7
~3.6
age
Pliocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Kasterlee
Dumont , 1882
Katian
455.8 ± 1.6
445.6 ± 1.5
age
Ordovician
ICS
Lake Katy (Oklahoma, US)
Bergstrom et al., 2003
Kattendijkian
~5
~3.6
age
Pliocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Kattendijke
Glibert & de Heinzelin, 1957
Kazanian
age
Permian
Russia
Netxaev, 1915
Kechienjian
1.9
1.5
age
Pleistocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Keiloran
443.7 ± 1.5
433
age
Silurian
Australia
Kekeamuan
28.4
33.9
ALMA
Asia
Wang, 1981
Keuper [ 5]
±230
199.6
epoch
Triassic
Europe
Von Alberti , 1834
Kimmeridgian
155.7 ± 4.0
150.8 ± 4.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Kimmeridge (England)
d'Orbigny , 1852
Kinderhookian
359.2 ± 2.5
348
age
Carboniferous
North America
Bizat, 1928
Kinderscoutian
318.1 ± 1.3
317
age
Carboniferous
regional
Kinder Scout (England)
Bisat (1928)
Kirkfield
458
457
age
Ordovician
regional
Liddell, 1975
Kiscellian
25.8
age
Oligocene
Paratethys
Nolf & Brzobohaty, 1994
Klazminskian
303.9 ± 0.9
300.5
age
Carboniferous
regional
Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Korangan
117.5
108.4
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Koranga
Wellman, 1959
Krevyakinskian
306.5
306
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Kryzhanovan
1.9
1.2
age
Pleistocene
Eastern Europe
Kungurian
275.6 ± 0.7
270.6 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Kungur (Russia)
Stuckenberg, 1890
Lacian
217.4 ± 2.0
211
sub-age
Europe
Mojsisovics, 1895
Ladinian
237.0 ± 2.0
228.0 ± 2.0
age
Triassic
ICS
Ladini , people in northern Italy
Bittner , 1892
Lancefieldian
482
475
age
Ordovician
Australia
Harris & Keble, 1932
Lancian
70.7
65.5
NALMA
Cretaceous
North America
Russell, 1964
Landenian
<60
>55
age
Paleocene
Western Europe (obsolete)
Landen (Belgium)
Dumont , 1839
Landon
34.3
21.7
epoch
Paleo-Neogene
New Zealand
Landon Creek
Kingma, 1962
Langenfeldian
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Langhian
15.97
13.65
age
Miocene
ICS
Serravalle Langhe (Italy)
Pareto , 1864
Langsettian
314.5
313.4
age
Carboniferous
regional
Langsett (England)
Jongsmans, 1928
Latdorfian
age
Oligocene
Germany
Mayer-Eymar, 1893
Late Imbrian
3,800
3,200
period
Moon
Mare Imbrium
Laventan
13.8
12.0
age
Miocene
South America
Madden, 1994
Leonardian
age
Permian
North America
Adams et al., 1939
Lias [ 5]
199.6 ± 0.6
175.6 ± 2.0
epoch
Jurassic
Northern Europe
unclear
Mantell, 1833 [Smith, 1817]
Likhvinian
0.3
0.18
age
Pleistocene
Eastern Europe
Krasnenkov & Kazantseva, 1993
Lillburnian
15.1
12.7
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Lill Burn , Southland Region
Fleming, 1959
Linxiangian
454.5
449
age
Ordovician
China
Lishihhuangtuan
1.2
0.1
age
Pleistocene
China
Livian
335
331
age
Carboniferous
Belgium (obsolete)
Lives
Conil, 1977
Llandeilo (Llandeilean)
epoch/age
Ordovician
Europe
Llandeilo (Wales)
Murchison , 1835
Llandovery
443.7 ± 1.5
428.2 ± 2.3
epoch
Silurian
ICS
Llandovery (Wales)
Murchison , 1859
Llanvirn (-ian)
Llanvirn Farm near St Davids , Wales
Hicks (1881)
epoch
Ordovician
Europe
Hicks, 1875
Lochkovian
416.0 ± 2.8
411.2 ± 2.8
age
Devonian
ICS
Lochkov (Czech Republic)
Chlupac, 1972
Longfordian
27.5
16.5
age
Oligo-Miocene
Australia
Crespin, 1943
Longmaxian
443.7 ± 1.5
438
age
Silurian
China
Yin, 1949
Longobardian
233
229.6 ± 2.0
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Mojsisovics, 1895
Longvillian
457
455
age
Ordovician
regional
Cheney Longville (England)
Bancroft, 1929
Longwangmioan
518
513
age
Cambrian
China
Bengston & Jell, 1990
Lopingian
260.4 ± 0.7
251.0 ± 0.4
epoch
Permian
ICS
Luoping (China)
Huang, 1932
Lotharingian
193.3 ± 0.7
189.6 ± 0.7
substage
Jurassic
Haug, 1910
Ludfordian
421.3 ± 2.6
418.7 ± 2.7
age
Silurian
ICS
Ludford (England)
Holland et al. , 1980
Ludhamian
~2.52
~2.25
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Ludham (England)
Beck et al., 1972
Ludian
age
Eocene
western Europe
de Lapparent , 1893
Ludlovian
422.9 ± 2.5
418.7 ± 2.7
epoch
Silurian
ICS
Ludlow (England)
Murchison , 1854
Luisian
15.5
13.5
age
Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1938
Lujanian
0.8
0.3
age
Pleistocene
South America
Ameghino 1889
Luliangian
2,350
1,750
age
Proterozoic
China
Luosuan
318.1
~314
age
Carboniferous
China
Jin et al., 1962
Lutetian
48.6 ± 0.2
40.4 ± 0.2
age
Eocene
ICS
Latin : Lutetia =Paris (France)
de Lapparent , 1883
Maastrichtian
70.6 ± 0.6
65.5 ± 0.3
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Maastricht (Netherlands)
Dumont , 1849
Maentwrogian
501
496.8
age
Cambrian
regional
Maentwrog (Wales)
Hicks, 1881
Malanghuangtuan
0.1
0.01
age
Pleistocene
China
Liu & Chang, 1964
Malm [ 5]
161.2 ± 4.0
145.5 ± 4.0
epoch
Jurassic
Europe
Old English : malm = calcareous soil
Oppel & Quenstedt, 1858
Mangaorapan
53.0
49.5
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Mangaorapa
Marwick & Fleming, 1959
Mangaotanean
92.1
89.1
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Mangaotane
Wellman, 1959
Mangapanian
3.00
2.40
age
Plio-Pleistocene
New Zealand
Mangapani
Fleming, 1953
Maozhangian
513
509
age
Cambrian
China
Mapingian
310
299.0 ± 0.8
age
Carboniferous
China
Ting, 1928
Marahuan
2.2
1.8
sub-age
Pleistocene
New Zealand
Marjuman
504
494.5
age
Cambrian
North America
Ludvigsen & Westrop, 1985
Marsdenian
317
315.5
age
Carboniferous
regional
Marsden, West Yorkshire , England
Bisat (1928)
Marshbrookian
455
454
age
Ordovician
regional
Marshbrook (England)
Bancroft, 1929
Mayan
502
501 ± 2.0
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Yarmoulyuk, 1946
Mayanan
1100
850
age
Proterozoic
Siberia
Datsenko et al., 1968
Mayoian
12.0
10.0
age
Miocene
South America
Villaroel, 1974
Mayvillian
453
447.5
age
Ordovician
North America
Foerste, 1905
Medinan
age
Silurian
North America
Clark & Schuchert, 1898
Meghalayan
0.0042
0
age
Holocene
ICS
Caves of Meghalaya GSSP , India
[ 8]
Meishuchuan
542
532
age
Cambrian
China
Qian, 1977
Melbournian
428.2 ± 2.3
416.0 ± 2.8
age
Silurian
Australia
Melbourne
Gregory, 1902
Melekesskian
313.4
311.7
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Aisenverg et al., 1979
Menapian
1.03
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Menapii , Germanic tribe
Zagweijn, 1957
Meramecian
340
333
age
Carboniferous
North America
Ulrich, 1904
Merioneth
501 ± 2
488.3 ± 1.7
epoch
Cambrian
Europe (obsolete)
Merioneth (Wales)
Cowie et al., 1972
Merksemian
~2.5
~2
age
Pleistocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Merksem
de Heinzelin, 1958
Mesoarchean
3,200
2,800
era
Archean
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Mesoproterozoic
1,600
1,000
era
ICS
Hofmann, 1987
Mesozoic
251.0 ± 0.7
65.5 ± 0.3
era
ICS
middle life
Philips, 1818
Messinian
7.246
5.332
age
Miocene
ICS
Messina (Italy)
Mayer-Eymar , 1867
Miaogoalingian
422
418.7
age
Silurian
China
Miaolingian
509
497
Epoch
Cambrian
ICS
Migneintian
486
478.6 ± 1.7
age
Ordovician
Europe
Fortey et al., 1995
Mindel
0.85
0.465
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Mindel (Germany)
Penck, 1882
Mindel-Riss
0.465
0.238
age
Pleistocene
Alps
Mindyallan
501
497
age
Cambrian
Australia
Öpik, 1963
Miocene
23.03
5.332
epoch
Neogene
ICS
Greek : less recent
Lyell , 1847
Mississippian
359.2 ± 2.5
318.1 ± 1.3
epoch
Carboniferous
ICS
Mississippi River (US)
Winchell, 1870
Missourian
age
Carboniferous
North America
Keyes, 1873
Mitchellian
10.5
5.0
age
Plio-Miocene
Australia
Mohawkian
462
451
epoch
Ordovician
North America
Hall, 1842
Mohnian
13.5
7.5
age
Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1938
Mokolian
2,050
900
age
Proterozoic
South Africa
Monroecreekian
26.3
24.8
age
Oligocene
North America
Monroe Creek
Wilson, 1960
Montehermosan
6.8
4.0
age
Plio-Miocene
South America
[Hermosean; Ameghino, 1889]
Simpson, 1940
Montezuman
529.5
524.5
age
Cambrian
North America
Palmer, 1998
Montian
~65
~61
age
Paleocene
Europe (obsolete)
Mons (Belgium)
Dewalque, 1868
Moridunian
478.6 ± 1.7
475
age
Ordovician
Europe
Moridunum (Wales)
Fortey & Owens, 1987
Morozovan
0.8
0.5
age
Pleistocene
Eastern Europe
Morrowan
age
Carboniferous
North America
Adams & Ulrich, 1904
Moscovian
311.7 ± 1.1
306.5 ± 1.0
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Moscow (Russia)
Nikitin, 1890
Motuan
103.3
100.2
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Motu River
Wellman, 1959
Muschelkalk [ 5]
243 ± 2
235 ± 2
epoch
Triassic
Europe
German : limestone with mussels
Füchsel , 1761
Mustersan
48
42
age
Eocene
South America
Kraglievich, 1930
Myachkovskian
307.2
306.5
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Stepanov, 1962
Namibian
900
542
age
Neoproterozoic
South Africa
Namibia
Namurian
326.4
313.0
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Namur (Belgium)
Purves , 1883
Nanzian
48
35
age
Eocene
California
Navarroan
age
Cretaceous-Paleocene
south and east of the US
Navarro, Texas
Murray, 1961
Nebraskian
0.93
0.6
age
Pleistocene
North America (obsolete)
Shimek, 1909
Nectarian
3920
3850
period
Moon
Mare Nectaris
Needian
0.42
0.38
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands (obsolete)
Neede
Van der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Nemakit-Daldynian
542
534
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Savitsky, 1962
Neoarchean
2,800
2,500
era
Archean
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Neocomian
145.5
125.0/130.0
epoch
obsolete
Neocomium , Latin name for Neuchâtel
Thurmann, 1835
Neogene
23.0
2.588
period
Cenozoic
ICS
Hoernes , 1856
Neoproterozoic
1,000
542.0 ± 1.0
era
ICS
Hofmann, 1987
Neporatan
2.5
1.7
age
Pleistocene
Eastern Europe
Esu, 1980
Neustrian
55.0
50.8
ELMMZ
Paleo-Eocene
Europe
Fahlbusch, 1976
Ngaterian
100.2
95.2
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Ngateretere
Wellman, 1959
Niagaran
age
Silurian
North America
Sterry Hunt, 1871
Noachian
none
~3,500
Martian epoch
Mars
Noachis Terra
Noginskian
300.5
299.0 ± 0.8
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Nomentanan
0.24
0.13
age
Pleistocene
Italy
Nongshanian
62.9
56.9
ALMA
Paleocene
Asia
Ting, 1998
Norian
216.5 ± 2.0
203.6 ± 1.5
age
Triassic
ICS
Noric Alps (Austria)
Mojsisovics, 1869
Northgrippian
0.0082
0.0042
age
Holocene
ICS
North Greenland Ice Core Project
[ 8]
Nukumaruan
3.1
1.8
age
Pleistocene
New Zealand
Nukumaru
Fleming, 1953
Nullaginian
2,500
1,800
age
Proterozoic
Australia
Dunn et al., 1966
Ochoan
age
Permian
North America
Adams et al., 1939
Odesan
1.2
0.8
age
Pleistocene
Eastern Europe
Okaian
0.5
0.3
sub-age
Ordovician
North America
Okehuan
1.1
0.37
age
Pleistocene
New Zealand
Fleming, 1962
Older Dryas
13,480 BP
13,350 BP
chron
Weichselian
Europe
Dryas octopetala (plant)
Oldest Dryas
13,860
13,780
chron
Weichselian
Europe
Dryas octopetala (plant)
Olenekian
249.5
245.9
age
Triassic
ICS
river Olenyok (Siberia)
Kiparisova & Popov, 1956
Oligocene
33.9 ± 0.1
23.03
epoch
Paleogene
ICS
"not so recent "
Beyrich , 1857
Onnian
453
449
age
Ordovician
regional
River Onny (England)
Bancroft, 1929
Oostermeer Interglacial
0.243
0.238
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Oostermeer
Opoitian
5.0
3.8
age
Pliocene
New Zealand
Opoiti
Fleming, 1959
Ordian
520
510
age
Cambrian
Australia
Öpik, 1968
Ordovician
488.3 ± 1.7
443.7 ± 1.5
period
Paleozoic
ICS
Ordovices , Celtic tribe
Lapworth , 1879
Orellan
33.9
33.3
age
Oligocene
North America
Prothero & Emry, 1996
Orleanian
20.4
15
ELMMZ
Miocene
Europe
Orléans (France)
Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Orosirian
2,050
1,800
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Osagean
age
Carboniferous
North America
Branner, 1888
Otaian
21.7
19.0
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Otaio
Fleming, 1959
Ottnangian
18.3
17.0
age
Miocene
Paratethys
Ottnang am Hausruck (Austria)
Papp & Rögl, 1967
Oxfordian
161.2 ± 4.0
155.0 ± 4.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Oxford (England)
d'Orbigny , 1849
Paibian
501.0 ± 2.0
496
age
Cambrian
ICS
Paibi (China)
Peng et al., 2004
Paleoarchean
3,600
3,200
era
Archean
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Paleocene
65.5 ± 0.3
55.8 ± 0.2
epoch
Paleogene
ICS
oldest recent
Schimper , 1847
Paleophytic
~450
~270
era
paleobotany
old flora
Paleogene
65.5 ± 0.3
23.0
period
Cenozoic
ICS
Hoernes , 1856
Paleoproterozoic
2,500
1,600
era
ICS
Hofmann, 1987
Paleozoic
542.0 ± 1.0
251.0 ± 0.7
era
ICS
old life
Sedwick, 1838
Pannonian
11.608 ± 0.005
7.246 ± 0.005
age
Miocene
Paratethys
Pannonia (Roman province)
Roth von Telegd , 1879
Pareora
21.7
15.9
epoch
Neogene
New Zealand
Pareora
Kingma, 1957
Pastonian
~1.87
1.77
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Paston, Norfolk (England)
West & Wilson, 1966
Payntonian
491
488.3 ± 1.7
age
Cambrian
Australia
Jones, 1971
Peligran
62.5
59
age
Paleocene
South America
Bonaparte, 1993
Pendleian
326.4 ± 1.6
326
age
Carboniferous
regional
Pendle Hill (England)
Hudson & Cotton, 1943
Pennsylvanian
318.1 ± 1.3
299.0 ± 0.8
epoch
Carboniferous
ICS
Pennsylvania (US)
Williams, 1891
Penutian
53
51
age
Eocene
California
Mallory, 1959
Permian
299.0 ± 0.8
251.0 ± 0.4
period
Paleozoic
ICS
Perm (Russia)
Murchison , 1849
Phanerozoic
542.0 ± 1.0
present
eon
ICS
visible life
Chadwick, 1930
Piacenzian
3.600
2.588
age
Pliocene
ICS
Piacenza (Italy)
Mayer-Eymar , 1858
Piripauan
86.5
84
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Piripaua
Wellman, 1959
Pleistocene
2.588
0.0117
epoch
Quaternary
ICS
youngest recent
Lyell, 1833
Pleniglacial
73,000 BP
14,500 BP
sub-age
Pleistocene
Northern Europe
Pliensbachian
189.6 ± 1.5
183.0 ± 1.5
age
Jurassic
ICS
Pliensbach (Germany)
Oppel , 1858
Pliocene
5.332
2.588
epoch
Neogene
ICS
newer recent
Lyell , 1847
Podolskian
308
307.2
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Ivanov, 1926
Poederlian
~3.5
~2.5
age
Pliocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Poederlee
Vincent, 1889
Pontian
7.246 ± 0.005
5.332 ± 0.005
epoch
Miocene
Paratethys
Pontus Euxinus , Latin name for the Black Sea
Le Play , 1842
Pontinian
0.1
0.01
age
Pleistocene
Italy
Blanc, 1937
Porangan
46.2
43.0
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Poranga
Hornibrook, 1961
Portlandian
age
Jurassic
British Isles
Isle of Portland (England)
Brongniart, 1829
Potsdamian
501 ± 2
488.3 ± 1.7
epoch
Cambrian
Germany
Walcott, 1891
Poundian
570
542 ± 0.3
age
Cambrian
Australia
Pragian
411.2 ± 2.8
407.0 ± 2.8
age
Devonian
ICS
Prague (Czech Republic)
Ziegler, 1979
Preboreal
11,560 BP
10,640 BP
chron
Northern Europe
before the Boreal
Precambrian
none
542.0 ± 1.0
none (before: eon)
worldwide
before the Cambrian
Logan, 1841
Pre-Illinoian
age
Pleistocene
North America
before the Illinoian
Leverett, 1929
Preludhamian
~2.52
~2.61
age
Plio-Pleistocene
Great Britain
before the Ludhamian
Funnell & West, 1977
Prenectarian
4567
3850
period
Moon
before the Nectarian
Prepastonian
~2.0
~1.87
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
before the Pastonian
West, 1980
Pretiglian
2.588
2.40
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
before the Tiglian Tegelen (The Netherlands)
Van der Vlerk , 1948
Priabonian
37.2 ± 0.1
33.9 ± 0.1
age
Eocene
ICS
Priabona (Italy)
Munier-Chalmas & De Lapparent , 1893
Pridoli (an)
418.7 ± 2.7
416.0 ± 2.8
epoch
Silurian
ICS
Přidoli (Czech Republic)
Prantl & Pribyl, 1948
Proterozoic
2,500
542.0 ± 1.0
eon
ICS
Emmons, 1888
Puercan
65.5
63.3
age
Paleocene-Cretaceous
North America
Wood et al., 1941
Purbeckian
age
Cretaceous-Jurassic
England (obsolete)
Isle of Purbeck (England)
Brongniart, 1829
Pusgillian
449
447.5
age
Ordovician
Europe
Pus Gill, Cumbria (England)
Dean, 1959
Putikian
0.37
0.01
age
Pleistocene
New Zealand
Fleming, 1953
Quaternary
2.588
present
period
Cenozoic
ICS
fourth part
Arduino , 1760
Qungzusian
532
523
age
Cambrian
China
Rancholabrean
age
Pleistocene
North America
Wood et al., 1941
Randian
3,000
2,500
age
Archaean
South Africa
Kent & Hughes, 1978
Rawtheyan
446.5
445.5
age
Ordovician
Europe
River Rawthey (England)
Brenchley & Cocks, 1982
Refugian
35.0
33.5
age
Oligo-Eocene
California
Schenck & Kleinpell, 1936
Reinbekian
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Van Couvering, 1977
Relizian
16.5
13.5
age
Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1934
Repettian
2.9
2.2
age
Plio-Pleistocene
California
Natalnd, 1952
Reuverian
3.5
2.558
chronozone
Pliocene
Northwest Europe
Reuver (The Netherlands)
Bifnot, 1972
Rhaetian
203.6 ± 1.5
199.6 ± 0.6
age
Triassic
ICS
Rhaetian Alps (Switzerland, Austria, Italy)
Gümbel, 1862
Rhuddanian
443.7 ± 1.5
439.0 ± 1.8
age
Silurian
ICS
Cwm-Rhuddian (Wales)
Cocks et al., 1971
Rhyacian
2,300
2,050
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Cowie 6 Basset, 1989
Richmondian
449
445.6 ± 1.5
age
Ordovician
North America
Winchell & Ulrich 1897
Riochican
57
54
age
Eo-Paleocene
South America
Simpson, 1940
Riphean
1,650
650
age
Proterozoic
worldwide (obsolete)
Shatsky, 1945
Riss Glacial
0.238
0.128
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Riß (Germany)
Riss-Würm Interglacial
0.128
0.116
age
Pleistocene
Alps
Penck, 1882 [Penck & Burckner, 1909]
Roadian
270.6 ± 0.7
268.0 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Furnish, 1968
Robiacian
42.7
37.2
ELMMZ
Miocene
Europe
Savage & Russell, 1983
Romanian
3.6
1.8
age
Plio-Pleistocene
Paratethys
Krejci-Graf, 1932
Rotliegend (-es)[ 5]
299
270.6
sub-period
Permian
unofficial
German for "Red foot wall ".
A traditional copper mining term in the Mansfelder Land for the red oreless sandstone below the Kupferschiefer .
Runangan
36.0
34.3
age
Eo-Oligocene
New Zealand
Runanga
Finlay et al., 1945
Rupelian
33.9 ± 0.1
28.4 ± 0.1
age
Oligocene
ICS
river Rupel (Belgium)
Dumont , 1850
Ruscinian
4.9
3.5
ELMMZ
Pliocene
Europe
Ruscino , Latin for the Roussillon (France)
Kretzoi , 1962
Saalian
0.238
0.128
age
Pleistocene
Northern Europe
river Saale (Germany)
Stille, 1920
Sakian
494.5
493
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Ergaliev, 1980
Sakmarian
294.6 ± 0.8
284.4 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
river Sakmara (Russia)
Karpinski , 1874
Sandbian
460.9 ± 1.6
455.8 ± 1.6
age
Ordovician
ICS
Sandby , Sweden
Begstrom et al., 2003
Sangamonian
0.125
0.075
age
Pleistocene
North America
Leverett, 1898
Santacrucian
17.5
16.3
age
Miocene
South America
Ameghino, 1889
Santomian
1.81
1.5
sub-age
Pleistocene
Italy
Santonian
85.8 ± 0.7
83.5 ± 0.7
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Saintes (France)
Coquand , 1873
Sarmatian
12.7
11.6
age
Miocene
Paratethys
Sarmatians (ancient people)
Suess , 1866
Saxonian
~290
~258
age
Permian
Europe (obsolete)
Saxony
Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Saucesian
22.0
16.5
age
Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1938
Scaldisian
~4
~2.5
age
Pliocene
Belgium (obsolete)
Scaldus , Latin name for the river Scheldt
Dumont , 1850
Scythian
251 ± 0.2
245 ± 1.5
Epoch
Early Triassic
Europe
Scythia
Arthaber, 1895
Selandian
61.7 ± 0.2
58.7 ± 0.2
age
Paleocene
ICS
Seeland (Denmark)
Rosenkrantz , 1924
Senecan
388
370
age
Devonian
North America
Clarke & Schuchert, 1898
Senonian
89.3
65.5
epoch
Cretaceous
unofficial
Sens (France)
d'Orbigny , 1842
Serpukhovian
326.4 ± 1.6
318.1 ± 1.3
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Serpukhov (Russia)
Nikitin, 1890
Serravallian
13.65
11.608
age
Miocene
ICS
Serravalle Scrivia (Italy)
Pareto , 1864
Sevatian
206
202.3 ± 1.5
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Mojsisovics, 1895
Shanghuan
65.5
62.9
ALMA
Paleocene
Asia
Ting & Li, 1983
Shangsian
318.1
age
Carboniferous
China
Ting, 1931
Shaodongian
359.2 ± 2.5
349.5
age
Carboniferous
China
Hou, 1962
Sharamurunian
40.4
37.2
ALMA
Eocene
Asia
Russell & Zhai, 1987
Sheinwoodian
428.2 ± 2.3
426.2 ± 2.4
age
Silurian
ICS
Sheinwood (England)
Basset et al. , 1975
Shermanian
457
454
age
Ordovician
regional
Kay, 1937
Shinulanian
438
433
age
Silurian
China
Ting, 1930
Sicilian
0.781
0.260
sub-age
Pleistocene
Italy
Sicily
Doderlein, 1872
Siderian
2,500
2,300
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Silesian
326.4
299.0
subperiod
Carboniferous
Europe
Silesia
Leckwijck , 1960
Siegenian
age
Devonian
North America, Europe
Kayser, 1885
Silurian
443.7 ± 1.5
416.0 ± 2.8
period
Paleozoic
ICS
Silures , Celtic tribe
Murchison , 1835
Sinemurian
196.5 ± 1.0
189.6 ± 1.5
age
Jurassic
ICS
Semur-en-Auxois (France)
d'Orbigny , 1842
Sinian
800
542
age
Neoproterozoic
China
Willis et al., 1907
Soudleyan
458
457
age
Ordovician
regional
Soudley (England)
Bancroft, 1929
Southland
15.9
10.9
epoch
Neogene
New Zealand
Southland Region
Kingma, 1965
Springerian
age
Carboniferous
North America
St. David's
513 ± 2
501 ± 2
epoch
Cambrian
Europe (obsolete)
St Davids (Wales)
Cowie et al., 1972
Stampian
age
Oligocene
western Europe
Étampes (France)
d'Orbigny , 1852
Statherian
1,800
1,600
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Plumb, 1991
Stenian
1,200
1,000
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Cowie & Basset, 1989
Stephanian
303.9
299.0
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Saint-Étienne (France)
Mayer-Eymar , 1878
Steptoan
494.5
493
age
Cambrian
North America
Ludvigsen & westrop, 1985
Streffordian
452
449
age
Ordovician
Europe
Strefford (England)
Williams et al., 1972
Sturtian
~730
age
Neoproterozoic
worldwide, unofficial
Gregory, 1927
Subatlantic
2400 BP
0
chron
Holocene
Northern Europe
Sernander, 1889
Subboreal
5660 BP
2400 BP
chron
Holocene
Northern Europe
Sernander, 1889
Suchian
3.0
1.9
age
Plio-Pleistocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Suevian
33.8
29.2
ELMMZ
Oligocene
Europe
Tobien, 1980
Sunwaptan
493
491
age
Cambrian
North America
Ludvigsen & Westrop, 1985
Susterian
8.5
5.3
chronozone
Miocene
Northwest Europe
Susteren (The Netherlands)
Van Der Hammenn et al., 1971
Swazian
4,000
3,000
age
Archaean
South Africa
Kent & Hughes, 1978
Syltian
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Staesche, 1930
Tabenbulakian
24.0
23.03
ALMA
Oligocene
Asia
Meng & McKenna, 1998
Tangbagouan
359.2
age
Carboniferous
China
Jin et al., 2000
Taranaki
10.9
5.28
epoch
Neogene
New Zealand
Taranaki Region
Kingma, 1962
Tarantian
0.15
0.0115
age
Pleistocene
Southern Europe
Tarento (Italy)
Castradori & Cita, 1995
Tatarian
age
Permian
Russia
Tatarstan
Nikitin, 1887
Taxandrian
1.80
0.418
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands (obsolete)
Van Der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Tayloran
age
Cretaceous
south and west of the US
Taylor, Texas
Murray, 1961
Telychian
436.0 ± 1.9
428.2 ± 2.3
age
Silurian
ICS
Pen-lan-Telych (Wales)
Cocks et al. 1973
Templetonian
510
508
age
Cambrian
Australia
Whitehouse, 1936
Teratan
89.1
86.5
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Te Rata , Gisborne Region
Wellman, 1959
Terreneuvian
542.0 ± 1.0
521
epoch
Cambrian
ICS
Terre-Neuve , French name for Newfoundland
Narbonne, 1987
Tertiary
65.5 ± 0.3
2.588
sub-era
Cenozoic[ 9]
worldwide
third part
Arduino , 1760
Teurian
65.0
55.5
age
Paleocene
New Zealand
Te Uri
Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Thanetian
58.7 ± 0.2
55.8 ± 0.2
age
Paleocene
ICS
Isle of Thanet (England)
Renevier , 1874
Thuringian
285
251
age
Permian)
Europe (obsolete)
Thuringia (Germany)
Renevier, 1874
Thurnian
~2.25
~2.12
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
River Thurne (England}
West , 1961
Tiffanian
60.2
56.8
age
Paleocene
North America
Granger, 1917
Tiglian
2.40
1.80
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
Tegelen (The Netherlands)
Dubois, 1905
Tinguirirican
36
29
age
Oligo-Eocene
South America
Flynn & Wyss, 2004
Tithonian
150.8 ± 4.0
145.5 ± 4.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Tithon (Greek mythology )
Oppel , 1865
Tiupampan
64.5
62.5
age
Paleocene
South America
Tiupampa
Marshall & de Muizon, 1988
Toarcian
183.0 ± 1.5
175.6 ± 2.0
age
Jurassic
ICS
Thouars (France)
d'Orbigny , 1849
Toyonian
518.5
513.0 ± 2.0
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Hill, 1964
Tommotian
534
530
age
Cambrian
Russia, Kazakhstan
Rozanov et al., 1966
Tongaporutuan
10.9
6.5
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Tongaporutu , Taranaki Region
Fleming, 1959
Tongrian
age
Oligocene
western Europe
Dumont, 1839
Tonian
1,000
850
period
Proterozoic
ICS
Cowie & Bassler, 1989
Torrejonian
63.3
60.2
age
Paleocene
North America
wood et al., 1941
Tortonian
11.608
7.246
age
Miocene
ICS
Tortona (Italy)
Mayer-Eymar , 1858
Totomian
3.6
3.0
age
Pliocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Tournaisian
359.2 ± 2.5
345.3 ± 2.1
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Tournai (Belgium)
Dumont , 1832
Tozawan
15.97
13.5
age
Miocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Treenean
0.15
0.17
chronozone
Pleistocene
Northwest Europe
Tremadoc (-ian)
488.3 ± 1.7
478.6 ± 1.7
epoch
Ordovician
ICS
Tremadoc Bay (Wales)
Sedgwick , 1846
Trempealeauan
492.5
488.3 ± 1.7
age
Cambrian
North America
Trentonian
age
Carboniferous
North America
Triassic
251.0 ± 0.4
199.6 ± 0.6
period
Mesozoic
ICS
threefold
Von Alberti , 1834
Tubantian
0.116
0.0115
age
Pleistocene
Netherlands (obsolete)
Van der Vlerk & Florschütz , 1950
Turolian
8.7
4.9
ELMMZ
Mio-Pliocene
Europe
Turolium , Latin for Teruel (Spain)
Crusafont, 1965
Turonian
93.5 ± 0.8
89.3 ± 1.0
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Tours (France)
d'Orbigny , 1842
Tuvalian
222.5
217.4 ± 2.0
sub-age
Triassic
Europe
Mojsisovics, 1895
Tyrrhenian
0.26
0.01143
sub-age
Pleistocene
Italy
Tyrrhenian Sea
Issel , 1914
Ufimian
268
270,6
age
Permian
obsolete
Netxaev, 1915
Uintan
46.2
42.0
age
Eocene
North America
Wood et al., 1941
Ulangochuian
37.2
35.1
ALMA
Eocene
Asia
Li & Ting, 1983
Ulatisian
51
48
age
Eocene
California
Mallory, 1959
Ulsterian
age
Devonian
North America
Clarke & Schuchert, 1898
Undillian
506
504
age
Cambrian
Australia
Opik, 1979
Uquian
3.0
1.2
age
Plio-Pleistocene
South America
Uquia (Argentina)
Castellanos, 1923
Urutawan
108.4
103.3
age
Cretaceous
New Zealand
Urutawa Hill
Wellman, 1959
Vaalian
2,500
2,050
age
Proterozoic
South Africa
Kent & Hugh, 1978
Valanginian
140.2 ± 3.0
136.4 ± 2.0
age
Cretaceous
ICS
Valangin (Switzerland)
Desor , 1853
Vallesian
11.1
8.7
ELMMZ
Miocene
Europe
The Vallès (Spain)
Crusafont, 1950
Vendian
~610
542.0 ± 1.0
sub-era
Proterozoic
worldwide (obsolete)
Murchison, 1835
Venturian
2.2
1.9
age
Pleistocene
California
Natland, 1953
Vereiskian
311.7 ± 1.1
309.2
age
Carboniferous
Russia
Vierlandian
age
Miocene
Northern Germany
Vicksburgian
age
Oligocene
southern US
Heilprin, 1882
Villafranchian
3.5
1.1
ELMMZ
Plio-Pleistocene
Europe
Pareto, 1865
Virgilian
age
Carboniferous
North America
Moore, 1932
Visean
345.3 ± 2.1
326.4 ± 1.6
age
Carboniferous
ICS
Visé (Belgium)
Dumont , 1832
Vraconian
sub-age
Cretaceous
regional
Renevier, 1867
Waalian
1.45
1.20
super-age
Pleistocene
Netherlands
river Waal
Zagwijn, 1960
Waiauan
12.7
10.9
age
Miocene
New Zealand
Waiau River , Southland Region
Fleming, 1959
Waipawan
55.5
53.0
age
Eocene
New Zealand
Waipawa
Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Waipipian
3.60
3.00
age
Pliocene
New Zealand
Waipipi
Fleming, 1953
Waitakian
25.2
21.7
age
Oligo-Miocene
New Zealand
Waitaki River
Fleming, 1959
Waitotaran
3.8
3.1
sub-age
Pliocene
New Zealand
Waitōtara River
Fleming, 1953
Waltonian
~2.52
age
Pliocene
Great Britain
Walton-on-the-Naze
Harmer ,1900
Wanganui
5.28
present
epoch
Neogene-Quaternary
New Zealand
Whanganui
Kingma, 1962
Wangerripian
age
Paleo-Eocene
Australia
Singleton, 1953
Warendian
485
478.6
age
Ordovician
Australia
Jones et al., 1971
Warthian
0.15
0.13
chronozone
Pleistocene
Northwest Europe
Wasatchian
55.4
50.3
age
Eocene
North America
McGrew & Roehler, 1960
Waucoban
epoch
Cambrian
North America
Walcott, 1912
Weichselian
0.116
0.0115
age
Northern Europe
Weichsel, German name for the river Vistula (Poland)
Keilhack, 1926
Wenlock (-ian)
428.2 ± 2.3
422.9 ± 2.5
epoch
Silurian
ICS
Much Wenlock (England)
Murchison , 1833
Werrikooian
1.00
1.806
age
Pleistocene
Australia
Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Westphalian
313.0
303.9
age
Carboniferous
Europe
Westphalia (Germany)
de Lapparent & Munier-Chalmas , 1892
Whaingaroan
34.3
27.3
age
Oligocene
New Zealand
Whaingaroa , Waikato Region
Finlay & Marwick, 1947
Wheelerian
1.9
0.01143
age
Pleistocene
California
Natland, 1953
Whiterockian
471.8 ± 1.6
462
age
Ordovician
North America
Cooper, 1956
Whitlandian
475
473.5
age
Ordovician
Europe
Whitland (Wales)
Owens & Fortey, 1987
Whitneyan
33.3
30.8
age
Oligocene
North America
Wood, 1937
Whitwellian
426.2 ± 2.4
425.4
age
Silurian
regional
Whitwell Coppice (England)
Bassett et al., 1975
Wisconsinan
0.075
0.01
age
Pleistocene
North America
Geikie, 1894
Wolfcampian
age
Permian
North America
Udden, 1917
Wolstonian
0.238
0.128
age
Pleistocene
Great Britain
Wolston (England)
West & Donner, 1956
Woodbinian
age
Cretaceous
Gulf and Atlantic coast of the US
Murray, 1961
Wordian
268.0 ± 0.7
265.8 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Udden, 1916
Wuchenghuangtuan
2.4
1.2
age
Pleistocene
China
Wuchiapingian
260.4 ± 0.7
253.8 ± 0.7
age
Permian
ICS
Kaimera & Nakazawa, 1973 [Sheng, 1962]
Wuliuan
509
504.5
age
Cambrian
ICS
Würm Glacial
0.116
0.0115
age
Pleistocene
Alps
river Würm (Germany)
Penck & Bruckner, 1909
Wutaian
2,600
2,350
age
Archaean-Proterozoic
China
Zhang, 1951
Xiaodushanian
299
age
Carboniferous
China
zhou et al., 1987
Xiushanian
429
425.5
age
Silurian
China
Ge, 1980
Yanguan
349.5
345
age
Carboniferous
China
Yarmouthian
0.26
0.17
age
Pleistocene
North America
Aegean Sea
Leverett, 1898
Yatalan
3.4
2.0
age
Plio-Pleistocene
Australia
Ludbrook, 1963
Yeadonian
315.5
314.5
age
Carboniferous
regional
Yeadon (England)
Hudson, 1945
Younger Dryas
12,700 BP
11,560 BP
chron
Weichselian
Northern Europe
Dryas octopetala (plant)
Ypeenian
470
468.1
age
Ordovician
Australia
Ypresian
55.8 ± 0.2
48.6 ± 0.2
age
Eocene
ICS
Ypres , French name forIeper (Ieper ) in Belgium
Dumont , 1849
Ynezian
61.5
55.8
age
Paleocene
California
Mallory, 1959
Yuian
9.5
3.6
age
Plio-Miocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Yurmatian
1,375
1,100
age
Proterozoic
Russia
Keller, 1952
Yuzanjian
1.5
0.75
age
Pleistocene
Japan
Ikebe, 1977
Zanclean
5.332
3.60
age
Pliocene
ICS
Zancla , old name for Messina (Italy)
Sequenza , 1868
Zechstein [ 5]
±270
±250
sub-period
Permian
Europe (unofficial)
Lehmann, 1756
Zemorrian
33.5
22.0
age
Oligo-Miocene
California
Kleinpell, 1938
Zhungxian
505
501
age
Cambrian
China
Zuzhungian
509
503
age
Cambrian
China
See also
References
^ Names from local versions of the geologic timescale can often be found in the local language. The English name is usually found by replacing the suffix in the local language for -an or -ian. Examples for "local" suffices are -en (French ), -ano (Spanish ), -ium (German ), -aidd (Welsh ) or -aan (Flemish Dutch ). The English name "Norian", for example, becomes Noriano in Spanish, Norium in German, Noraidd in Welsh or Norien in French.
^ a b Time is given in Megaannum (million years BP , unless other units are given in the table. BP stands for "years before present". For ICS-units the absolute ages are taken from Gradstein et al. (2004).
^ Harland, W.B. (1989) A Geologic Time Scale , Cambridge University Press, p. 37[ISBN missing ]
^ Hohenegger, Johann; Ćorić, Stjepan; Wagreich, Michael (2014). "Timing of the Middle Miocene Badenian Stage of the Central Paratethys" (PDF) . Geologica Carpathica . 65 (1): 55–66. doi :10.2478/geoca-2014-0004 .
^ a b c d e f g h This name is often still used in a chronostratigraphic or geochronologic sense, although it is now officially a lithostratigraphic unit.
^ Menning et al. 2005
^ a b Hoffmann et al. 2004
^ a b c "ICS chart containing the Quaternary and Cambrian GSSPs and new stages (v 2018/07) is now released!" . www.stratigraphy.org . Archived from the original on 2018-07-15.
^ The status of the Tertiary is not yet decided. The ICS will probably make a decision in 2009.
Literature
Basset, M. G.; Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.; and Warren, P. T. ; 1975 : The type Wenlock series , Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 75(13) , pp. 1–19.
Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.; and Strachan, I. ; 1971 : A correlation of Silurian rocks in the British Isles , Journal of the Geological Society 127(2) , pp. 103–136.
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; and Smith, A. G. ; 2004 : A Geologic Time Scale 2004 , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , ISBN 0-521-78142-6 .
Hoffmann, K.-H.; Condon, D. J.; Bowring, S. A.; and Crowley, J. L. ; 2004 : U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation , Geology 32(9) , pp. 817–820.
Holland, C. H.; Lawson, J. D.; Walmsley, V. G.; and White D. E. ; 1980 : Ludlow stages , Lethaia 13 , p. 268, ISSN 0024-1164 .
Menning, M.; Alekseev, A. S.; Chuvashov, B. I.; Davydov, V. I.; Devuyst, F.-X.; Forke, H. C.; Grunt, T. A.; Hance, L.; Heckel, P. H.; Izokh, N. G.; Jin, Y.-G.; Jones, P. J.; Kotlyar, G. V.; Kozur, H. W.; Nemyrovska, T. I.; Schneider, J. W.; Wang, X.-D.; Weddige, K., Weyer, D.; and Work, D. M. ; 2005 : Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003) , Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240 , pp. 318–372.
Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; and Di Stefano, E. ; 1998 : The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale , Episodes 21(2) , pp. 82–87.