Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule.[1] A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.[2][3][4]
Depending on the country, a royalist may advocate for the rule of the person who sits on the throne, a regent, a pretender, or someone who would otherwise occupy the throne but has been deposed.
History
Monarchical rule is among the oldest political institutions.[5] The similar form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley civilization.[6] In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies.[7]
In the 17th and 18th centuries the Enlightenment began.[8] This resulted in new anti-monarchist ideas[9] which resulted in several revolutions such as the 18th century American Revolution and the French Revolution which were both additional steps in the weakening of power of European monarchies. Each in its different way exemplified the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 1848 ushered in a wave of revolutions against the continental European monarchies. World War I and its aftermath saw the end of three major European monarchies: the Russian Romanov dynasty, the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including all other German monarchies, and the Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty.[citation needed]
For most of its history, China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC, and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912, Chinese historiography came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties.[a][b] Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples.[15]
India
In India, monarchies recorded history of thousands of years before the country was declared a republic in 1950. King George VI had previously been the last Emperor of India until August 1947, when the British Raj dissolved. Karan Singh served as the last prince regent of Jammu and Kashmir until November 1952.[citation needed]
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed. The Constitutional Assembly of German Austria passed the Habsburg Law, which permanently exiled the Habsburg family from Austria. Despite this, significant support for the Habsburg family persisted in Austria. Following the Anschluss of 1938, the Nazi government suppressed monarchist activities. By the time Nazi rule ended in Austria, support for monarchism had largely evaporated.[26]
In Hungary, the rise of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 provoked an increase in support for monarchism; however, efforts by Hungarian monarchists failed to bring back a royal head of state, and the monarchists settled for a regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, to represent the monarchy until the throne could be re-occupied. Horthy ruled as regent from 1920 to 1944. During his regency, attempts were made by Karl von Habsburg (r. 1916–1918) to return to the Hungarian throne, which ultimately failed. Following Karl's death in 1922, his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary was inherited by Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011), although no further attempts were made to take the Hungarian throne.[citation needed]
In 1920s Germany, a number of monarchists gathered around the German National People's Party (founded in 1918), which demanded the return of the Hohenzollern monarchy and an end to the Weimar Republic; the party retained a large base of support until the rise of Nazism in the 1930s, as Adolf Hitler staunchly opposed monarchism.[29]
Italy
The aftermath of World War II saw the return of monarchist/republican rivalry in Italy, where a referendum was held on whether the state should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The republican side won the vote by a narrow margin, and the modern Republic of Italy was created.[30]
There have been 16 monarchs of the Principality of Liechtenstein since 1608. The current Prince of Liechtenstein, Hans-Adam II, has reigned since 1989. In 2003, during a referendum, 64.3% of the population voted to increase the power of the prince.[citation needed]
In 2022, the Norwegian parliament held a vote on abolishing the monarchy and replacing it with a republic. The proposal failed, with a 134–35 result in favor of retaining the monarchy. The idea was highly controversial in Norway, as the vote was spearheaded by the sitting Minister of Culture and Equality, who had sworn an oath of loyalty to King Harald V of Norway the previous year. Additionally, when polls were conducted, it was found that 84% of the Norwegian public supported the monarchy, with only 16% unsure or against the monarchy.[citation needed]
In England, royalty ceded power to other groups in a gradual process. In 1215, a group of nobles forced King John to sign Magna Carta, which guaranteed the English barons certain liberties and established that the king's powers were not absolute. King Charles I was executed in 1649, and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. Highly unpopular, the republic was ended in 1660, and the monarchy was restored under King Charles II. In 1687–88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy, which would later be worked out by Locke and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy, justified by Hobbes in Leviathan (1651), remained a prominent principle elsewhere.
Following the Glorious Revolution, William III and Mary II were established as constitutional monarchs, with less power than their predecessor James II. Since then, royal power has become more ceremonial, with powers such as refusal to assent last exercised in 1708 by Queen Anne. Once part of the United Kingdom (1801–1922), southern Ireland rejected monarchy and became the Republic of Ireland in 1949. Support for a ceremonial monarchy remains high in Britain: Queen Elizabeth II (r. 1952–2022), possessed wide support from the U.K.'s population.
Vatican City State
The Vatican City State is considered to be Europe's last absolute monarchy. The microstate is headed by the Pope, who doubles as its monarch according to the Vatican constitution. The nation was formed under Pope Pius XI in 1929, following the signing of the Lateran Treaty. It was the successor state to the Papal States, which collapsed under Pope Pius IX in 1870. Pope Francis (in office from 2013) serves as the nation's absolute monarch.
North America
Canada
Canada possesses one of the world's oldest continuous monarchies, having been established in the 16th century. Queen Elizabeth II had served as its sovereign since her ascension to the throne in 1952 until her death in 2022. Her son, King Charles III, now sits on the throne.
Costa Rica
The struggle between monarchists and republicans led to the Costa Rican civil war of 1823. Costa Rican monarchists include Joaquín de Oreamuno y Muñoz de la Trinidad, José Santos Lombardo y Alvarado and José Rafael Gallegos Alvarado. Costa Rica stands out for being one of the few countries with foreign monarchism, that is, where the monarchists did not intend to establish an indigenous monarchy. Costa Rican monarchists were loyal to Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire.
Honduras
After the independence of the general captaincy of Guatemala from the Spanish empire, she joined the First Mexican Empire for a brief period, this unleashed the division of the Honduran elites. These were divided between the annexationists, made up mostly of illustrious Spanish-descendant families and members of the conservative party who supported the idea of being part of an empire, and the liberals who wanted Central America to be a separate nation under a republican system.
The greatest example of this separation was in the two most important cities of the province, on the one hand Comayagua, which firmly supported the legitimacy of Iturbide I as emperor and remained a pro-monarchist bastion in Honduras, and on the other hand Tegucigalpa who supported the idea of forming a federation of Central American states under a republican system.
Mexico
After obtaining independence from Spain, the First Mexican Empire was established under Emperor Agustín I. His reign lasted less than one year, and he was forcefully deposed. In 1864, the Second Mexican Empire was formed under Emperor Maximilian I. Maximilian's government enjoyed French aid, but opposition from America, and collapsed after three years. Much like Agustín I, Maximilian I was deposed and later executed by his republican enemies. Since 1867, Mexico has not possessed a monarchy.
The miskito ethnic group inhabits part of the Atlantic coast of Honduras and Nicaragua, by the beginning of the 17th century the said ethnic group was reorganized under a single chief known as Ta Uplika, for the reign of his grandson King Oldman I this group had a very close relationship With the English, they managed to turn the Mosquitia coast into an English protectorate that would decline in the 19th century until it completely disappeared in 1894 with the abdication of Robert II.[32]
Currently, the Miskitos who are shot between the two countries have denounced the neglect of their communities and abuses committed by the authorities. As a result of this, in Nicaragua several Miskito people began a movement of separatism from present-day Nicaragua and a re-institution of the monarchy.
English settlers first established the colony of Jamestown in 1607, taking its name after King James VI and I. For 169 years, the Thirteen Colonies were ruled by the authority of the British crown. The Thirteen American Colonies possessed a total of 10 monarchs, ending with George III. During the American Revolutionary War, the colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776. Despite erroneous popular belief, the Revolutionary war was in fact fought over independence, not anti-monarchism as is commonly believed. In fact, many American colonists who fought in the war against George III were monarchists themselves, who opposed George, but desired to possess a different king. Additionally, the American colonists received the financial support of Louis XVI and Charles III of Spain during the war.
After the U.S. declared its independence, the form of government by which it would operate still remained unsettled. At least two of America's Founding Fathers, Alexander Hamilton and Nathaniel Gorham, believed that America should be an independent monarchy. Various proposals to create an American monarchy were considered, including the Prussian scheme which would have made Prince Henry of Prussia king of the United States. Hamilton proposed that the leader of America should be an elected monarch, while Gorham pushed for a hereditary monarchy.[33][34] U.S. military officer Lewis Nicola also desired for America to be a monarchy, suggesting George Washington accept the crown of America, which he declined. All attempts ultimately failed, and America was founded a Republic.
From gaining its independence in 1822 until 1889, Brazil was governed as a constitutional monarchy with a branch of the Portuguese Royal Family serving as monarchs. Prior to this period, Brazil had been a royal colony which had also served briefly as the seat of government for the Portuguese Empire following the occupation of that country by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The history of the Empire of Brazil was marked by brief periods of political instability, several wars that Brazil won, and a marked increase in immigration which saw the arrival of both Jews and Protestants who were attracted by Brazil's reputation for religious tolerance. The final decades of the Empire under the reign of Pedro II saw a remarkable period of relative peace both at home and internationally, coupled with dramatic economic expansion, the extension of basic civil rights to most people and the gradual restriction of slavery, culminating in its final abolition in 1888. It is also remembered for its thriving culture and arts. However, Pedro II had little interest in preserving the monarchy and passively accepted its overthrow by a military coup d'état in 1889 resulting in the establishment of a dictatorship known as the First Brazilian Republic.[35]
The majority of current monarchies are constitutional monarchies. In a constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch is restricted by either a written or unwritten constitution, this should not be confused with a ceremonial monarchy, in which the monarch holds only symbolic power and plays very little to no part in government or politics. In some constitutional monarchies the monarch does play a more active role in political affairs than in others. In Thailand, for instance, King Bhumibol Adulyadej, who reigned from 1946 to 2016, played a critical role in the nation's political agenda and in various military coups. Similarly, in Morocco, King Mohammed VI wields significant, but not absolute power.
Liechtenstein is a democratic principality whose citizens have voluntarily given more power to their monarch in recent years.
British political scientist Vernon Bogdanor justifies monarchy on the grounds that it provides for a nonpartisan head of state, separate from the head of government, and thus ensures that the highest representative of the country, at home and internationally, does not represent a particular political party, but all people.[38] Bogdanor also notes that monarchies can play a helpful unifying role in a multinational state, noting that "In Belgium, it is sometimes said that the king is the only Belgian, everyone else being either Fleming or Walloon" and that the British sovereign can belong to all of the United Kingdom's constituent countries (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), without belonging to any particular one of them.[38]
Private interest
Thomas Hobbes wrote that the private interest of the monarchy is the same with the public. The riches, power, and humour of a monarch arise only from the riches, strength, and reputation of his subjects. An elected Head of State is incentivised to increase his own wealth for leaving office after a few years whereas a monarch has no reason to corrupt because he would be cheating himself.[d]
Wise counsel
Thomas Hobbes wrote that a monarch can receive wise counsel with secrecy while an assembly cannot. Advisors to the assembly tend to be well-versed more in the acquisition of their own wealth than of knowledge; are likely to give their advices in long discourses which often excite men into action but do not govern them in it, moved by the flame of passion instead of enlightenment. Their multitude is a weakness.[e]
Long termism
Thomas Hobbes wrote that the resolutions of a monarch are subject to no inconsistency save for human nature; in assemblies, inconsistencies arise from the number. For in an assembly, as little as the absence of a few or the diligent appearance of a few of the contrary opinion, "undoes today all that was done yesterday".[f]
Civil war reduction
Thomas Hobbes wrote that a monarch cannot disagree with himself, out of envy or interest, but an assembly may and to such a height that may produce a civil war.[g]
Liberty
The International Monarchist League, founded in 1943, has always sought to promote monarchy on the grounds that it strengthens popular liberty, both in a democracy and in a dictatorship, because by definition the monarch is not beholden to politicians.
British-American libertarian writer Matthew Feeney argues that European constitutional monarchies "have managed for the most part to avoid extreme politics"—specifically fascism, communism, and military dictatorship—"in part because monarchies provide a check on the wills of populist politicians" by representing entrenched customs and traditions.[39] Feeny notes that
European monarchies—such as the Danish, Belgian, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, and British—have ruled over countries that are among the most stable, prosperous, and free in the world.[39]
Socialist writer George Orwell argued a similar point, that constitutional monarchy is effective at preventing the development of fascism.
"The function of the King in promoting stability and acting as a sort of keystone in a non-democratic society is, of course, obvious. But he also has, or can have, the function of acting as an escape-valve for dangerous emotions. A French journalist said to me once that the monarchy was one of the things that have saved Britain from Fascism...It is at any rate possible that while this division of function exists a Hitler or a Stalin cannot come to power. On the whole the European countries which have most successfully avoided Fascism have been constitutional monarchies... I have often advocated that a Labour government, i.e. one that meant business, would abolish titles while retaining the Royal Family.’[40]
Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn took a different approach, arguing that liberty and equality are contradictions. As such, he argued that attempts to establish greater social equality through the abolishment of monarchy, ultimately results in a greater loss of liberty for citizens. He believed that equality can only be accomplished through the suppression of liberty, as humans are naturally unequal and hierarchical. Kuehnelt-Leddihn also believed that people are on average freer under monarchies than they are under democratic republics, as the latter tends to more easily become tyrannical through ochlocracy. In Liberty or Equality, he writes:
There is little doubt that the American Congress or the French Chambers have a power over their nations which would rouse the envy of a Louis XIV or a George III, were they alive today. Not only prohibition, but also the income tax declaration, selective service, obligatory schooling, the fingerprinting of blameless citizens, premarital blood tests—none of these totalitarian measures would even the royal absolutism of the seventeenth century have dared to introduce.[41]
Hans-Hermann Hoppe also argues that monarchy helps to preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.[42]
Natural desire for hierarchy
In a 1943 essay in The Spectator, "Equality", British author C.S. Lewis criticized egalitarianism, and its corresponding call for the abolition of monarchy, as contrary to human nature, writing,
A man's reaction to Monarchy is a kind of test. Monarchy can easily be 'debunked'; but watch the faces, mark well the accents, of the debunkers. These are the men whose tap-root in Eden has been cut: whom no rumour of the polyphony, the dance, can reach—men to whom pebbles laid in a row are more beautiful than an arch...Where men are forbidden to honour a king they honour millionaires, athletes, or film-stars instead: even famous prostitutes or gangsters. For spiritual nature, like bodily nature, will be served; deny it food and it will gobble poison.[43]
Political accountability
Oxford political scientists Petra Schleiter and Edward Morgan-Jones wrote that in monarchies, it is more common to hold elections than non-electoral replacements.[44]
Notable works
Notable works arguing in favor of monarchy include
Abbott, Tony (1995). The Minimal Monarchy: And Why It Still Makes Sense For Australia
This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: Some information in this section is more than 10 years old. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(November 2022)
^ abcdFigures for Austria is the average percentage of supporters from several opinion polls taken prior to November 2018; as reported by EFE.
^Among respondents, 22 per cent answered that they were not opposed to a monarchy in principle, but could not think of a person "worthy of the Russian throne", whereas 6 per cent believed there was.
^Some activists within the sovereignty movement advocate for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy, while others push for an independent Hawaiian Republic.
^While the Xia dynasty is typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including the Book of Documents mention two other dynasties that preceded the Xia: the "Tang" (唐) and the "Yu" (虞) dynasties.[10][11][12][13] The former is sometimes called the "Ancient Tang" (古唐) to distinguish it from other dynasties named "Tang".[14] Should the historicity of these earlier dynasties be attested, Yu the Great would not have been the initiator of dynastic rule in China.
^All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the Chinese monarchy.
^In English, the use of the term Mikado (帝/御門) for the emperor was once common but is now considered obsolete.[17]
^"Definition of Republic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch ... a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law
^"The definition of republic". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-18. a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by representatives chosen directly or indirectly by them. ... a state in which the head of government is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state.
^"Tennō". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^Kanʼichi Asakawa. The early institutional life of Japan: a study in the reform of 645 A.D.. Tokyo: Shueisha (1903), p. 25. "We purposely avoid, in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature, the misleading term Mikado. If it be not for the natural curiosity of the races, which always seeks something novel and loves to call foreign things by foreign names, it is hard to understand why this obsolete and ambiguous word should so sedulously be retained. It originally meant not only the Sovereign, but also his house, the court, and even the State, and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties which it is unnecessary to discuss here in detail. The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing. It might as well be dismissed with great advantage from sober literature as it has been for the official documents."
^Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds, p. 78; "According to legend, the first Japanese emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kinmei."
^Asmuss, Burkhard (27 January 2023). "Die Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP)" [German National People's Party (DNVP)]. Deutsches Historisches Museum (in German). Retrieved 30 May 2023.
^Casanova, Julián (29 July 2010) [2007]. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Translated by Douch, Martin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2010). p. 1. ISBN9781139490573. Retrieved 10 September 2022. [...] the local elections of 12 April [...] turned into a plebiscite between Monarchy and republicanism. It was soon clear that the republicans had won in most of the provincial capitals. [...] Alfonso XIII abdicated, and a good many cities and towns proclaimed the Republic on 14 April 1931.
^Otto von Habsburg "Monarchy or Republic?". ("Excerpted from The Conservative Tradition in European Thought, Copyright 1970 by Educational Resources Corporation.")
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stasiun Lespadangan atau Stasiun Padang. Singkatan stasiun ini bukan berarti Pertamina Gas Negara (PGN). Stasiun Padangan Padangan Tampak luar Stasiun Padangan, 2020LokasiJalan Stasiun PadanganPadangan, Padangan, Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur 62162IndonesiaKoordinat7°9′28.930″S 111°37′1.369″E / 7.15803611°S 111.61704694°E / -7.15803611; 111.61704694Koordinat: 7°9′28.930″S 111°37′1.369″E / 7.15803611°S 111.61704694…
Air Terjun Toyomerto adalah salah satu lokasi wisata air terjun yang berada di wilayah Ponorogo. Tepatnya Air Terjun Toyomerto ini terletak di Kecamatan Ngebel, Kabupaten Ponorogo.[1] Air Terjun Toyomerto ini berjarak kurang lebih 5 kilometer dari lapangan Kecamatan Ngebel menuju ke arah timur. Jika dari pusat kota Ponorogo, Air Terjun Toyomerto berjarak kurang lebih sekitar 35 kilometer. Perjalanan menuju Air Terjun Toyomerto ini cukup berkelok-kelok sehingga dibutuhkan kewaspadaan bagi…
Jivaka Komarabhacca Nama lainJivaka Kumarabhrata, Kumarabhuta, Raja Pengobatan [1]Informasi pribadiLahirRajagriha, MagadhaMeninggalRajagriha, MagadhaAgamaBuddhaKebangsaanMagadhaOrang tuaTidak diketahui (menurut naskah Pali), Pangeran Abhaya (naskah Dharmaguptaka), Raja Bimbisara (naskah tradisional lainnya) (ayah)Amrapali (ibu)AlmamaterTaksilaDikenal sebagaiRaja Pengobatan India, Pijat ThaiProfesiTabibKedudukan seniorAhliAtreyaProfesiTabibKedudukanTabib pribadi Raja Bimbisara dan Ra…
River in FranceOdonShow map of FranceShow map of NormandyLocationCountryFrancePhysical characteristicsMouth • locationOrne • coordinates49°9′41″N 0°22′13″W / 49.16139°N 0.37028°W / 49.16139; -0.37028Length47 km (29 mi)Basin featuresProgressionOrne→ English Channel The Odon (French pronunciation: [ɔdɔ̃]) is a river in the Calvados department, in Normandy, northwestern France. It is 47 k…
Novi Sad Нови Садcode: sr is deprecated (Serbia) Újvidékcode: hu is deprecated (Hongaria)KotaKota Novi SadFoto montase kota Novi Sad (The Name of Mary Church, Menara Jam Petrovaradin, Nyonya kita dari Gereja Snow ecumenic, Pusat Kota, Petrovaradin Fortress, Bangunan dari Matica srpska, Liberty Square, Istana Bishop, Novi Sad Synagogue) BenderaLambang kebesaranJulukan: Serbia AthenaPeta Interaktif yang menguraikan kota Novi SadNovi SadLokasi di SerbiaTampilkan peta…
United States Naval AcademyMotoEx Scientia TridensMoto dalam bahasa InggrisFrom knowledge, seapower (Dari pengetahuan, supremasi laut)Jenisakademi militer federalDidirikan10 Oktober 1845SuperintendentVADM Jeffrey Fowler, USNSarjana4.400LokasiAnnapolis, Maryland, Amerika SerikatKampusPangkalan AL, 1,4 km²Warna Biru laut dan emas MaskotBill the GoatSitus webwww.usna.edu Akademi Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat (United States Naval Academy, disingkat USNA) adalah sekolah pe…
Senyawa kimia atau senyawaan kimia adalah zat kimia murni atau zat murni yang terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur atau atom yang berbeda jenis (misal senyawa H2O terdiri dari hidrogen dan oksigen, senyawa NaCl terdiri dari natrium dan klorin, dan senyawa C12H22O11 terdiri dari karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen) [1] [2] [3] yang dapat dipecah-pecah lagi menjadi unsur-unsur penyusunnya itu melalui reaksi kimia [4] (misal H2O dipecah menjadi hidrogen dan oksigen dengan car…
French carsharing company This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2017) Autolib'Company typePublicIndustryCar rentalFoundedDecember 2011 (2011-12) (Paris)October 2013 (2013-10) (Lyon)January 2014 (2014-01) (Bordeaux)Defunct31 July 2018 (2018-07-31)HeadquartersParis, FranceArea servedParis, Bordeaux and LyonServicesCarsharingParentBolloréWebsiteautolib.euautol…
BalaLahirBala Pazhanisaamy11 Juli 1966 (umur 57)Periyakulam, Theni, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPekerjaansutradara, penulis latar, produser filmTahun aktif1998–sekarangSitus webwww.directorbala.net Bala (Tamil: பாலா; kelahiran 11 Juli 1966) adalah seorang sutradara, penulis latar, dan produser India yang berkarya dalam sinema Tamil. Bala paling dikenal karena merevolusionisasikan sinema Tamil.[1][2][3] Ia meraih beberapa penghargaan untuk karyanya, termasuk P…
Sampling of amniotic fluid done mainly to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities AmniocentesisAmniocentesisOther namesAmniotic fluid test (AFT)ICD-9-CM75.1MeSHD000649MedlinePlus003921[edit on Wikidata] Tubes filled with amniotic fluid for Amniocentesis Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used primarily in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic conditions.[1] It has other uses such as in the assessment of infection and fetal lung maturity.[2] Prenatal diagnostic testing, which inc…
Agni Air Pvt. Ltd.अग्नि एयर IATA ICAO Kode panggil - - - Didirikan2006PenghubungBandar Udara Internasional TribhuvanPenghubung sekunderBandar Udara LuklaArmada2Tujuan5SloganFly With PassionKantor pusatKathmandu, NepalTokoh utamaSudhir Basnet (Chairman)Situs webhttp://www.agniair.com Agni Air merupakan sebuah maskapai penerbangan yang berbasis di Nepal dan memulai operasinya pada bulan Maret 2006. Sejarah Otoritas Penerbangan Sipil Nepal (CAAN) menyetujui Agni Air memiliki sertifi…
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Francesco Belli Nazionalità Italia Altezza 179 cm Peso 69 kg Calcio Ruolo Difensore Squadra Padova Carriera Giovanili Fiorentina Squadre di club1 2012-2014 Pistoiese55 (3)2014-2019 Virtus Entella152 (2)[1]2019-2021 Pisa39 (2)2021-2022 Bari19 (0)2022- Padova62 (3…
André Nazionalità Brasile Altezza 176 cm Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Squadra Fluminense Carriera Giovanili Fluminense Squadre di club1 2020- Fluminense65 (3) Nazionale 2023- Brasile5 (0) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 6 dicembre 2020 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale André Trindade da Costa Neto, noto semplicemente come Andr…
Swedish politician (born 1996) Gabriel Eugen KroonIncumbentAssumed office 2018Group leader of the Sweden Democrats on Stockholm Municipal CouncilMember of the RiksdagIn office26 September 2022 – 12 October 2022Succeeded byMartin WestmontConstituencyStockholm Municipality Personal detailsBorn (1996-07-11) 11 July 1996 (age 27)FinlandNationalitySwedishPolitical partySweden DemocratsAlma materKing's College LondonKarolinska Institute Gabriel Eugen Kroon (born 7 November 1996 in …
Arthur Fletcher Ketua Komisi Hak Sipil Amerika SerikatMasa jabatan1990–1993PresidenGeorge H. W. BushBill ClintonPendahuluWilliam B. AllenPenggantiMary Frances Berry Informasi pribadiLahirArthur Allen Fletcher(1924-12-22)22 Desember 1924Phoenix, Arizona, ASMeninggal12 Juli 2005(2005-07-12) (umur 80)Washington, D.C., U.S.MakamPemakaman Nasional ArlingtonPartai politikRepublikPendidikanUniversitas Washburn (BA)Universitas Ekstensi La Salle (LLB)Sunting kotak info • L • B Arthur…
Chinese martial art This article is about the Chinese martial art. For the philosophical concept, see Taiji (philosophy). For other uses of tai chi, see Taiji. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (April 2021) (Learn how and wh…
City in New Hampshire, United StatesBerlin, New HampshireCityDowntown Berlin SealNicknames: The City That Trees BuiltPaper CityTansy Town[1]Hockey Town USAMotto: Your Adventure Starts Here[2]Location in New HampshireCoordinates: 44°28′07″N 71°11′02″W / 44.46861°N 71.18389°W / 44.46861; -71.18389CountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountyCoösTown1829City1897Government • MayorPaul Grenier • City Council Members…
Village and civil parish in Lincolnshire, England Human settlement in EnglandCorby GlenCorby GlenCorby GlenLocation within LincolnshirePopulation1,017 (2011 Census)OS grid referenceSK999249• London90 mi (140 km) SCivil parishCorby GlenDistrictSouth KestevenShire countyLincolnshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGRANTHAMPostcode districtNG33Dialling code01476PoliceLincolnshireFireLincolnshireAmbulanceE…