List of regions of Africa

The continent of Africa is commonly divided into five regions or subregions, four of which are in sub-Saharan Africa.

List of subregions in Africa

The five UN subregions:^[1]

Northern Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Eastern Africa
- Middle Africa
- Southern Africa
- Western Africa

Subregion	Country or territory
Northern Africa	Azores (Portugal)
	Algeria
	Canary Islands (Spain)
	Ceuta (Spain)
	Egypt
	Libya
	Madeira (Portugal)
	Melilla (Spain)
	Morocco
	Sudan
	Tunisia
	Western Sahara
Eastern Africa	British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)
	Burundi
	Comoros
	Djibouti
	Eritrea
	Ethiopia
	French Southern Territories (France)
	Kenya
	Madagascar
	Malawi
	Mauritius
	Mayotte (France)
	Mozambique
	Reunion (France)
	Rwanda
	Seychelles
	Somalia
	South Sudan
	Tanzania
	Uganda
	Zambia
	Zimbabwe
Middle Africa	Angola
	Cameroon
	Central African Republic
	Chad
	Congo
	DR Congo
	Equatorial Guinea
	Gabon
	São Tomé and Príncipe
Southern Africa	Botswana
	Eswatini
	Lesotho
	Namibia
	South Africa
Western Africa	Benin
	Burkina Faso
	Cape Verde
	Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
	Gambia, The
	Ghana
	Guinea
	Guinea-Bissau
	Liberia
	Mali
	Mauritania
	Niger
	Nigeria
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
	Senegal
	Sierra Leone
	Togo

Directional approach

One common approach categorizes Africa directionally, e.g., by cardinal direction (compass direction):

North Africa lies north of the Sahara and runs along the Mediterranean coast.
West Africa is the portion roughly west of 10° east longitude, excluding Northern Africa and the Maghreb. West Africa contains large portions of the Sahara Desert and the Adamawa Mountains.
East Africa stretches from the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa to Mozambique, including Madagascar.
Central Africa is the large mass at the center of Africa which either does not fall squarely into any other region or only partially does so.
Southern Africa consists of the portion generally south of -10° latitude and the great rainforests of Congo.

This approach is taken, for example, in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa and the regions of the African Union.

Physiographic approach

Another common approach divides Africa by using features such as landforms, climatic regions, or vegetation types:

Nubia (Lower Nubia) (Upper Nubia)
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
The Maghreb is a region of northwest Africa encompassing the coastlands and Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
The Sahara Desert is the massive but largely empty region in North Africa that contains the world's largest hot deserts
Sub-Saharan Africa is the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara.
The Sahel region covers a belt of grasslands south of the Sahara stretching from Senegal to Sudan.
The Sudan, slightly more humid and arable region lying below the Sahel.
- Sudanian Savanna
- Sudd
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts for hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea, and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It encompasses Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti.
- Ethiopian Highlands (Roof of Africa)
Nigritia or Negroland
The Guinea region is distinguished from the neighboring Sudan region by its rainforests and runs along the Atlantic coast from Guinea to Nigeria.
- Upper, Middle, Lower and Forest
- Gold Coast, Slave Coast, Ivory Coast and Pepper Coast
Rhodesia (region) (Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia)
Mayombe
The Congo Basin is the rainforest region
The Chad Basin is the largest endorheic drainage basin in Africa, centered on Lake Chad.
East African Rift. The region contains Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda.
- Eastern Rift mountains
- Rift Valley Lakes
- African Great Lakes
Swahili Coast
Barbary Coast
Skeleton Coast
Great Escarpment
Karoo
Bushveld
Mittelafrika
Igboland (Mbaise)
Maputaland
Azania
Kalahari
Borkou
Ouaddaï
Agadez
Azawad
Kanem
Darfur
Bahr el Ghazal
Equatoria
Greater Upper Nile
Kordofan
The Cape (Dutch Cape colony, Cape colony)
Bushmanland
Natal
Griqualand
Veld
For depressions, refer to: Africa
For mountain ranges, refer to: Africa
For deserts, refer to: Africa
Kivu

Linguistic approach

By official language

Anglophone Africa includes five countries in West Africa (The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, and the most populous African country Nigeria, as well as a part of Cameroon) that are separated by Francophone countries, South Sudan, and a large continuous area in Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes.
Arabophone Africa includes the four most populous Arabic-speaking countries (Egypt, the Sudan, Morocco, Algeria) as well as Tunisia, Mauritania and Chad, and includes a majority of both the population and the area of the Arabic-speaking countries. French has also kept a strong role in the Maghreb countries, though this has receded somewhat with official Arabization.
Francophone Africa is a continuous area in West Africa and Central Africa, plus Madagascar and Djibouti.
Lusophone Africa consists of the widely separated countries of Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique.
Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where the Spanish language is official, though French is co-official (but rarely spoken).
Swahili is widely used as an inter language in East Africa; its use for official and educational functions is greatest in Tanzania.
Ethiopia and Somalia use the Afro-Asiatic Amharic and Somali languages, respectively, as their official languages, although Arabic also serves as a secondary language in Somalia. Eritrea and some parts of Ethiopia use the Tigrinya language as a working language and Arabic language as a non-indigenous working language within Eritrea.

By indigenous language family

Niger–Congo languages and Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken in most of Sub-Saharan Africa. Nilo-Saharan occupies a smaller area but is highly diverse, and may be related as a parent or sibling of Niger–Congo.
Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, as well as parts of the Sahel.
Khoisan languages are spoken in desert areas of Southern Africa, but were formerly spoken over a larger area, and are thought to include two small languages (Hadza and Sandawe) in the African Great Lakes.
Austronesian languages originating from Southeast Asia are spoken in Madagascar.

Investment approach

A slightly less common, but equally important method of division of the continent is by investment factors. For the purposes of investing, Africa is not a single destination with a single set of standardized risk factors and homogeneous potential for reward.^[2] Although some high-level similarities are evident, digging into the specifics of certain regions and countries shows that Africa comprises a range of distinct investment destinations, each with its own attractions, flaws, cultural differences and business practices.^[3]^[4]

The investment approach was first developed by global, independent financial analytics provider and investment consultant, RisCura:

The Maghreb region
Otherwise known as the western portion of Northern Africa, these countries form the Arab Maghreb Union,^[5] established in 1989. The region was established with the goal of functioning as a unified political and economic grouping. Political unrest in the region^[6] has stunted progress since its inception but hope still remains that the Union will fulfill its purpose in years to come. Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara are included in this region.
Egypt and the Sudan
Previously united under British rule, these countries still share strong ties,^[7] as well as one significant commonality – the trade facilitation through transport on the Nile River. As Egypt does not fall within the Arab Maghreb Union, it is separated from the rest of North Africa. However, Egypt's strong economic and cultural ties with the Middle East bring natural trading partners, and it is often seen grouped with the Middle East for investment purposes.^[8]
Francophone West Africa
This is a commonly recognized region on the continent,^[9] and typically includes Mauritania. However, Mauritania is sometimes allocated to the Maghreb region as it is found to have closer ties to the North African countries. These French-speaking countries share more than just a language. Due to their common history as French colonies, they also share similar legal and socio-political systems. The countries in this group are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, the Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, and Togo.
Nigeria
On its own, Nigeria is the size of the entire Maghreb region on an aggregated-GDP basis. While Nigeria is traditionally grouped with the rest of West Africa, its reliance on the rest of the region is less pronounced, likely as a result of its massive standalone GDP, its access to international markets via its six large ports, and its population of over 170 million people.
East Africa
This is a combination of the East African Community (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda), the LAPSSET corridor (Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Sudan) as well as Djibouti, a crucial link to the Indian Ocean for Ethiopia and South Sudan. Kenya has traditionally headlined this region through consistently generating the largest GDP and acts as the primary route to international trade through the Mombasa port.
Central Africa
This market is the same as that defined by the African Development Bank with the exception of Madagascar, which here is classified as Southern Africa (ex-SA). On a GDP basis (USD) and by population, the Central Africa region is on par with the Francophone West African region. Countries included here are Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Congo, the DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.
Southern Africa excluding South Africa (ex-SA)
This incorporates countries south of central and eastern Africa, and north of the South African border. The region has support from the most developed economy on the continent from the south, and access to capital coming out of South Africa as large companies look to expand into the rest of the continent. The group comprises Angola (which offers substantial oil resources), Botswana, the Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion (France), Zambia (substantial supply of copper), and Zimbabwe.
South Africa
Like Nigeria, South Africa is a large African economy on a standalone basis. Due to the developed nature of South Africa relative to the rest of the continent, it has not been included in the Southern African region. South Africa boasts the largest GDP per capita of all the regions (double that of Nigeria) and is the most advanced investment destination on the continent. The South African market includes Eswatini and Lesotho due to their reliance and proximity to SA. The Swazi lilangeni is pegged to the South African rand, which is also accepted as currency within the country.
Other West Africa
This region includes The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.