Between 12 and 20 royal officials, including the Viceroy of Catalonia, were killed by the rioters. The massacre was one of the first events of the Reapers' War.
Bourbon Spain (1701–1808)
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Independence War, Kingdom of Spain and First Republic (1808–1875)
Mobs assaulted and burned convents in the capital after a rumor spread that the friars had poisoned the water to favor the Carlist offensive. 73 friars were killed and 11 were injured.[5][6][7]
The bombardment was ordered personally by general Baldomero Espartero to end a revolt that startedmthe previous month and had forced the army to take refuge in Montjuic Castle and Parc de la Ciutadella. The indiscriminate artillery bombardment of the city was made from Montjuïc, killing between 20 and 30 people.[8][9]
The Guardia Civil and Spanish Army brutally repressed a group of students of the Central University of Madrid that were protesting in support of the rector of said university. 14 students were killed and 193 were injured.[12][13]
In the Plaza de la Constitución, around 200 people were shot dead by two companies of the Spanish Army when they protested for better wages and the end of the emission of toxic fumes in the mines. Protestors were mainly workers of the local mines, led by anarchist Maximiliano Tornet. The massacre lasted only 15 minutes and the bodies of the dead were probably buried under the slag of a mine.
On the opening night of the theatre season and during the second act of the opera Guillaume Tell by Rossini, two Orsini bombs were thrown into the stalls of the opera house. Only one of the bombs exploded; some twenty people were killed and many more were injured. The attack was the work of the anarchist Santiago Salvador and deeply shocked Barcelona, becoming a symbol of the turbulent social unrest of the time. The Liceu reopened its doors on 18 January 1894, but the seats occupied by those killed were not used for a number of years.
Unidentified (forced confessions were made through torture)[18][19]
An Italian anarchist attacked the Corpus Christi procession, which had just left the Church of Santa Maria del Mar, killing twelve people. The bombing led to the Montjuïc trial, in which about 400 suspects were arrested, from whom 87 were put on trial and, after confessions made under torture, five were executed.
Attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and his bride, Victoria Eugenie, on their wedding day. The attacker, Mateu Morral, acting on a desire to spur revolution, threw a bomb concealed in a flower bouquet from his hotel window as the King's procession passed, killing 24 bystanders and soldiers, wounding over 100 others, and leaving the royals unscathed. Morral sought refuge from republican journalist José Nakens but fled in the night to Torrejón de Ardoz, whose villagers reported him. Two days after the attack, militiamen accosted Morral, who killed one before killing himself. Morral was likely involved in a similar attack on the king a year prior.
Around 300 peasants were protesting in the bridge of Cans against a new tax ordered by the mayor to solve the local deficit. The Civil Guard fired indiscriminately at the demonstrators, killing 5 people and injuring 32.
3 peasants were killed by the Guardia Civil during a protest against the semi-feudal land system that existed in Galicia at the time, the "foros",[a] that were finally abolished in 1926.
4 Civil Guards were lynched by local landless peasants affiliated with the National Federation of Land Workers (part of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)).[40][41]
Local workers, organized by the socialist union UGT launched a strike in a shoe factory. The Guardia Civil killed 11 and injured 30 during a protest, part of the strike, in the Plaza de la República.[43]
Around 200 individuals were killed in the repression following the failed revolution (among them the journalist Luis de Sirval, who pointed out tortures and executions and was arrested and killed by three officers of the Legion).[46][47]
Guardia de Asalto opened fire at the funeral procession of Anastasio de los Reyes, a Guardia Civil killed by left-wingers 2 days before, killing 5 people.
The same day as the coup d'état all the members of trade unions, left-wing parties, Masonic lodges and anyone known to have voted for the Popular Front were arrested. On the first night, the Nationalists executed 189 civilians and soldiers. This was the first massacre of the Civil War.[52]
On 18 July, the military governor of Córdoba, Ciriaco Cascajo, started the coup in the city, bombing the civil government and arresting the civil governor, Rodríguez de León. After that, he and the civil guard officer Bruno Ibañez, Don Bruno (sent there by general Queipo de Llano, furious because no reprisals had been carried out yet), carried out a bloody repression, with 2,000 executions just in the first weeks.
At least 497 people were killed in the Municipal Cemetery, mainly during the first months of the war, although some executions also happened in 1937 and 1938. The mass grave is known as the Fosa de los Alcaldes.[58][59]
2 Breguet XIX bombers attacked the main square of Otxandio during the celebration of the "fiestas de Santa María", killing 57 or 61 people, almost all of them civilians.[67]
Around 5,000 people were killed in various mass-executions in the Cemetery of San José (Grajada) during the war, most of them during the first year.[71] The most famous victim was Federico García Lorca. After the war ended the cemetery continued being used as an execution site for political prisoners until 1956.[72]
The mass graves of Estépar (or of Mount Estépar) are a set of mass graves located in a hill near the village of Estépar (Province of Burgos). In these places hundreds of people were killed and buried. It is documented and confirmed that 371 people were killed and buried there,[73] but some historians increase the figure to about 1,000.[74]
Between 2 August, just two weeks after the start of the war, and on 12 October sixteen "sacas" were registered in the Prison of Burgos. In those "sacas" prisoners were taken to be extrajudicially executed and buried in hidden mass graves.
Anarchist militias entered the Modelo Prison and killed dozens of prisoners, including important rightwing figures such as Ramón Álvarez Valdés, Melquíades Álvarez, Joaquín Fanjul or José María Albiñana. This, and other massacres by uncontrolled militias, led to a crisis in the Republican government, that was solved with the creation of the Popular Courts, that were expected to appease the revolutionary excesses and offer at least some judicial guarantees to the defendants.[83]
16 people dead and 60 wounded in Nationalist air raid against Madrid. Six bombs detonated in the Plaza de Colón, in the middle of the city. One bomb fell into a queue of women waiting for milk. The air raid was made by German pilots in Junkers Ju 52s. Madrid had no air defenses to prevent enemy aircraft from flying over the city.[85]
Around 200 people were extrajudicially executed by firing squad at the Hernani cemetery in October 1936. Among those executed there were priests, members of political parties and trade unions, pregnant women and even a 17-year-old. Virtually none of the victims had significant political responsibilities during the Republic.[86]
75 people (37 priests and monks, 37 civilians and military) imprisoned in the Atlante prison-ship, anchored in Mahón, were killed by a mob as a revenge for a nationalist bombing over the city just hours before.[90][91]
Peasants opposed to the collectivizations of the anarcho-syndicalist union CNT-AIT were executed by anarchists. The peasants were supported by other Republican organizations like the socialist UGT, Republican Left of Catalonia or the Unió de Rabassaires. The killings ended with the intervention of the Generalitat and the Guardia de Asalto. This was one of the first conflicts between different republican factions.
A mob, formed mainly my UGT and CNT militias, assaulted the 5 prisons of Bilbao and massacred 224 national prisoners in revenge for a bombing that happened in the city that same morning.[100]
German and Italian transport planes modified to carry bombs (German Ju 52 and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.81) from the Condor Legion[108] and the Aviazione Legionaria bombed Durango in relays. Two churches were bombed during the celebration of mass, killing 14 nuns and the officiated priest. Furthermore, Heinkel He 51 fighters strafed fleeing civilians. Altogether, around 250 civilians died in the attack.
Various mass-executions of high-profile Republican prisoners in Cáceres, starting on Christmas Day and ending with 196 killed a few days later.[118][119]
First "terror bombings" over Barcelona, carried by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria.[120] The attacks caused 210 civilian deaths, injured 125 people and destroyed or damaged 87 buildings.[121]
Barcelona was bombed by bombers of the Italian Aviazione Legionaria, the branch of the Italian Air Force fighting in the Spanish Civil War. The first raid came at 22:00 of 16 March by German Heinkel He 51s. After that, there were 17 air raids by the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers at three-hour intervals until 15:00 of 18 March. Barcelona had little anti-aircraft artillery and no fighter cover. Up to 1,300 people were killed and at least 2,000 wounded.
Between seven and nine Italian SM.79 and SM.81 bombers of the Aviazione Legionaria bombed Alicante. The anti-aircraft artillery of the city was obsolete and the air-alarm system of the city did not work. The bombers dropped ninety bombs and many of them fell in the central market of the city. There were between 275 and 393 civilian deaths (100 men, 56 women, 10 children and more than 100 unidentified bodies), and 1000 wounded.
Three Tupolev SB bombers of the FARE, bombed the town. One of the bombs (200 kilograms) fell on the town's market, killing dozens of civilians. The aircraft dropped six tons of bombs. Most of the bombs exploded in the market and in the working class districts. There were between 101 and 109 civilians dead and 200 wounded. The Nationalist antiaircraft artillery was taken by surprise and reacted too late. The airstrike was carried out in the belief that Italian mechanized troops were stationed in the village. Once over the target, the pilots mistook the market's awnings for military tents. The bombing of Cabra was the deadliest bombing carried out by the Republican air force during the war.
The city was bombed 18 times in just 13 days. The bombings killed between 291 and 400 civilians and affected around 500 buildings, including schools, the local hospital and the local cemetery.[135] The attack did not have any military justification or aims.[136]
La Garriga was a tiny town of 10,000 inhabitants (among them 7,000 refugees from Madrid and the Basque Country), without air defenses. On 28 January the retreating Lister's troops left the town and fled to the north and the following day ten Italian Savoia-Marchetti bombers, bombed the town. On 29 January, the Italian bombers, attacked the town again. There were 13 civilian deaths, among them five refugees and seven children.
Various mass executions were held in the local cemetery after the end of the Spanish Civil War, there are 70 common graves with the remains of those shot.[144][145]
Various mass executions were held in the cemetery after the end of the Spanish Civil War. During the war another 3,096 people had already been killed there.[146][147]
After the war 408 people were killed by the new regime in or around the city of Gijón. The bodies are buried in the common burials of Ceares/El Sucu. Another 1,526 republicans were killed (judicially or extrajudicially) during the war.[148]
Extrajudicial execution of a group of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Francoist guerrilla by agents of the Civil Guard. The victims were 24 inhabitants of the towns of Alía and La Calera, who were killed in a field near the first town.[149][150]
Extrajudicial executions of people suspected of collaborating with the anti-Francoist guerrilla by Falangists and Guardia Civil agents. The victims were nine militants and relatives of left-wing militants, who were killed near a pit cave located in the Peñamayor range, known as the Pozu Funeres. The victims were then thrown into the cave.[157]
2 workers (Amador Rey and Daniel Niebla, members of the clandestine union CCOO) were killed by the Armed Police. Another 16 were injured by bullets, 160 workers were fired, 101 arrested, 60 incarcerated and 54 fined with between 50,000 and 250,000 pesetas. 10 March is officially commemorated in Galicia as Day of the Galician Working Class.[165][166][167]
More than 150 injured.[168][169][170] Another two people were killed in the protests against police violence after the incident, one in Tarragona and another in Basauri.[171]
Three ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Araluce, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Gipuzkoa and member of the Council of the Realm. Araluce's driver was killed in the attack together with three police guards.[172] Ten bystanders were also injured in the attack, which was ETA's deadliest of 1976.
Three ETA members carrying pistols and submachine guns killed Unceta, the Government appointed President of the Provincial Deputation of Biscay and Mayor of Guernica.[174] He was ambushed as he arrived to play his weekly sports game. His two bodyguards, Antonio Hernández Fernández-Segura and Ángel Rivera Navarrón[175] were also killed in the attack.
Joaquín Gambín Hernández El Grillo (Police confidant)
4 workers (all victims were, members of the CNT themselves) were killed in an incendiary attack after a legal demonstration of the CNT in the center of Barcelona. Originally, both the police and the media blamed the CNT and the anarchist movement, but in the trials (1980–1983) it was discovered that the culprit was a police confidant called Joaquín Gambín. The CNT has always maintained that the attack was a frame-up by the police to stop its growth during the Spanish transition, a position supported by various researchers.[176][177][178][179][180][181]
A bomb exploded in the Café California 47, in the center of Madrid. 9 people died and 61 were injured. Two First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO) members were condemned in 1981 for the attack, although that organization has always denied that they were the authors of the bombing, blaming it on far-right groups.[183]
Bomb attacks carried out by ETA political-military (ETA-pm). The attacks, consisting of coordinated bombings in Barajas Airport and the train stations of Atocha and Chamartín, killed 7 people and injured a further 100. The bombings occurred a day after two attacks in Bilbao and San Sebastián, with both attacks killing two people.
Grupos Armados Españoles (GAE), an armed group operating in the Basque Country in the early years of the democratic transition, planted a bomb in a local bar which exploded that evening killing four civilians and wounding ten. The bar was targeted as it was thought to be a meeting point for Basque moderate nationalists in the area. No official inquiries have been made so far.
A bomb exploded in the Ametzola neighborhood of Bilbao. In the explosion, two teenagers died at the scene and an employee of the municipal cleaning service, was fatally injured.
Gun attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA near the town of Markina (Spanish: Marquina). The targets were a group of off-duty civil guards who were having lunch in a bar. Four civil guards were killed.
Three young men were kidnapped, tortured and killed by civil guards who had confused them with members of ETA. Then, they shot them to pretend that they died in a supposed shooting. In 1984 a movie about the incident was released.
Ambush by the Basque separatist organisation ETA near the town of Errenteria. The targets were several national police officers, four of whom were killed in the attack, with the fifth seriously injured..
The explosion caused the three-story building to collapse, crashing down on about 200 diners and employees, killing 18 people and injuring 82 others, including fifteen Americans working at the nearby Torrejón Air Base who frequented the restaurant.
Bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA, which killed 12 people and injured a further 32. The dead were all members of the Guardia Civil studying in the nearby traffic school on Príncipe de Vergara. The ETA members later convicted of participation in the attack included significant figures in the group such as Antonio Troitiño and Iñaki de Juana Chaos.
Car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA which occurred at the Hipercor shopping centre on Avinguda Meridiana. The bombing killed 21 people and injured 45, the deadliest attack in ETA's history. Controversy surrounded the timing of telephone warnings made before the attack and the authorities' response to them.
Car bomb attack by the Basque separatist organisation ETA. A vehicle containing 250 kilograms of ammonal was parked beside the main Guardia Civil barracks; its subsequent explosion caused the deaths of 11 people, including 5 children. A total of 88 people were injured, the majority of them civilians.
Car bombing carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA. The target was a convoy carrying eight members of the National Police force on the way to police a football game between Sabadell and Málaga CF. Six of the police officers were killed, with the other two injured. Several civilians were also injured in the attack.
A car bomb, carrying more than 200 kg of explosive, exploded outside a Civil Guard barracks. The bombing killed 10 people, including five children, and injured 44 people.
Attempted car bombing by ETA. However the bomb initially failed to explode near its target. The police treated the car as an abandoned vehicle, not realising that it contained a bomb and while being towed away, the car bomb exploded, killing two police officers and the civilian towing the car away.
Car bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA which killed 5 people and injured a further 7. The target was a military vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included three captains, a soldier driving the vehicle and a civilian working for the armed forces.
Car bomb attacks carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA, which killed 7 people and injured a further 29. The target was an army vehicle transporting members of the army. The dead included four Lieutenant colonels, a Commander, a Sergeant and the civilian driver of the vehicle.
Car bomb attack carried out by the armed Basque separatist group ETA in the Puente de Vallecas district of Madrid, which killed 6 people and injured a further 19. The target was a camouflaged army vehicle which was transporting nine civilian employees of the army towards the nearby motorway.
ETA detonated a large car bomb on Arturo Soria avenue in Madrid. The blast killed three people; a Spanish Supreme Court judge, Francisco Querol Lombardero, his driver, and his bodyguard. One of the injured, a bus driver, died from his injuries days later.
^Fontana, Josep (2007). La época del liberalismo. Vol. 6 de la Historia de España, dirigida por Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares. Barcelona: Crítica/Marcial Pons. ISBN978-84-8432-876-6.
^ abAvilés, J., & Herrerín, Á. (2010). Propaganda por el hecho y propaganda por la represión: anarquismo y violencia en España a fines del siglo XIX. Ayer, 165-192.
^ abcBarreiro, X. R. (2007). A gran historia de Galicia. Historia política da Galicia contemporánea. 4. O devalar da Restauración, a ditadura e o tránsito á República. Tomo XI. La Voz de Galicia. pp. 27–28. ISBN978-84-96931-00-8.
^ abcdeÁlvarez Castro, X.; Ermida Meilán, X.; Fernández Fernández, E.; Rodríguez Sánchez, F.; Fraga Rodríguez, X.; Suárez Estévez, X. M.; Veciño Souto, l. (2018). Rebeldía galega contra a inxustiza: Salcedo, Oseira, Nebra, Trasancos, Sofán e Sobredo. Santiago de Compostela: Sermos Galiza.
^Martínez, M. F., Martínez, L. F., Martínez, M. C. F., & do Val, M. (2015). María, Laura e María Carmen Fontán Martínez, bisnetas de Cándida Rodríguez González, a mártir de Sobredo. Murguía: revista galega de historia, (32), 127-130.
^ abcVillaverde, M. C. (2018). Agrarismo e violencia na Galicia da Restauración: Rebeldía galega contra a inxustiza, VV. AA., Sermos Galiza, 2018. Grial: revista galega de cultura, 56(218), 91-92.
^Egea Bruno, P. M. (1986b). Movimiento obrero en la sierra de Cartagena (1875-1923). Anales de Historia Contemporánea (Universidad de Murcia) (5): 123-144. ISSN 0212-6559.
^Verni, J. C. (2011). Els crims de la Pobla de Ferran. Urtx: revista cultural de l'Urgell, (25), 467-483.
^Jackson, Gabriel (1976). La República Española y la Guerra Civil, 1931-1939 (2ª edición). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 78-79. ISBN84-7423-006-3. pp. 58-62.
^Casanova, J. (2007). República y guerra civil (Vol. 8). Grupo Planeta (GBS). pp. 58-62.
^Gil Andrés, C. (2002). La República en la plaza: los sucesos de Arnedo de 1932. Logroño: Instituto de Estudios Riojanos. ISBN84-95747-31-6.
^Casanova, J. (2007). República y guerra civil (volumen 8 de la colección Historia de España dirigida por Joseph Fontana y Ramón Villares). Madrid, Crítica Marcial Pons.
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^Jackson, Gabriel.(1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1936-1939. Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.326
^Preston, Paul. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution&revenge. Harper Perennial. London. p.186
^Julía, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; and Moreno, Francisco. (2006). Víctimas de la guerra civil. Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Madrid.p.134
^Thomas, H. (1976). La Guerra Civil Española. Ruedo Ibérico. ISBN84-253-2767-9. Page 635.
^Preston, P. (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.194
^Morales Encinas, O. M. (2008). La guerra civil en Castilla-La Mancha, 70 años después: actas del Congreso Internacional. ISBN978-84-8427-555-8. Page 681.
^Julía, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; and Moreno, Francisco. Víctimas de la guerra civil. Editorial Temas de Hoy. 2006. Madrid. p.171
^Juliá, S., & Casanova, J. (1999). Víctimas de la guerra civil. Temas de Hoy. p.171
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^Anthony, B. (2005). La Guerra civil españolaCrítica. ISBN978-8484326656. Page 483.
^Sagués San José, J. (2014). La Lleida vençuda i ocupada del 1938. Pagès Editors. ISBN978-84-9975-482-6. Pp. 29-33.
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^Solé i Sabaté, J. M.; Villarroya, J. (2003). España en llamas. La guerra civil desde el aire. Madrid: Temas de Hoy. ISBN84-8460-302-4. pp. 212-214.
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^Maestre, F. E., Casanova, J., Mir, C., & Gómez, F. M. (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco (Vol. 102). Grupo Planeta (GBS).
^Chaves Palacios, J. (2005). Guerrilla y franquismo: memoria viva del maquis Gerardo Antón (Pinto). Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura. p. 33, 37-9. ISBN84-7671-848-9.
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^Muñoz, J. V. (2004). El anarquismo y anarcosindicalismo en la España de la Transición. In La transición a la democracia en España: actas de las VI Jornadas de Castilla-La Mancha sobre Investigación en Archivos: Guadalajara, 4-7 de noviembre 2003 (p. 26). Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Castilla La Mancha.
^The Foros were abusive contracts between the peasants and the landowners in Galicia until their total abolition in 1926. Foros were long-term or often perpetual, so that a person or institution ceded the use or/and benefit of a thing (almost always a land), in exchange for the fulfillment of various conditions previously laid down. This conditions were normally a part of the agrarian production or a part of the monetarian of the production. Sometimes the peasants had to pay up to the 50% of its production. It was a mode of semifeudal exploitation of the land, with the owners usually being fidalgos (low nobility), priests or rich peasants.